GPS模塊使用手冊(cè)

GPS模塊使用手冊(cè)一、GPS模塊的幾種重要指標(biāo)1.衛(wèi)星軌跡全球有24顆GPS衛(wèi)星沿6條軌道繞地球運(yùn)行(每4個(gè)一組)，GPS接受模塊就是靠接受這些衛(wèi)星來(lái)進(jìn)行定位的。但一般在地球的同一邊不會(huì)超過(guò)12顆衛(wèi)星，因此一般選擇可以跟蹤12顆衛(wèi)星如下的器件就可以了。當(dāng)然，所能跟蹤的衛(wèi)星數(shù)越多，性能越好。大多數(shù)GPS接受器可以追蹤8～12顆衛(wèi)星。計(jì)算2維坐標(biāo)至少需要3顆衛(wèi)星，4顆衛(wèi)星可以計(jì)算3維坐標(biāo)。2.并行通道由于最多也許有12顆衛(wèi)星是可見的，GPS接受器必須按次序訪問(wèn)每一顆衛(wèi)星來(lái)獲取每顆衛(wèi)星的信息，因此市面上的GPS接受器大多數(shù)是12并行通道型的，這容許它們持續(xù)追蹤每一顆衛(wèi)星的信息。12通道接受器的長(zhǎng)處包括迅速冷啟動(dòng)和初始化衛(wèi)星的信息，并且在森林地區(qū)可以有更好的接受效果。一般12通道接受器不需要外置天線，除非是在封閉的空間，如船艙或車廂中。3.定位時(shí)間定位時(shí)間是指重啟GPS接受器時(shí)，確定目前位置所需的時(shí)間。對(duì)于12通道接受器，冷啟動(dòng)時(shí)的定位時(shí)間一般為3～5min，熱啟動(dòng)時(shí)為15～30s。4.定位精度一般GPS接受器的水平位置定位精度在5～10m內(nèi)。5.DGPS功能DGPS是一種固定的GPS接受器，用于接受衛(wèi)星的信號(hào)。DGPS可以精確地計(jì)算出理論上衛(wèi)星信號(hào)傳送到的精確時(shí)間，然后將它與實(shí)際傳送時(shí)間相比較，并計(jì)算出差值。DGPS將這個(gè)差值發(fā)送出去，其他GPS接受器就可以運(yùn)用這個(gè)差值得到一種更精確的位置讀數(shù)(5～10m或者更少的誤差)。許多GPS設(shè)備提供商在某些地區(qū)設(shè)置了DGPS發(fā)送機(jī)，供客戶免費(fèi)使用，只要客戶所購(gòu)置的GPS接受器有DGPS功能即可。6.信號(hào)干擾要獲得一種很好的定位信號(hào)，GPS接受器必須至少能接受到3～5顆衛(wèi)星。假如是在峽谷中或兩邊高樓林立的街道上，或者是在茂密的叢林里，有也許接受不到足夠的衛(wèi)星，無(wú)法定位或者只能得到二維坐標(biāo)。同樣，假如在一種建筑里面，有也許無(wú)法更新位置。某些GPS接受器有單獨(dú)的天線可以貼在擋風(fēng)玻璃上，或者將一種外置天線放在車頂上，這有助于接受器收到更多的衛(wèi)星信號(hào)。二、HOLUXM-89GPS模塊特性我們選用的是臺(tái)灣生產(chǎn)的HOLUXM-89GPS模塊，并為其配置了PCB板，以以便與單片機(jī)進(jìn)行連接，下面與背面如下圖所示，HOLUXM-89GPS接受衛(wèi)星信號(hào)時(shí)一般還需要配置天線，如下圖所示：HOLUXM-89GPS模塊重要特性如下：產(chǎn)品特性通

道：并行32通道頻

率：L11575.42MHzC/A碼（1.023MHZ碼片速率）跟蹤敏捷度：-159dB動(dòng)態(tài)性能速

度：515米/秒加速度：4g顛

簸：20米/秒捕捉時(shí)間重獲取時(shí)間：0.1秒熱啟動(dòng)時(shí)間：1秒溫啟動(dòng)時(shí)間：33秒冷啟動(dòng)時(shí)間：36秒精度定位：10米（2DRMS）1-5米（DGPS）速度：0.1米/秒時(shí)間：1ms數(shù)據(jù)特性I/O信息：1個(gè)全雙工串行TTL接口數(shù)據(jù)傳播速率：4800～38400(原則：9600)格式：SiRF二進(jìn)制和NMEA-0183（v3.01）——GGA,GLL,GSA,GSV,RMC,VTG

DGPS協(xié)議：RTCMSC-104，類型1，2和9脈沖延時(shí)：100ms電氣特性輸入電壓：3.3~5VDC后備電源：直流3V輸入電流：80mA物理特性尺寸：25.4mm(D)×25.4mm(W)×3mm(H)重量：7g環(huán)境特性操作溫度：-30～+85℃存貯范圍：-40～+85℃三、12864顯示GPS數(shù)據(jù)試驗(yàn)1.HOLUXM-89GPS模塊與DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板的連接HOLUXM-89GPS模塊安裝在一塊PCB板上，板上引出有6針間距為2.54mm的插針，可以便地與頂頂電子開發(fā)的DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板進(jìn)行連接，各插針管腳功能及其與DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板的連接措施如下：1腳：指示燈，通電常亮，接受到衛(wèi)星開始閃爍，模塊板上帶有LED燈，試驗(yàn)時(shí)可不接。2腳：外部復(fù)位輸入，模塊內(nèi)部有復(fù)位電路，試驗(yàn)時(shí)可不接。3腳：模塊串口數(shù)據(jù)輸出。接DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板MCU的RXD腳（P30腳）。4腳：模塊串口數(shù)據(jù)輸入。接DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板MCU的TXD腳（P31腳）。5腳：GND。接DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板的地端。6腳：電源輸入，電壓范圍：3.3-5V，接DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板的3.3V或5V端。2.GPS源程序試驗(yàn)環(huán)節(jié)（1）打開STC下載軟件，將“12864液晶屏顯示GPS數(shù)據(jù)C51源程序”中的“GPS_12864.hex”目的文獻(xiàn)下載到DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板上。（2）取一只12864液晶顯示屏，將其插到DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板上。（3）將GPS模塊與天線連接好。（4）找四根杜邦線，將GPS模塊與DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板的連接好。斷開232與單片機(jī)的短接插針。使單片機(jī)只能與GPS模塊進(jìn)行通信。（5）打開DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板電源，約幾十秒后，在12864液晶屏上即可顯示出經(jīng)度、緯度、時(shí)間、海拔高度等信息，如下圖所示：以上信息的意思為：東經(jīng)120度23.7285分，北緯36度17.3538分，時(shí)間為15點(diǎn)10分52秒，海拔高度為145.6米。需要注意的是，試驗(yàn)時(shí)，要將GPS模塊和天線放置在室外，以便接受到衛(wèi)星信號(hào)，此外，GPS啟動(dòng)時(shí)需要一定的啟動(dòng)時(shí)間，GPS啟動(dòng)后才能接受到并計(jì)算出對(duì)的的數(shù)據(jù)。此外，假如你沒(méi)有采用DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板，而是采用其他試驗(yàn)板，需要將單片機(jī)晶振頻率設(shè)置為11.0592MHz，以保證GPS模塊與單片機(jī)按照9600的波特率進(jìn)行通信。四、用串口調(diào)試助手查看GPS數(shù)據(jù)1.GPS模塊與DD-900的連接（1）GPS模塊通過(guò)DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板串口，可以以便地與PC機(jī)進(jìn)行連接，連接措施如下：（2）GPS模塊的3腳（模塊串口數(shù)據(jù)輸出）接DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板MCU的TXD腳（P31腳），注意，與上個(gè)試驗(yàn)不一樣。（3）GPS模塊的4腳（模塊串口數(shù)據(jù)輸入）接DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板MCU的RXD腳（P30腳），注意，與上個(gè)試驗(yàn)不一樣。（4）GPS模塊5腳（GND）接DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板的地端。（5）GPS模塊6腳（電源輸入）接DD-900試驗(yàn)開發(fā)板的3.3V或5V端。（6）取下DD-900的MCU。2.試驗(yàn)措施連接完畢后，打開頂頂串口調(diào)試助手，選擇好串口（一般為串口1，假如采用USB轉(zhuǎn)串口，要選擇虛擬串口號(hào)，本例采用的是USB轉(zhuǎn)串口，虛擬串口號(hào)為COM5）。波特率選擇為9600，校驗(yàn)位為NINE，數(shù)據(jù)位為8，停止位為1。以上設(shè)置完畢后，打開串口，即可在接受窗口中接受到有關(guān)的GPS數(shù)據(jù)，如圖所示：五、其他1.GPS模塊與PC機(jī)的通信模組可以直接采用電平轉(zhuǎn)換電路MAX232，將GPS模塊的串口和PC機(jī)的串口連接,用串口調(diào)試工具和GPS模塊調(diào)試軟件監(jiān)控模塊輸出的數(shù)據(jù)，注意：模塊的默認(rèn)波特率為9600，PC機(jī)串口波特率必須設(shè)置成9600。假如沒(méi)有接GPS天線或收不到衛(wèi)星信號(hào)。模組上的LED燈一直常亮，假如收到有效的衛(wèi)星信號(hào)LED開始閃爍。2.GPS的數(shù)據(jù)協(xié)議GPS數(shù)據(jù)格式支持NMEA0183V3.01數(shù)據(jù)協(xié)議。格式NMEA0183V3.01：GPGGA（1次／1秒）、GPGSA（1次／5秒）、GPGSV（1次／5秒）、GPRMC（1次／1秒）、GPVTG（1次／1秒）。下面是調(diào)試模組用串口監(jiān)控到的數(shù)據(jù)：無(wú)衛(wèi)星狀態(tài)：$GPGGA,000355.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*44$GPGSA,A,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,*1E$GPGSV,1,1,00*79$GPRMC,000355.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*79$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000356.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*47$GPRMC,000356.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*7A$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000357.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*46$GPRMC,000357.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*7B$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000358.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*49$GPRMC,000358.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*74$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000359.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*48$GPRMC,000359.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*75$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000400.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*43$GPGSA,A,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,*1E$GPGSV,1,1,00*79$GPRMC,000400.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*7E$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000401.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*42$GPRMC,000401.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*7F$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000402.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*41$GPRMC,000402.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*7C$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000403.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*40$GPRMC,000403.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*7D$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000404.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*47$GPRMC,000404.026,V,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0.00,0.00,060180,,,N*7A$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,N*32$GPGGA,000405.026,8960.0000,N,00000.0000,E,0,0,,137.0,M,13.0,M,,*46$GPGSA,A,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,*1E有衛(wèi)星狀態(tài)：$GPGGA,090113.000,3958.2847,N,11616.6454,E,1,8,1.00,67.6,M,-6.7,M,,*78$GPRMC,090113.000,A,3958.2847,N,11616.6454,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*60$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090114.000,3958.2847,N,11616.6456,E,1,8,1.00,67.7,M,-6.7,M,,*7C$GPRMC,090114.000,A,3958.2847,N,11616.6456,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*65$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090115.000,3958.2846,N,11616.6456,E,1,8,1.00,67.7,M,-6.7,M,,*7C$GPRMC,090115.000,A,3958.2846,N,11616.6456,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*65$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090116.000,3958.2846,N,11616.6456,E,1,8,1.00,67.8,M,-6.7,M,,*70$GPRMC,090116.000,A,3958.2846,N,11616.6456,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*66$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090117.000,3958.2845,N,11616.6457,E,1,8,1.00,67.8,M,-6.7,M,,*73$GPGSA,A,3,29,15,10,18,09,21,24,27,,,,,1.28,1.00,0.79*08$GPGSV,3,1,10,24,78,302,38,15,77,207,42,29,36,238,48,10,33,073,24*76$GPGSV,3,2,10,21,29,310,39,08,22,054,,18,15,276,42,27,14,167,36*7D$GPGSV,3,3,10,09,05,175,35,40,,,*45$GPRMC,090117.000,A,3958.2845,N,11616.6457,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*65$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090118.000,3958.2846,N,11616.6457,E,1,8,1.00,67.8,M,-6.7,M,,*7F$GPRMC,090118.000,A,3958.2846,N,11616.6457,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*69$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090119.000,3958.2846,N,11616.6458,E,1,9,0.85,67.8,M,-6.7,M,,*7C$GPRMC,090119.000,A,3958.2846,N,11616.6458,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*67$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090120.000,3958.2847,N,11616.6459,E,1,9,0.85,67.8,M,-6.7,M,,*76$GPRMC,090120.000,A,3958.2847,N,11616.6459,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*6D$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090121.000,3958.2847,N,11616.6460,E,1,9,0.85,67.8,M,-6.7,M,,*7D$GPRMC,090121.000,A,3958.2847,N,11616.6460,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*66$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090122.000,3958.2847,N,11616.6461,E,1,9,0.85,67.8,M,-6.7,M,,*7F$GPGSA,A,3,29,15,10,18,09,21,24,08,27,,,,1.14,0.85,0.77*0D$GPGSV,3,1,10,24,78,302,38,15,77,207,42,29,36,238,48,10,33,073,22*70$GPGSV,3,2,10,21,29,310,39,08,22,054,21,18,15,276,42,27,14,167,36*7E$GPGSV,3,3,10,09,05,175,35,43,,,*46$GPRMC,090122.000,A,3958.2847,N,11616.6461,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*64$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D$GPGGA,090123.000,3958.2848,N,11616.6462,E,1,9,0.85,67.8,M,-6.7,M,,*72$GPRMC,090123.000,A,3958.2848,N,11616.6462,E,0.00,0.00,080110,,,A*69$GPVTG,0.00,T,,M,0.00,N,0.00,K,A*3D2.GPS語(yǔ)句數(shù)據(jù)格式GPS模塊可以輸出多種數(shù)據(jù)格式輸出語(yǔ)句，這樣，在源程序中，我們通過(guò)對(duì)這些輸出語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行解析，就可以得到GPS的定位數(shù)據(jù)。下面重點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)介GPRMC和GPGGA輸出語(yǔ)句：（1）GPRMC輸出語(yǔ)句其原則格式為:$GPRMC,<1>,<2>,<3>,<4>,<5>,<6>,<7>,<8>,<9>,<10>,<11>,<12>A*hh<CR><LF>例如：$GPRMC,024813.640,A,3158.4608,N,11848.3737,E,10.05,324.27,150706,,,A*50<1>原則定位時(shí)間（UTCtime）格式：時(shí)時(shí)分分秒秒.秒秒秒（hhmmss.sss）。<2>定位狀態(tài)，A=數(shù)據(jù)可用，V=數(shù)據(jù)不可用。<3>緯度，格式：度度分分.分分分分（ddmm.mmmm）。<4>緯度辨別，北半球（N）或南半球（S）。<5>經(jīng)度，格式：度度分分.分分分分。<6>經(jīng)度辨別，東（E）半球或西（W）半球。<7>相對(duì)位移速度，0.0至1851.8knots（節(jié)）<8>相對(duì)位移方向，000.0至359.9度。實(shí)際值。<9>日期，格式：日日月月年年（ddmmyy）。<10>磁偏角，（000-180）度，前導(dǎo)位數(shù)局限性則補(bǔ)0。<11>磁偏角方向，E=東W=西。A*語(yǔ)句結(jié)束標(biāo)志符。hh從$開始的所有ASCII碼校驗(yàn)和。<CR><LF>回車換行。（2）GPGGA輸出語(yǔ)句這是一幀GPS定位的重要數(shù)據(jù)，也是使用最廣的數(shù)據(jù)。為了便于理解，下面舉例闡明＄GPGGA語(yǔ)句各部分的含義。其原則格