生物化學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)英語術(shù)語

生物化學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)英語術(shù)語*第一章蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能protein蛋白質(zhì)aminoacid氨基酸peptidebond肽鍵isoelectricpoint等電點(diǎn)peptide肽oligopeptide寡肽polypeptide多肽residue氨基酸殘基aminoterminal氨基末端（N-端）carboxylterminal羧基末端（C-端）peptideunit肽單元α-helixα-螺旋β-pleatedsheetβ-折疊β-turnβ-轉(zhuǎn)角randomcoil無規(guī)卷曲motif模體primarystructure一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)secondarystructure二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)tertiarystructure三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)quaternarystructure四級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)domain結(jié)構(gòu)域molecularchaperone分子伴侶proteinfamily蛋白質(zhì)家族homologousprotein同源蛋白質(zhì)cooperativity協(xié)同效應(yīng)positivecooperativity正協(xié)同效應(yīng)negativecooperativity負(fù)協(xié)同效應(yīng)allostericeffect別構(gòu)效應(yīng)prionprotein,PrP朊病毒蛋白denaturation變性renaturation復(fù)性dialysis透析*第二章核酸的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能nucleicacid核酸deoxyribonucleicacid,DNA脫氧核糖核酸ribonucleicacid,RNA核糖核酸nucleotide(,nt)核苷酸deoxyribonucleotide脫氧核糖核苷酸ribonucleotide核糖核苷酸purine嘌呤pyrimidine嘧啶Adenine,A腺嘌呤Guanine,G鳥嘌呤Uracil,U尿嘧啶Thymine,T胸腺嘧啶Cytosine,C胞嘧啶β-N-glycosidicbondβ-N糖苷鍵phosphodiesterbond磷酸二酯鍵basesequence堿基序列basepair,bp堿基對(duì)kilobasepair,kbp千堿基對(duì)anti-parallel反向平行right-handedhelix右手螺旋majorgroove大溝minorgroove小溝complementarybasepair互補(bǔ)堿基對(duì)complementarystrand互補(bǔ)鏈basestackinginteraction堿基堆積力telomere端粒superhelix/supercoil超螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)chromatin染色質(zhì)chromosome染色體nucleosome核小體histone組蛋白messengerRNA,mRNA信使RNAopenreadingframe,ORF開放(閱)讀框codon密碼子transferRNA,tRNA轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)RNArarebase稀有堿基stem-loopstructures莖環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)anticodon反密碼子ribosomalRNA,rRNA核糖體RNAribosome核糖體non-codingRNA,ncRNA非編碼RNADNAdenaturationDNA變性hyperchromiceffectDNA的增色效應(yīng)renaturation復(fù)性annealing退火heteroduplex雜化雙鏈nucleicacidhybridization核酸雜交deoxyribonuclease,DNaseDNA酶ribonuclease,RNaseRNA酶*第三章酶enzyme酶monomericenzyme單體酶oligomericenzyme寡聚酶multienzymecomplex多酶復(fù)合物multienzymesystem多酶體系multifunctionalenzyme多功能酶tandemenzyme串聯(lián)酶simpleenzyme單純酶conjugatedenzyme綴合酶(結(jié)合酶)coenzyme輔酶prostheticgroup輔基metalloenzyme金屬酶metalactivatedenzyme金屬激活酶activecenter活性中心essentialgroup必需基團(tuán)bindinggroup結(jié)合基團(tuán)catalyticgroup催化基團(tuán)isoenzyme/isozyme同工酶activationenergy活化能turnovernumber轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)specificity特異性/專一性absolutespecificity絕對(duì)專一性relativespecificity相對(duì)專一性proximityeffect鄰近效應(yīng)orientationarrangement定向排列desolvation脫溶劑化surfaceeffect表面效應(yīng)generalacid-basecatalysis酸-堿催化作用nucleophiliccatalysis親核催化covalentcatalysis共價(jià)催化electrophiliccatalysis親電催化maximumvelocity最大反應(yīng)速率Michaelisconstant,Km米氏常數(shù)turnovernumber轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)optimumtemperature最適溫度optimumpH最適pHinhibitor抑制劑irreversibleinhibition不可逆性抑制reversibleinhibition可逆性抑制competitiveinhibition競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制non-competitiveinhibition非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制uncompetitiveinhibition反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制apparentKm表觀Kmactivator激活劑allostericregulation別（變）構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)allostericenzyme別構(gòu)酶allostericsite別構(gòu)部位allostericeffector別構(gòu)效應(yīng)劑covalentmodification共價(jià)調(diào)節(jié)zymogen酶原*第五章維生素與無機(jī)鹽vitamin維生素lipid-solublevitamin脂溶性維生素water-solublevitamin水溶性維生素traceelement微量元素macroelement常量元素*第六章糖代謝carbohydrates糖（碳水化合物）Na+-dependentglucosetransporter,SGLTNa+依賴型葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體glucosetransporter,GLUT依賴葡糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白glycolysis糖酵解lacticacidfermentation乳酸發(fā)酵ethanolfermentation乙醇發(fā)酵aerobicoxidation有氧氧化anaerobicoxidation無氧氧化hexokinase己糖激酶glucokinase葡糖激酶6-phosphofructokinase-1,PFK-1磷酸果糖激酶-1substrate-levelphosphorylation底物水平磷酸化phosphoenolpyruvate,PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸pyruvatekinase丙酮酸激酶signaltransductionnetwork信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)signaltransducer信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)分子secondmessenger第二信使adenylatecyclase,AC腺苷酸環(huán)化酶proteinkinaseG,PKG蛋白激酶Gproteinphosphatase,PP蛋白磷酸酶guaninenucleotide-bindingprotein,Gprotein鳥苷酸結(jié)合蛋白，G蛋白

**被生物體直接用于合成蛋白質(zhì)的20種氨基酸1.非極性脂肪族氨基酸甘氨酸Glycine,Gly丙氨酸Alanine,Ala纈氨酸Valine,Val亮氨酸Leucine,Leu異亮氨酸Isoleucine,Ile脯氨酸Proline,Pro2.極性中性氨基酸絲氨酸Serine,Ser半胱氨酸Cysteine,Cys甲硫氨酸Methionine,Met天冬酰胺Asparagine,Asn谷氨酰胺Glutamine,Gln蘇氨酸