2012版自考英語二課文中英文對(duì)照

TextA CriticalReadingCriticalreadingappliestonon-fictionwritinginwhichtheauthorputsforthapositionorseekstomakeastatement.Criticalreadingisactivereading.Itinvolvesmorethanjustunderstandingwhatanauthorissaying.Criticalreadinginvolvesquestioningandevaluatingwhattheauthorissaying,andformingyourownopinionsaboutwhattheauthorissaying.Herearethethingsyoushoulddotobeacriticalreader.批判性地閱讀批判性閱讀適合于那種作者提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或試圖陳述一個(gè)說法的紀(jì)實(shí)類寫作。批判性閱讀是積極閱讀。它不僅僅包括理解作者說了些什么，還包括質(zhì)疑和評(píng)價(jià)作者的話，并對(duì)此形成自己的觀點(diǎn)。成為一名批判性閱讀者需要做到以下幾點(diǎn)。Considerthecontextofwhatiswritten.Youmaybereadingsomethingthatwaswrittenbyanauthorfromadifferentculturalcontextthan(=from)yours.Or,youmaybereadingsomethingwrittensometimeagoinadifferenttimecontextthanyours.Ineithercase,youmustrecognizeandtakeintoaccountanydifferencesbetweenyourvaluesandattitudesandthoserepresentedbytheauthor.考慮寫作背景。你所讀的可能是與你有不同文化背景的人所寫的，或者是與你有不同時(shí)代背景的人多年以前所寫的。無論哪種情況，你都必須注意并考慮你的價(jià)值觀和態(tài)度與作者所代表的價(jià)值觀和態(tài)度有何不同。QuestionassertionsmadebytheauthorDon'tacceptwhatiswrittenatfacevalue(完全地,以面值/表象).Beforeacceptingwhatiswritten,becertainthattheauthorprovidessufficientsupportforanyassertionsmade.Lookforfacts,examples,andstatisticsthatprovidesupport.Also,looktoseeif(=whether)theauthorhasintegratedtheworkofauthorities.質(zhì)疑作者的論點(diǎn)。不要輕信作品的表面意思。在接受作者觀點(diǎn)前，首先要確定作者作出的每一個(gè)論點(diǎn)都有足夠的論據(jù)支持。找出能支持該論點(diǎn)的事實(shí)、實(shí)例、和數(shù)據(jù)。另外，注意作者是否參考了權(quán)威著作。thesubject.Looktoseethatwhatiswrittenisconsistentwithwhatothershavewrittenaboutthesubject.Ifthereareevaluatethesupporttheauthorprovidesfortheinconsistencies.與同主題文章進(jìn)行比較。查看該作者的文章與其他作者關(guān)于同一主題的文章是否有一致性。如果存在不一致性，對(duì)不一致的地方背后的論據(jù)支持要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)甄別。Analyzeassumptionsmadebytheauthor.Assumptionsarewhatevertheauthormustbelieveistrueinordertomakeassertions.Inmanycases,theauthor'sassumptionsarenotdirectlystated.Thismeansyoumustreadcarefullyinordertoidentifyanyassumptions.Onceyouidentifyanassumption,youmustdecidewhetherornottheassumptionisvalid.分析作者提出的假設(shè)。假設(shè)是作者認(rèn)為具有正確性的前提，基于這些前提作者才能提出論點(diǎn)。很多時(shí)候作者的假設(shè)并沒有直接說明，這就意味著你必須通過仔細(xì)閱讀來發(fā)現(xiàn)這些假設(shè)。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)某一假設(shè)，你必須判斷這一假設(shè)是否合理。Evaluatethesourcestheauthoruses.Indoingthis,becertainthatthesourcesarecredible.Forexample,Einsteinisacrediblesourceiftheauthoriswritingaboutlandmarkachievementsinphysics.Alsobecertainthatthesourcesarerelevant.Einsteinisnotarelevantsourcewhenthesubjectispoetry.Finally,iftheauthoriswritingaboutasubjectinitscurrentstate,besurethatthesourcesarecurrent.Forexample,studiesdonebyEinsteinintheearly20thcenturymaynotbeappropriateifthewriterisdiscussingthecurrentstateofknowledgeinphysics.鑒別文章出處。鑒別時(shí)要確保文章出處真實(shí)可信。例如，如果文章是關(guān)于物理學(xué)里程碑式的成就，那么愛因斯坦的論述就是可靠的出處。此外還要確保出處具有相關(guān)性。如果文章主題是詩歌，那么愛因斯坦的論述就不是相關(guān)出處。最后，如果作者寫的是某個(gè)主題當(dāng)前的情形，那就要確保出處來源也是當(dāng)前最新的。例如，如果作者討論的是物理學(xué)知識(shí)的現(xiàn)狀，那么愛因斯坦在二十世紀(jì)早期進(jìn)行的研究可能就不適合作出處了。Identifyanypossibleauthorbias.AwrittendiscussionofAmericanpoliticswilllikelylookconsiderablydifferentdependingonwhetherthewriterisaDemocratoraRepublican.Whatiswrittenmayverywellreflectabiasedposition.YouneedtotakethispossiblebiasintowhattheauthorhaswrittenThatis,takewhatiswrittenwith"agrainofsalt"（有保留地）.甄別作者可能帶有的偏見。有關(guān)美國政治的書面論述可能因作者是共和黨人或民主黨人迥然而異。作者所寫的內(nèi)容很可能反映其帶有偏見的立場(chǎng)。閱讀時(shí)要考慮到這種偏見存在的可能性。也就是Bybeingacriticalreader,youwillbecomebetterinformedandmaychangeyourviewsasappropriate.成為一名批判性閱讀者，你的思路會(huì)不斷拓寬，觀點(diǎn)會(huì)更加合理。1TextBTheLanguageofConfidenceThelanguageweuseprogramsourbrains.Masteringourlanguagegivesusagreatourdestinies.Itisimportanttousethelanguageinthebestwaypossibleinordertodramaticallyimproveourqualityoflife.自信的語言語言能影響我們的大腦。掌握語言就能在很大程度上掌握我們的生活和命運(yùn)。將語言發(fā)揮到極致可以極大地改善我們的生活質(zhì)量，這一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。Eventhesmallestofwordscanhavethedeepesteffectonoursubconsciousmind,whichislikeachild,anditdoesn'treallyunderstandthedifferencebetweenwhatreallyhappensandwhatyouimagine.Itiseagertopleaseandwillingtocarryoutanycommandsthatyougiveit--whetheryoudothisknowinglyornotisentirelyuptoyou.再短的單詞也能對(duì)我們的潛意識(shí)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。我們的潛意識(shí)就像一個(gè)孩子，分不清真實(shí)發(fā)生的事和自己想象的事。它渴望取悅，樂意聽從你給它的任何命令，而你是有意還是無意地做這些完全取決于你。"Try"Itisasmallwordyetithasanamazingimpactuponus.Ifsomeonesays,"I'lltrytodothat",youknowthattheyarenotgoingtobepullingtheirwholeheartinto(全身心投入于)it,andmaynotevendoitatall.HowoftendoyouusethewordtrywhentalkingaboutthethingsthatmattertoyouDoyousay"I'lltrytobemoreconfident"or"I'lltrytodothat"or"I'lltrytocall"?“盡力”這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的詞，卻能對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生不簡(jiǎn)單的影響。如果有人說“我會(huì)盡力做這件事的道他其實(shí)并不打算全心全意做這件事，甚至可能根本不會(huì)去做。你有多少次在談?wù)搶?duì)于你非常重要的事時(shí)使用了“盡力”這個(gè)詞?你是否說過“我會(huì)盡力做到更加自信會(huì)盡力去呼喊”?Thinkaboutsomethingthatyouwouldliketoachieve,andsayittoyourselfintwodifferentways.Firstlysay,"I'lltryto…"andnoticehowyoufeel.Nextsay,"Iwilldo…"andseehowyoufeel.Thelattermakesyoufeelbetterthanthefirstone,doesn'tit?Itgivesyouasenseofdetermination,afeelingthatitwillbedone.Listentothepeoplearoundyouandwhentheysaytheywilltry,noticeifitgetsdoneornot.Eliminatethewordtryfromyourdictionaryandseehowyourlifeimproves.后一種方式給你的感受要比前一種好，不是嗎?它給你一種堅(jiān)定感，一種事情一定會(huì)完成的感覺。力”這個(gè)詞，看看你的生活會(huì)如何改善。"Can't"abigimpact.Itdisempowersus,makesusfeelweakandhelpless,anddamagesourself-esteem.Itlimitsourinfiniteabilitiesandstiflescreativity.Rubitoutfromyourinternaldictionaryandreplaceitwithsomethingthatmakesyoufeelgreat.“不能”這又是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單卻影響巨大的詞。它讓我們失去力量，讓我們感到脆弱與無助，讓我們的自尊心受到傷害。它限制了我們無限的才能，扼殺了我們的創(chuàng)造力。把這個(gè)詞從你內(nèi)心的詞典里擦去吧，換一個(gè)讓你感到偉大的詞。Insteadof(=Ratherthan)sayingyoucan't,whynotsaysomethinglike"Ichoose…"or"Ichoosenotto…".Usingwordslikethisallowsyoutotakebackyourpowerandtobeincontrolofyourlife.些詞能讓你恢復(fù)力量，掌控自己的生活。Wordsmayappearsmallandinsignificant,yettheycanhaveadeepandlastingeffectonus.Masteringyourlanguagegivesyouthepowertolivewhateverlifeyoudesire.一些詞語或許看似簡(jiǎn)單、微不足道，卻能對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生深刻而持久的影響。掌握你的語言能讓你獲得力量去實(shí)現(xiàn)你渴望的生活。WhatwordsdoyouusealotthatdisempoweryouMakealistofwordsyoucommonlyuseandthenwritenexttothemsomealternativesyoucanuse.Makethesealternativeswordsthatmakeyoufeelfabulousnotonlyaboutyourselfbutaboutlifeandwhatyouaredoing!你使用過哪些讓你失去力量的詞?列出你常用的這類詞，然后在旁邊寫出它們的替代詞。讓這些替代詞不僅使你對(duì)自己感覺良好，而且使你對(duì)生活、對(duì)正在做的事情感覺無限美好吧!2TextASpiltMilkHaveyouheardofthestoryaboutspiltmilk?Well,weallknowthereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Butthisstoryisdifferent.Iwouldhopeallparentswouldrespondinthismanner.打翻的牛奶你是否聽過打翻的牛奶的故事?我們都知道為已經(jīng)打翻的牛奶哭泣是沒有用的。不過這次的故事不同。我希望所有父母都能作出如此回應(yīng)。Irecentlyheardastoryaboutafamousresearchscientistwhohadmadeseveralveryimportantmedicalbreakthroughs.Hewasinterviewedbyanewspaperreporterwhoaskedhimwhyhewassomuchmorecreativethantheaverageperson;whatsethimsofarapartfromothers?最近我聽到一個(gè)故事，故事的主角是一個(gè)在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域取得多項(xiàng)重大突破的知名科學(xué)家。在一次報(bào)社記者對(duì)他的采訪中，記者問他為什么他比普通人更富有創(chuàng)造力，是什么讓他如此與眾不同。Herespondedthat,inhisopinion,itallcamefromanexperiencewithhismotherthatoccurredwhenhewasabouttwoyearsold.Hehadbeentryingtoremoveabottleofmilkfromtherefrigeratorwhenhelosthisgripontheslipperybottleanditfell,spillingitscontentsalloverthekitchenflooraveritableseaofmilk!他回答道，在他看來，這全部源于他兩歲時(shí)和媽媽的一次共同的經(jīng)歷。他試圖從冰箱里取出一瓶牛奶，卻沒有抓住光滑的瓶子，瓶子掉了，牛奶灑得廚房滿地都是——白花花的一片。Whenhismothercameintothekitchen,insteadofyellingathim,givinghimalecture,orpunishinghim,shesaid,"Robert,whatagreatwonderfulmessyouhavemade!Ihaverarelyseensuchahugepuddleofmilk.Well,thedamagehasalreadybeendone.Wouldyouliketogetdownandplayinthemilkforafewminutesbeforewecleanitup?"地板弄得，多么的壯觀啊!我?guī)缀鯊奈匆娺^這么大的一攤牛奶。噢，既然損失已經(jīng)造成了，你要不要下來玩一會(huì)牛奶我們?cè)俅驋?”Indeed,hedid.Afterafewminutes,hismothersaid,"Youknow,Robert,wheneveryoulikethis,eventuallyyouhavetocleanitupandrestoreeverythingtoitsproperorder.So,howwouldyouliketodothat?Wecoulduseasponge,atowel,oramop.Whichdoyouprefer?"Hechosethespongeandtogethertheycleanedupthespiltmilk.得一團(tuán)糟，最終還是要收拾干凈，讓一切恢復(fù)原位。所以，你看該怎么打掃好呢?我們可以使用一塊海綿、一條毛巾或者一個(gè)拖把。你喜歡用哪一個(gè)呢?”他選擇了海綿，并和媽媽一起把地板上的牛奶打掃干凈。Hismotherthensaid,"Youknow,whatwehavehereisafailedexperimentinhowtoeffectivelycarryabigmilkbottlewithtwotinyhands.Let'sgooutinthebackyardandfillthebottlewithwaterandseeifyoucandiscoverawaytocarryitwithoutdroppingit."Thelittleboylearnedthatifhegraspedthebottleatthetopnearthelipwithbothhands,hecouldcarryitwithoutdroppingit.Whatawonderfullesson!的牛奶瓶，可惜我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)失敗了。那我們?nèi)ズ笤豪^續(xù)做實(shí)驗(yàn)吧，給瓶子里裝上水，看看你能不能發(fā)這樣端的時(shí)候瓶子就不會(huì)掉。多么美妙的一堂課!Therenownedscientistremarkedthatitwasatthatmomentthatheknewhedidn'tneedtobeafraidtomakemistakes.Instead,helearnedthatmistakeswerejustopportunitiesforlearningsomethingnewwhichis,afterall,whatscientificexperimentsareallabout(真諦).Eveniftheexperimentdoesn'tworkweusuallylearnsomethingvaluablefromit.這位著名的科學(xué)家談?wù)摰?，正是在那一刻他明白了無需害怕犯錯(cuò)誤。相反，他認(rèn)識(shí)到錯(cuò)誤正是學(xué)貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Wouldn'titbegreatifallparentswouldrespond（in）thewayRobert'smotherrespondedtohim?如果所有家長(zhǎng)都像羅伯特的媽媽那樣對(duì)待孩子該有多好啊。2TextBTextB TheCakeCindyglancednervouslyattheclockonthekitchenwall.Fiveminutesbeforemidnight.蛋糕辛迪緊張地瞥了一眼掛在廚房墻壁上的時(shí)鐘，還有5分鐘就到午夜了。"Theyshouldbehomeanytimenow,"shethoughtassheputthefinishingtouchesonthechocolatecakeshewasfrosting.Itwasthefirsttimeinher12yearsshehadtriedtomakeacakefromscratch,andtobehonest,itwasn'texactlyanaesthetictriumph.Thecakewas…well,lumpy.Andthefrostingwasbitter,asifshehadrunoutofsugarorsomething,which,ofcourse,shehad.小到大12年來第一次嘗試制作蛋糕，完全是從頭學(xué)起。不過說實(shí)話，蛋糕至少從審美角度說不算成功。這塊蛋糕……嗯，看起來凹凸不平。糖霜是苦的，好像她把糖或者別的什么東西都用光了。當(dāng)然，糖的確是用光了。Andthentherewasthewaythekitchenlooked.Imagineahugeblenderfilledwithallthefixingsforchocolatecake—includingtherequisitebowls,pansandutensils.Nowimaginethattheblenderisturnedon.Highspeed.Withthelidoff.Doyougettheidea?再看看她把廚房搞成什么樣了。想象一個(gè)巨大的攪拌機(jī)，里面盛著制作蛋糕的全部原料——包括必備的鍋、碗及其他器皿。再想象一下這個(gè)攪拌機(jī)開動(dòng)了，高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，蓋子是打開著的。你能想象出這是什么樣的場(chǎng)景嗎?ButCindywasn'tthinkingaboutthemess.Shehadcreatedsomething,averitablephoenixofflourandsugarrisingoutofthekitchenclutter.Shewasanxiousforherparentstoreturnhomefromtheirdatesoshecouldpresentheranniversarygifttothem.Sheturnedoffthekitchenlightsandwaitedexcitedlyinthedarkness.Whenatlastshesawtheflashofthecarheadlights,shepositionedherselfinthekitchendoorway.Bythetimesheheardthekeyslidingintothefrontdoor,shewasTHISCLOSEtoexploding.但辛迪沒有考慮這些混亂。她創(chuàng)造了某件東西，一只用面粉和糖做成的十足的鳳凰正從廚房的一片狼藉中升起。她焦急地等待著父母約會(huì)后回來，以便她能將自己的周年紀(jì)念禮物送給他們。她關(guān)掉廚房的燈，在黑暗中興奮地等待著。終于，她看見汽車頭燈在閃爍，她在廚房門口站定。當(dāng)她聽到鑰匙插進(jìn)前門鎖孔的聲音時(shí)，她的心激動(dòng)得幾乎要蹦出來了!Herparentstriedtoslipinquietly,butCindywouldhavenoneofthat(不接受).Sheflippedonthelightsdramaticallyandtrumpeted:“Ta-daaaShegesturedgrandlytowardthekitchentable,whereaslightlyoff-balancetwo-layerchocolatecakeawaitedtheirinspection.父母盡量放輕腳步，悄悄地走進(jìn)門來，但辛迪可不管那些。她激動(dòng)地用手指按下電燈開關(guān)，大聲檢閱。Buthermother'seyesnevermadeitallthewaytothetable."Justlookatthismess!"shemoaned."HowmanytimeshaveItalkedtoyouaboutcleaningupafteryourself?"多少次吃完飯要隨手收拾干凈?”"ButMom,Iwasonly…""Ishouldmakeyoucleanthisuprightnow,butI'mtootiredtostayupwithyoutomakesureyougetitdoneright,"hermothersaid."Soyou'lldoitfirstthinginthemorning.""Honey,"Cindy'sfatherinterjectedgently,"takealookatthetable."“可是媽媽，我只是……”"Iknow—it'samess,"hiswifesaidcoldly."Thewholekitchenisadisaster.Ican'tstandtolookatit."Shestormedupthestairsandintoherroom,slammingthedoorshutbehindher.她氣沖沖地上了樓梯，進(jìn)了房間，砰的一聲把門關(guān)上。ForafewmomentsCindyandherfatherstoodsilently,neitheroneknowingwhattosay（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）.Atlastshelookedupathim,hereyesmoistandred."Sheneversawthecake,"shesaid.辛迪和父親靜立片刻，兩人都不知該說什么。最后辛迪抬頭看著父親，發(fā)紅的眼睛里含著淚水。Unfortunately,Cindy'smotherisn'ttheonlyparentwhosuffersfromSituationalibelarlacm（—tecasinaliabilityoseetefestfrtetes.Fmtimetotimeweallallowourselvestobeblindedtoissuesoflong-termsignificancebystuffthatseemsawfullyimportantrightnow,butisn't.Muddyshoes,lostlunchmoneyandmessykitchensaretroublesome,andtheydeservetheirplaceamonglife'sfrustrations.Butwhat'salittlemudevenonnewcarpetcomparedtoachild'sself-esteemIsalostdollarmorevaluablethanayoungster'semergingdignity?Andwhilekitchensanitationisimportant,isitworththesacrificeoftenderfeelingsandrelationships?不幸的是，辛迪的母親不是唯一一個(gè)這樣的父母，他們患有情景性森林青光眼——臨時(shí)性地只見樹木不見森林。由于那些眼下貌似極其重要但并非重要的事情，我們有時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)具有長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)重要意義的事情視而不見。沾上泥的鞋、丟了的午餐費(fèi)、臟亂的廚房，這些東西是很討厭，值得讓人沮喪一陣子了。但是和孩子的自尊心相比，一個(gè)泥點(diǎn)——哪怕是粘在了新鋪的地毯上——又能算什么呢?丟失的一美元難道比一個(gè)孩子成長(zhǎng)中的尊嚴(yán)更寶貴?廚房的衛(wèi)生固然重要，可是值得為此犧牲溫柔的親情嗎?I'mnotsayingthatourchildrendon'tneedtolearnresponsibility,ortooccasionallysufferthepainfulconsequencesoftheirownbadchoices.Thoselessonsarevital,andneedtobecarefullytaught.Butasparents,wemustneverforgetthatwe'renotjustteachinglessons—we'reteachingchildren.Thatmeanstherearetimeswhenwereallyneedtoseethemessinthekitchen,andtimeswhenweonly（need）toseethecake.我不是說我們的孩子不需要學(xué)會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)任，不需要有時(shí)為自己錯(cuò)誤的選擇付出痛苦的代價(jià)。這些道理也很重要，需要認(rèn)真教授于他們。但是作為父母，我們不要忘了我們一不僅僅是在教課——我們是在教孩子。這意味著有時(shí)候我們確實(shí)要看到廚房的臟亂，而有時(shí)候我們只需看到蛋糕。Reflections:FriendshipandLoyaltyHowmanyofusrecognizetrueloyaltyinafriend?Loyaltyconsistsofafriend,whowillstickbyyou,throughthickandthin.Afriendwhoisalwayshonestwithyouandneverbetraysthefriendshipwithliesisaloyalfriend.Ifyouhavealoyalfriend,youhaveindeedfoundatruevirtueinthatfriend.關(guān)于友情和忠誠的思考我們之中有多少人能在朋友中識(shí)別出真正的忠誠?忠誠包括無論何時(shí)都會(huì)支持你的朋友。一直對(duì)你坦誠、從不撒謊背叛你的朋友才是忠誠的朋友。如果你有一位忠誠的朋友，你一定在他身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了真正的美德。ThecurrenttrendontheInternetisbefriendinganyonewhorequeststobeyourfriend.However,thisnewtrendmayleadtodisasters.Itmaybepopularandtrendytohaveanetworkfilledwithamultitudeofmutualfriends.However,onetrueloyalfriendmaybetheonlyfriendyouneed.如今網(wǎng)絡(luò)上流行的趨勢(shì)是你可以和任何一個(gè)想成為你朋友的人做朋友。然而，這種新的趨勢(shì)有可能會(huì)引發(fā)災(zāi)難。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上擁有一大批共同好友可能是比較流行，但是一個(gè)真正忠誠的朋友可能是你需要的唯一的那一個(gè)。AtermusedonthepopularFacebooksiteisB.F.F.Thisacronymmeansbestfriendsforever.Aretheyreallyyourbestfriendsforever?Youmightaskyourselfthisquestion,"WilltheysharemyprivatematterswithothersonthepagesofFacebook,orperishthethought,engageingossipaboutmewithothers?"Iftheanswertothatis,"Idon'tknow",morethanlikely,theywillnotbeyourbestfriendsforever.Maybenot,evenforaday.廣受歡迎的臉譜網(wǎng)站上有一個(gè)詞叫做B．F．F嗎?甚至與他人一起八卦我的隱私嗎?他們不是你永遠(yuǎn)的好朋友，甚至連一天也沒可能是。IchoosetohaveaB.L.F.,abestloyalfriend,forthoseofyouwhomaybechallengedbytheuseofacronymsduringthisageoftechnologyandfast-talking.BLF忠誠的好朋友。Loyaltyfoundinafriendisakintomakingadepositinabankaccount.Moreoftenthannot,yourdepositsgaininterest,aninterestinyourwell-beingandwelfare.Aloyalfriendattractsanotherloyalfriend.Inessence,waterdoesseekitsownlevel.忠誠的朋友吸引另一個(gè)忠誠的朋友。本質(zhì)上，水自然會(huì)向下流——朋友間總是惺惺相惜。IfyouwereaB.L.F.waybeforeFacebookgainednotoriety,thenI'msureyouunderstandthepremiseofloyaltyinafriend.YoushouldneverexploityourB.L.F.togainmorefriendsormakeyourselfseemmoreimportanttoothers.Thesearenotthetraitsofabestloyalfriend.如果你早在臉譜網(wǎng)贏得惡名之前就是個(gè)B．L．F．的話，我相信你一定明白忠誠的朋友的前提。你不該利用自己的B．L．F．來結(jié)交更多的朋友或者讓你自己看起來更加重要。這些不是忠誠的好朋友的特質(zhì)。Abestloyalfrienddoesnotcarewhoisinvitedtoyourparty.Theywillattendyourpartyandcelebrateyou,justinthewayabestloyalfriendshoulddo.忠誠的最好的朋友不會(huì)在意你宴會(huì)上都請(qǐng)了誰。他們會(huì)來參加你的宴會(huì)并向你表示祝賀，就像忠誠的最好的朋友應(yīng)該做的那樣。ReconnectingwithabestloyalfriendiseasiertodoonthepagesofFacebook.However,avirtualfrienddoesnotassureyouofhisloyalty.Mycautiontoyouisthatyou'dbetterpayattentiontothesmilingfacesontheFacebookpages.Intheeightieswewerewarnedofsmilingfacesinasong,whichcontainedtheselyrics,"Asmileisjustafrownturnedupsidedown,myfriend."Now,thatistheundisputedtruthformygeneration.在臉譜網(wǎng)上和忠誠的好朋友聯(lián)絡(luò)來得容易得多。然而，一個(gè)虛擬的朋友無法向你保證其忠誠。我給你的告誡是，你最好注意那些臉譜網(wǎng)站上的笑臉們。在80年代我們就在歌謠中被告知“笑臉是反ATributetotheDogThebestfriendamanhasinthisworldmayturnagainsthimandbecomehisenemy.Hissonordaughterwhomhehasrearedwithlovingcaremayproveungrateful.Thosewhoarenearestanddearesttous,thosewhomwetrustwithourhappinessandourgoodname,maybecometraitorstotheirfaith.狗的贊歌在這個(gè)世上一個(gè)人最好的朋友也可能與他反目成仇，他嘔心養(yǎng)育的兒女也可能對(duì)他忘恩負(fù)義。那些我們最親近的人，那些我們以幸福和名譽(yù)信任的人，也可能背叛他們的忠誠。Themoneythatamanhashemaylose.Itfliesawayfromhim,perhapswhenheneedsitmost.Aman'sreputationmaybesacrificedinamomentofill-consideredaction.Thepeoplewhoarepronetofallontheirkneestodoushonorwhensuccessiswithusmaybethefirsttothrowthestoneofmalicewhenfailuresettlesitsclouduponourheads.Theoneabsolute,unselfishfriendamanmayhaveinthisselfishworld,theonethatneverdesertshim,theonethatneverprovesungratefulortreacherous,ishisdog.一個(gè)人所擁有的財(cái)富也可能失去。它可能在最被需要時(shí)隨風(fēng)而逝，名聲也可能因一念之差而損毀殆盡。當(dāng)我們功成名就，一些人卑躬屈膝，極力討好；當(dāng)失敗的陰云籠罩在我們的頭頂，那些人又可能最先對(duì)我們落井下石。而一個(gè)人在這充滿私欲的世界里的一個(gè)絕對(duì)無私的朋友，一個(gè)永不拋棄他的朋友，一個(gè)絕不忘恩負(fù)義與背信棄義的朋友，則是他的狗。Aman'sdogstandsbyhiminprosperityandinpoverty,inhealthandinsickness.Hewillsleeponthecoldgroundwhenthewintrywindsblowandthesnowdrivesfiercely,ifonlyhecanbenearhismaster'sside.HewillkissthehandthathasnofoodtoofferHewilllickthesoresandwoundsthatcomeintheencounterwiththeroughnessoftheworld.Heguardsthesleepofhispauper（貧民）masterasif（=asthough）hewereaprince.一個(gè)人的狗無論其主人貧窮富貴，生老病死，都會(huì)和他站在一起，永不分離。只要能留在主人身邊，它寧愿睡在冰冷的地上而不顧寒風(fēng)凜冽，大雪紛飛。它會(huì)吻主人的手，哪怕主人手里沒有一丁點(diǎn)食物；它會(huì)撫慰主人在艱難時(shí)世中遭遇的身心創(chuàng)傷；它也會(huì)如同護(hù)衛(wèi)王子一般，守衛(wèi)熟睡中潦倒的主人。Whenallotherfriendsdesert,heremains.Whenrichestakewings（飛走）andreputationfallstopieces,heisasconstant（不變的）inhisloveasthesuninitsjourneythroughtheheavens.Iffortunedrivesthemasterforth,anoutcast（被遺棄者）intheworld,friendlessandhomeless,thefaithfuldogasks(for)nohigherprivilegethanthatofaccompanyinghimtoguardhimagainstdanger,tofightagainsthisenemies.Andwhenthelastsceneofallcomesanddeathtakesitsmasterinitsembraceandthebodyislaidaway(=buried)inthecoldground,nomatterifallotherfriendspursuetheirwaythere,byhisgravesidewillthenobledogbefound,hisheadbetweenhispaws,hiseyessadbutopeninalertwatchfulness,faithfulandtrueeventodeath.當(dāng)所有的朋友都棄你而去時(shí)，它留了下來。當(dāng)主人家財(cái)四散、名譽(yù)掃地，它對(duì)主人的忠誠熱愛仍宛如日升日落，亙古不變。即使被好運(yùn)拒之門外，沒有朋友，無家可歸，他那忠實(shí)的狗也會(huì)義無反顧地陪伴著他，與他共渡險(xiǎn)境，同仇敵愾。如果他的生命被死神奪走，長(zhǎng)眠于冰冷的地下，這時(shí)，哪怕所有的朋友都離他而去，在他墓旁，那忠誠的狗也會(huì)守在那里，將頭伏在爪子上，睜開悲傷但充滿警惕的雙眼，直到死都依舊忠貞，寸步不離。第4課TextAIgrewupinLakeland,LA,oneof12children.Wealllivedonmyparents'subsistencefarm(自耕自給農(nóng)場(chǎng)).Wegrewcottonsugarcane,cornhogs,andchickensandhadalargegarden,butitdidn'tbringinmuchcash.SowhenIwas12,Igotapart-timejobonadairyfarmdowntheroad,helpingtomilkcows.Wemilked65cowsat5inthemorningandagainat2intheafternoon,sevendaysaweek.工作是一種福氣我在路易斯安那州的萊克蘭長(zhǎng)大，是家里12個(gè)孩子之一。我們所有人都依賴父母的農(nóng)場(chǎng)勉強(qiáng)維持生活。我們種棉花、甘蔗、玉米，養(yǎng)豬、養(yǎng)雞，還有一個(gè)大花園，但農(nóng)場(chǎng)沒辦法讓我們有多少收入，所以我在12歲時(shí)在馬路旁邊的一個(gè)奶牛場(chǎng)里找了一份兼職工作——幫忙擠牛奶。我要在早晨5點(diǎn)鐘為65頭奶牛擠奶，下午2點(diǎn)鐘還要擠一次，一周工作七天。InthekitchenoneSaturdaybeforedaylight,Iremembercomplainingtomyfatherandgrandfatherabouthavingtogomilkthosecows.Myfathersaid,"Yaknow,boy,toworkisablessing."在一個(gè)周六的黎明之前，我記得我在廚房里跟父親和爺爺抱怨自己一大早還要去給那些奶牛擠IlookedatthosetwomenwhohadworkedharderthanIeverhad—myfatherekingout(=making/earning)alivingonthatfarmandmygrandfatherfarmingandworkingasaIhadbeentoldsomethingreallyimportant,butittookmanyyearsbeforeitsankin(完全被弄懂).我看著這兩個(gè)男人，知道他們比我有生以來工作得要更努力——父親靠那個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)竭力維持生計(jì)，而爺爺在大蕭條期間既開農(nóng)場(chǎng)又當(dāng)木匠。我那時(shí)有一種感覺，父親跟我說了一些非常重要的東西，但許多年后我才真正理解了其中的含義。GoingtocollegewasarareprivilegeforakidfromLakeland.MyfathertoldmeifIpickedsomethingtostudythatIlikeddoing,I'dalwayslookforwardtomywork.Buthealsoadded,"Evenhavingajobyouhateisbetterthannothavingajobatall."Iwantedtobeafarmer,butIjoinedtheROTCprogramtohelppayforcollege.AndwhatstartedoutasanobligationtotheArmybecameawayoflifethatIstayedcommittedtofor37years,threemonthsandthreedays.對(duì)萊克蘭的孩子來說，上大學(xué)是一種珍貴的待遇。父親跟我說，如果我學(xué)了自己喜歡從事的內(nèi)容，3733ServingintheU.S.Armyoverseas,IsawalotofpeoplelikethatwomaninBangladesh.AndIhavecometobelievethatpeoplewithoutjobsarenotfree.Theyarevictimsofcrime,theideologyofterrorismpoorhealthdepressionandsocialunrest.Thesevictimsbecometheillegalimmigrants,theslavesofhumantrafficking,thedrugdealers,andthestreetgangmembers.IhaveseenitoverandoveragainontheU.S.borderinSomalia,theCongoAfghanistanandinNewOrleans.Peoplewhohavejobscanhaveahome,sendtheirasenseofpride,contributetothegoodofthecommunityandevenhelpothers.Whenwecanworkwearefree.Weareblessed.在駐海外的美軍部隊(duì)服役時(shí)，我看到許多人都和孟加拉國那個(gè)女人一樣，于是我開始相信，沒有工作的人是不自由的。他們?cè)馐苤缸铩⒖植乐髁x、疾病、經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條和社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩的侵害，于是這些受害者變成了非法移民，淪為人口販賣的囚奴、販毒者和街頭幫派的成員。這種景象我一次次地在美國邊境、索馬里、剛果、阿富汗以及新奧爾良目睹過。有工作的人可以建立家庭，將孩子送到學(xué)校上學(xué)，內(nèi)心樹立起一種自豪感，增加對(duì)社區(qū)的積極影響，甚至去幫助他人。當(dāng)我們有事可做時(shí)，我們身心自由，身處幸福之中。Idon'tthinkIwilleverquitworking.I'mretiredfromtheArmy,butI'mstillworkingtohelppeoplebepreparedfordisaster.AndImaygettodoalittlefarmingsomeday,too.I'mnotgoingtostop.Ibelieveinmyfather'swords.Ibelieveintheblessingofwork.我覺得我不會(huì)停止工作。如今我已從軍隊(duì)退役，但我仍在致力。于幫助人們?cè)跒?zāi)害來臨前做好準(zhǔn)備，可能哪天我也要去做點(diǎn)兒農(nóng)活。我不會(huì)停下來的。我相信父親的話。我相信工作是一種福氣。HowtoStartYourOwnBusinessTheparadoxofstartingyourownbusinessliesinthesimultaneouschallengeandreward,makingitanexperienceunlikeanyother.Somanybusinessesfail,andmostentrepreneursexcludethemselvesfromthepossibility.Thetragicrealityisthatwhenbusinessesfail,thepassionoftendieswithit.Byfollowingsomesoundadviceandbeingpreparedfortheprocess,youwilldecreaseyourchancesoflosingalotmorethanyouaaiedfr期望.IaveeetlystartedabsiessadavelearedsmeriallessstheprocessthatIfeelprivileged（=honored/lucky）tosharewithyou.如何開始自己創(chuàng)業(yè)和其他的經(jīng)歷不同，自己創(chuàng)業(yè)的矛盾之處在于挑戰(zhàn)和收益并存。很多企業(yè)倒閉，而大多數(shù)企業(yè)家則能全身而退。然而殘酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)是，跟著企業(yè)一起倒下的，還有創(chuàng)業(yè)的激情。然而在準(zhǔn)備過程中的一些忠告則會(huì)讓你比預(yù)計(jì)的少一些損失。最近我也在創(chuàng)業(yè)，并且在其中學(xué)習(xí)到了一些重要的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，我很榮幸與你分享。1.Identifyyourmotivation.Whydoyouwanttostartyourownbusiness?Tohavemoretime?TomakemoremoneyTobeyourownboss?TohavecreativecontroloverwhatyoulovetodoWriteoutallofyourmotivatingfactorsandprioritizethemWhenyouseethemlisted,youmightseeapattern（）inthatyou'rejustunhappyatyourcurrentjobandstartingyourownbusinessisn'ttheanswer.明確你的動(dòng)機(jī)所在。你為何要?jiǎng)?chuàng)業(yè)?為了有更多的時(shí)間?為了賺更多的錢?為了自己當(dāng)老板?為了能有創(chuàng)造性地掌控你喜歡做的事情?寫出所有激勵(lì)你的因素，并排出先后順序。當(dāng)你列好以后再看。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)你只是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的工作不滿意，那么創(chuàng)業(yè)絕不是你想要的。Identifyyourpassion.Whatdoyoulovetodo?Whatskillsandknowledgedoyouuniquelybringtothetable（拿得出手）WhatgetsyouexcitedaboutyourworkKeepthatpassionattheforefrontofyourbusinessplan,yourmarketingstrategies,andyourdailyroutine.Ifyoukeepyourpassioninplainsight（顯而易見）,youwillstayfocusedonthepurposeofyourbusinessandnotsolelyonthelogistics（后勤）.明確你的激情所在。你喜歡做什么?你有什么樣的獨(dú)門絕技?什么能讓你對(duì)你的工作很興奮?把激情置于你的商業(yè)計(jì)劃、營銷策略和日常生活之前。如果你能保持激情，你就能更加專注于創(chuàng)辦公司的目的，而不僅僅是運(yùn)營。Identifyyourmarket.Ifyouarestartingyourbusinesslocally,researchyourcompetitors.Determineifthereisroom(余地，空間)inthemarketforyourbusiness.Whatwillyoudodifferentlytodrawincustomers?Whatnichemarketaretheotherbusinessesmissing?IfyouarestartinganInternetcompany,researchtherequirementsforyourownuniqueWebpresence.Yourbusinesscannotsurvivewithoutcustomers,sodoenoughresearchonthefrontendtodetermineifthereareenoughpotentialclientstokeepyourbusinessalive.明確你的市場(chǎng)所在。如果你想在本地創(chuàng)業(yè)，關(guān)注你的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。確定市場(chǎng)是否有你的立足之地。你能用什么不同的方式來吸引客戶?其他公司缺少什么樣的市場(chǎng)定位?如果你打算開創(chuàng)一家網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司，研究一下你的公司存在的特別之處?？蛻羰悄愕墓敬嬖谥荆虼颂崆白鲎阊芯?，確保有足夠的潛在客戶能維持你的公司。Identifyyourfinances.Ifyouhaveeverpurchasedanewhome,youknowthatthefinancialobligations（債務(wù)）extendbeyondthedownpaymentandthemortgage.Youhavetobuyfurniture,trashcans,agaragedooropener,lightfixturesandlandscapingequipment（景觀美化設(shè)備）,andbeforeyouknowit,you'vefarexceededyourfinancialboundaries.Thatcanhappenjustaseasilyinabusiness.Doexhaustive（詳盡的）financialplanning.Meetwithafinancialadvisororsomeoneatyourbanktoexaminethefinancialviabilityofyourbusinessandtheprocessofgettingitupandrunning.Planwiselyanddonotassumethebestaboutyourbusiness.Bepreparedforfinanciallossandgetadviceonhowtoalleviatethatburdeninthefuture.明確你的財(cái)政狀況。如果你剛買了房，你必須清楚隨首付和月供而來的財(cái)政義務(wù)。你還要添置家具、垃圾桶、車庫門遙控開關(guān)、燈具和綠化設(shè)備。在你反應(yīng)過來之前，這已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過你的財(cái)政預(yù)算了。這在創(chuàng)業(yè)中是很常見的。做詳盡的財(cái)政規(guī)劃。找個(gè)財(cái)政顧問或者銀行專員，核算你在啟動(dòng)和運(yùn)營公司的時(shí)候財(cái)務(wù)上的可行性。理智規(guī)劃，做最壞的打算。為經(jīng)濟(jì)損失提前做好準(zhǔn)備，咨詢?nèi)绾螠p輕未來可能承受的財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。Identifyyoursupportsystem.Seekoutadvicefromseasonedbusinessowners,eventhoseinyourownfield.Developrelationshipswithpeoplewhocanoffersound（=right）adviceandcriticismthatyoumightnotsee.Ifthereisabusinessownerinyourcommunityorinyournetworkthatyouaspiretomodel,examinehisorherbusinesspracticesandhowtheyhandlevarioussituations.Askforcounselbeforebigdecisions,andevencreateyourownmakeshiftBoardofDirectorstohelpguideyouintheplanningandstart-upprocess.5．明確你的支持體系。向經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的企業(yè)家求教，包括同領(lǐng)域的。和那些能提出可靠建議和批評(píng)的人搞好關(guān)系。如果你周圍或者朋友圈里有你欽佩的企業(yè)家，研究學(xué)習(xí)他或她的業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)踐以及他們?nèi)绾翁幚砀鞣N情況。做重大決策前多多請(qǐng)教，甚至在規(guī)劃和啟動(dòng)過程中設(shè)立臨時(shí)董事會(huì)來幫助出謀劃策。Onceyouhavealloftheseelementsinplace（準(zhǔn)備好）,youarepreparedtostarttheprocessofdevelopingabusinessplan,applyingforalicense,establishingamarketingpresence（營銷實(shí)體）,etc.Owningyourownbusinesscanbeunparalleledintheprofessionalworld,andifyousurroundyourselfwithwisecounsel,youcanhaveacareerthatdailyfeedsyourpassion.一旦你已經(jīng)對(duì)上述問題成竹在胸，那么你就可以開始制定商業(yè)計(jì)劃、申請(qǐng)執(zhí)照、在市場(chǎng)中嶄露頭角了。能在專業(yè)領(lǐng)域擁有自己的公司美不堪言，如果你能時(shí)時(shí)聽取明智的建議，那么你就可以每天激情滿滿地工作了。Thisisagreattruthoneofthegreatesttruths.Itisagreattruthbecauseoncewetrulyseethistruthwetranscendit.Oncewetrulyknowthatlifeisdifficult--oncewetrulyunderstandandacceptit--thenlifeisnolongerdifficult.Becauseonceitisaccepted,thefactthat（引出同位語從句）lifeisdifficultnolongermatters.Mostpeopledonotfullyseethistruththatlifeisdifficult.生活是艱難的。這是一條真理，是眾多偉大真理之一。一旦我們真正認(rèn)識(shí)了它，才會(huì)超越其本身。一旦我們真正認(rèn)識(shí)到生活的艱難所在，真正理解并接受它，生活將不再如那般的艱難，生活是艱難的這一事實(shí)，也不會(huì)再影響到我們。大多數(shù)人并未真正認(rèn)識(shí)到生活是艱難的這一事實(shí)。Insteadtheymoanmoreorlessincessantly,noisilyorsubtly,abouttheenormityoftheirproblems,theirburdens,andtheirdifficultiesasiflifeweregenerallyeasy,asiflifeshouldbeeas.eyvieteirbelie,isilyrsbtl,tt）teirdiffiltiesepsetauniquekindofaffliction（痛苦）thatshouldnotbeandthathassomehowbeenespeciallyvisitedupon（）them,orelseupontheirfamilies,theirtribe,theirclass,theirnation,theirraceoreventheirspecies,andnotuponothers.IknowaboutthismoaningbecauseIhavedonemyshare.相反，他們不停地?zé)o病呻吟，或是聒噪地，或是微弱地，絮叨著他們所遭遇的種種問題、所承受的負(fù)擔(dān)以及所忍受的苦難，好像生活應(yīng)該是一帆風(fēng)順的。他們或高聲抗議，或微弱地嘀咕，認(rèn)為他們的苦難代表一種特殊的不幸，它不應(yīng)加諸于他們，現(xiàn)在卻降臨在他們身上，或是他們家人身上、或是他們的部落、他們的階級(jí)、國家、種族、甚至于他們這一特種身上，而不是別人。我深諳這種埋怨，因?yàn)槲乙苍鴧⑴c其中。Lifeisaseriesofproblems.Dowewanttomoanaboutthemorsolvethem?Dowewanttoteachourchildrentosolvethem?Discipline（）isthebasicsetoftoolswerequiretosolvelife'sproblems.Withoutdiscipline，wecansolvenothing.Withonlysomedisciplinewecansolveonlysomeproblems.Withtotaldisciplinewecansolveallproblems.生活是由一系列的問題組成的。我們是抱怨它們還是解決它們?我們想教育我們的孩子去解決它們嗎?磨練是我們解決生活問題所需要的一套基本工具，沒有它我們什么也解決不了。部分磨練只能解決部分問題，歷經(jīng)磨練，我們才能解決所有問題。Whatmakelifedifficultisthattheprocessofconfrontingandsolvingproblemsisapainfulone.Problems,dependingupontheirnature,evokeinusfrustrationofgrief,sadness,loneliness,guilt,regret,anger,fear,anxiety,anguish,despair.Theseareuncomfortablefeelings,oftenveryuncomfortable,oftenaspainfulasanykindofphysicalpainsometimesequalingtheveryworstkindof