常用研磨機(jī)中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、外文翻譯

附錄6：外文翻譯原文CommonlyusedgrindingmachineAsakindofimportantultra-precisionprocessingmethod，theadvantageofgrindingishighmachiningaccuracy,processingmaterialsrange,almostsuitableforallkindsofmaterialsprocessing,grindingcangetveryhighprecisionandshapeaccuracy,evencanreachthelimit,themachiningaccuracyofgrindingdeviceissimple,doesnotneedalotofthecomplexmechanicalandnotdemandingequipmentprecisionconditions.Asasuperfinishingonemethod,grindingmachineismainlyusedforthehighprecisiongrindingworkpieceplane,thesurfaceofcylindricalworkpiecesbothinsideandoutside,taperedfaceinside,sphere,threadfaceandothertypesurface.Itsmaintypeshavedise-typegrindingmachine,shafttypegrindingmachine,magneticgrindingmachineandallkindsofspecialgrindingmachine.Dise-typegrindingmachinepointssingleplateanddouble-traytwotodouble-traygrindingmachineusedthemostcommon.Indouble-traypolishingmachine,multipleworkpieceandintothemillplate,locatedonthecagebetweeninside,maintainframeandworkpiecedrivesbyeccentricorplanetofplaneparallelmovement.Themillrotating,theparallelwiththegrindingplatecannotturn,orwithgrindingplateundernegativespin,andcanmovetopressureworkpiece(pressureadjustable).Inaddition,withthegrindingplatecanalsoturningroundpillarrockertoAngle,unloadingworkpieces.Double-traygrindingmachineismainlyusedforprocessingtwoparallelplanes,aplane(twopressureshouldbeincreasedtotheworkpieceaccessorie),outsideYuanZhuMianandsphere(withbeltv-shapedslotgrindingplate),etc.YuanZhuMian,becausetheprocessingandworkpiecetobothsliding,shallbereasonablechoosetokeeprollingtypeandarrangementplaneslotsAngle.Onlyasingleplategrindingmachine,usedforgrindingplateunderthegrindworkpieceunderplane,canmakethedifferentshapesandsizeswithplateprocessing,grindingworkpiecehigherprecision.Somegrindingmachinewiththegrindingprocesscanbeautomaticcalibrationgrindingplateinstitution.Shafttypegrindingmachinefrompositive,negativespinofspindledrivework-pieceorinquirywithadjustablegrindingringorabrasive(great)rotation,thestructureissimple,usedforgrindinginsideandoutsidecylindricalplanes.Magneticgrindingmachineisbyusingmagneticforcetransmissiontostainlesssteelmillforhighfrequencyworkpieceneedletorotarymotion;ButforprecisionworkpieceintheholeandblindAngle,tinycrackriseobviousgoodpolishinggrindingremoveburreffect.Specialgrindingmachinebygrindingworkpieceinaccordancewiththedifferent,havecentralholegrindingmachine,steelballgrindingmachineandgeargrindingmachine,etc.Inaddition,stillhaveakindofadoptingsimilarcenterlessgrindingprincipleunconditionalgrindingmachine,usedforgrindingcylindricalworkpieces.Grindingisbyabrasiveabrasiveeffectonsurfaceofworkpiece,totraceprocessing.Grindingworkpiecesurfacedimensionaccuracy,formandpositionprecision,abrasivetools,suchaslifeandmillingefficiencydependslargelyonwhethergrindingmovement.Inordertomakethesurfaceofworkpiecegrindinguniform,fromtheperspectivesofkinematicsconcludesthefollowingplanegrindingbestkinematicscondition:firstly,workpiecewithrelativeresearchofplanemovement,shouldguaranteebygrindingworkpiecesurfacewithdifferentpointsonrelativeresearcharethesameorsimilargrindingtrack;secondly,grindingmotionisprovidedbytheworkpieceandtherelativemovementbetweendevelopedarealization,differentpointsonthesurfaceofworkpiecevelocityshouldasfaraspossiblethegrindingthesame;thirdly,grindingmovementdirectionshouldconstantlychange,grindinggraincrisscrosschangeful,favorsthesurfaceroughnessofworkpiecemachining,butshouldavoidreducedbygrindingworkpiecesurfacewithdifferentpointsontherelativeresearchcurvaturegrindingtrackchangestoobig,fourthly,grindwithorpadsworkingsurfaceshapeaccuracywillreflectonthesurfaceofworkpiece,sothetrajectoriesofworkpiecewiththroughouttheinquiryshouldbedistributedhomogeneously,favorsthesurfaceanduniformwornwithresearch;finally,workpiecewithrelativeresearchbyabrasiveremovaldirectionasportsfreedom,sothatcanavoidforgrindingmachinesguidanceprecisionandcauseerrors.Grindingbasicprincipleistouseembeddedincoatingorpressurewiththeabrasiveparticlesongrindworkpiecewithand,throughresearchintherelativemovementundercertainpressureforprocessingsurfacefinishmachiningprocess.Thecylindricalplanegrindingprocessistousefreegritsaretwoplaneofcylinderscrapingandextrusionprocessofremovingmaterialstoreducecylindricalheight,improveplanardegreeandreducethesurfaceroughnesspurpose.Theseremoveeffectsthroughthecylindricalgrindingplatewiththerelativemovementingritsroledowntoperform.Abrasiveisthemainmediumgrindingprocess.Thegrindingprocessaccordingtoabrasivechangecanbedividedintothreestages.Thefirststage:thebrokenfreeabrasivestage.Atthebeginningofprecisionlapping,initiallargergritscutting,thenfirstparticipateinabeltofedgesandabrasivepolyhedron,cuttingability.Theroleofthepressure,thegritssizebycrushingmakemoregritsarecompetingincutting,thenononehandconsumptiondimensionsandcylinderofprocesses,thisphaseresidualsurfacesgrindingefficiencyishigher,size,cylindricalsurfaceroughnessconsumedfast.Butthisstagetimeisveryshort.Secondstage:thegritsparticularandMosaicstage.Duetotheeffectsofstressfluctuationgrindingplateandcylinderinteractionconstantlyrollingmillgrain,makethecoarsegrindinggraingraduallybrokenintofinegritsandsizetoconverge,thenthehighestgrindingefficiency,timealsothelongest.Withthecontinuouslydetailed,allkindsofabrasiveisalsorelativelystablestageelements,atthisstageofthegeometryprecisionballimprovedandbasicallyreachescorrespondingrequirements,thesurfacequalitygraduallyenhance,roughnessdecline.Thisphaseisgangqiustabilityprocessingphases.Thethirdstage:gritspassivationandgrindslightphase.Inthisphaseabrasivemostrefinedforo.apmsmthefollowingthreefinegrits,gritsbytheshapeoftheoriginalsharpgeometrywithoutsharpedgesintothesleeksphere,grindingspeedgreatlyreduced.Passivationofgritsonlytomicropowdercylindricalplanemoretracegrinding,polishingquantityGrindingquantityisaboutfrom0.2to0.3micronsperhour.Thisstagecylindricalsurfaceroughnessfurtherreduceandeventuallyreachthestandard.Generallyspeaking,therearefourmaingrindtrack:(1)lineargrindingtrajectory.Thismethodisapplicabletothestepsoflongandnarrowplaneworkpiecegrindingcanobtainhighergeometryprecision,butnoteasilygetsmallersurfaceroughness.(2)swinglineargrindingtrajectory.Canachievegoodstraightness.(3)spiralgrindingtrajectory.Mainlyusedfordiscsshapeorcylindricalworkpiecesgrinding,flatendcangainahighflatnessandsmallersurfaceroughness.(4)"8"glyphgrindingtrajectory.Suitableforflatclassoverhauledandsmallplaneworkpieceofgrindingworkpiece,canmakemutualgrindingplanemediacontactandhasevendevelopedevenlywear.Intheproductionpractice,grindingisakindofcommonfinishingcraft,grindingmethodunceasingprogressandrenewal,toadapttothedifferentprocessingrequirementsofvariousliteraturematerialreports,therearemanymethodsofgrinding,polishing,abrasiveflowinjectionofultrasonicmachining,electrochemicalpolishing,chemicalpolishing,magneticabrasivegrinding,liquidabrasivegrindingetcexteriorsmooththewholeprocessingtechnology.Themostcommonlyusedandapplicationmostisamechanicalpolishing,itscharacteristiciscanobtainhigherdimensionprecision,shapeaccuracyandlowsurfaceroughness,butrequirestheoperatorhashighleveloftechnologyandexperience,machiningefficiencylow,laborintensive,processingqualitynoteasytocontrol,thesurfaceresidualstressisbig,surfaceresidualgritscanalsoaffectsurfacequality.Magneticabrasivelawisthroughmagneticpolaritywillmagneticabrasivesurfaceprocessing,suctionpressureinsurfaceprocessingandbetweenthepolesformillimeterclearance,canbeinmagneticabrasivemachininggaparrangethemalongthefield,formingelasticmagneticbrushandpressureonthesurfaceofworkpieceattached.Rotatingmagneticfieldorrotatingproduct,makemagneticbrushandrelativemotionprocessing,thuspurepolisherasurface.Thecharacteristicsofmagneticgrindingisthatnomatterhowthesurfaceprocessing,youshouldjustmakepolesshapeandprocessingsurfaceshapecanbegenerallyanastomose,itcanaccurategrindingafinecurvedsurfaceofworkpiecesurface,andmagneticabrasiveactappliestogrindcuttingandgrindingprocessisusuallytocompetentcomplexshapepartssurfacesmoothprocessing.Grindingmachineadoptssteplessspeedregulationcontrolsystem,canbeeasilyadjustedadheasinegrindvariouspartsofgrindingspeed.Usingelectricity-gasproportionalvalveclose-loopfeedbackgrindingmachinepressurecontrol,canindependenceregulationpressuredevice.Slowfallinginstalledintheup-traytopreventthecrashofbrittlenessslice.Throughatimerelayandagrindingcounter,canpressprocessingrequirementsaccuratelySettingsandcontrolofmillingtimeandgrindinglap.Workcanbeadjustedpressuremode,achievegrindingsettimeorlapwillautomaticallystopalarmprompt,realizehalfautomation.Grindingmachinevariablespeedcontrolmethod,grindinghasthreestages,namelybeginning,formalstageandendstage,beginningabrasiveaccrotation,theofficialstageabrasiveconstantspeedrotating,endstageabrasiveslowdown,whosecharacteris,rotatinggrindingbeginningingrindingspeed,artificiallycontrolledbyslowfromzerotoaccelerationoffastspeedincreases,whentheabrasiveascendedtotheformalgrindingspeed,accelerationthehalfofthechangesoccurainflectionpoint,controltheaccelerationofgrindingspeedbyslowlybyalmosttothemaximumspeedisreduced,untilthegrindingtoolstoformally,theaccelerationofspeedgrindingspeedreducedtozero.Usethecharacteristicofasolidabrasiveabrasive,accordingtotherelativemovementbetweengrindingworkpiecetrackdensitydistribution,areasonabledesignabrasiveabrasivedensitydistributionon,inordertomakeabrasivethatoccurinthegrindingprocessdoesnotaffecttheabrasivewearfacetype,therebysignificantlyimprovetheprecisionofthesurfacetypeprecision.Futureaspeoplearebecomingmoredemandingtoimproveproductperformance,grindingmachiningaccuracyandprocessingwithitshighquality,whichhasattractedtheattentionofpeople.Therefore,ultra-precisionwillbemoreconspicuousinthefuture.譯文常用研磨機(jī)研磨是超精密加工中一種重要加工方法，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是加工精度高，加工材料范圍廣，幾乎適合于各種材料的加工，研磨加工可以得到很高的尺寸精度和形狀精度，甚至可以達(dá)到加工精度的極限，研磨裝置簡(jiǎn)單，不需要大量復(fù)雜的機(jī)械并且不苛求設(shè)備的精度條件。作為超精加工的一種方法，研磨機(jī)主要用于研磨工件中的高精度平面、內(nèi)外圓柱面、圓錐面、球面、螺紋面和其他型面。其主要類型有圓盤式研磨機(jī)、轉(zhuǎn)軸式研磨機(jī)、磁力研磨機(jī)和各種專用研磨機(jī)。圓盤式研磨機(jī)分單盤和雙盤兩種，以雙盤研磨機(jī)應(yīng)用最為普通。在雙盤研磨機(jī)上，多個(gè)工件同時(shí)放入位于上、下研磨盤之間的保持架內(nèi)，保持架和工件由偏心或行星機(jī)構(gòu)帶動(dòng)作平面平行運(yùn)動(dòng)。下研磨盤旋轉(zhuǎn)，與之平行的上研磨盤可以不轉(zhuǎn)，或與下研磨盤反向旋轉(zhuǎn)，并可上下移動(dòng)以壓緊工件（壓力可調(diào)）。此外，上研磨盤還可隨搖臂繞立柱轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一角度，以便裝卸工件。雙盤研磨機(jī)主要用于加工兩平行面、一個(gè)平面(需增加壓緊工件的附件)、外圓柱面和球面（采用帶V形槽的研磨盤）等。加工外圓柱面時(shí),因工件既要滑動(dòng)又要滾動(dòng)，須合理選擇保持架孔槽型式和排列角度。單盤研磨機(jī)只有一個(gè)下研磨盤，用于研磨工件的下平面，可使形狀和尺寸各異的工件同盤加工，研磨精度較高。有些研磨機(jī)還帶有能在研磨過(guò)程中自動(dòng)校正研磨盤的機(jī)構(gòu)。轉(zhuǎn)軸式研磨機(jī)由正、反向旋轉(zhuǎn)的主軸帶動(dòng)工件或研具（可調(diào)式研磨環(huán)或研磨棒）旋轉(zhuǎn)，結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，用于研磨內(nèi)、外圓柱面。磁力研磨機(jī)是通過(guò)采用磁場(chǎng)力量傳導(dǎo)至不銹鋼磨針使工件作高頻率旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)；可對(duì)精密工件內(nèi)孔、死角、細(xì)小夾縫起到明顯較好的拋光研磨去除毛刺的效果。專用研磨機(jī)依被研磨工件的不同，有中心孔研磨機(jī)、鋼球研磨機(jī)和齒輪研磨機(jī)等。此外，還有一種采用類似無(wú)心磨削原理的無(wú)心研磨機(jī)，用于研磨圓柱形工件。研磨是磨具通過(guò)磨料作用于工件表面，進(jìn)行微量加工的過(guò)程。研磨工件表面的尺寸精度、形位精度、研磨工具的壽命及研磨效率等，在很大程度上取決于研磨運(yùn)動(dòng)。為使工件表面研磨均勻，從運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)角度歸納出如下的平面研磨最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)條件：(1)工件相對(duì)研具作平面運(yùn)動(dòng)，應(yīng)保證工件被研磨表面上各點(diǎn)相對(duì)研具均有相同或相近的研磨軌跡；(2)研磨運(yùn)動(dòng)是由工件與研具之間的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，工件表面上各點(diǎn)的研磨運(yùn)動(dòng)速度應(yīng)盡可能相同；(3)研磨運(yùn)動(dòng)方向應(yīng)不斷變化，研磨紋路交錯(cuò)多變，以利于工件加工表面粗糙度的降低，但應(yīng)盡量避免工件被研磨表面上各點(diǎn)相對(duì)研具的研磨軌跡曲率變化過(guò)大；(4)研具或拋光盤工作表面的形狀精度會(huì)反映到工件表面上，所以工件的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡應(yīng)遍及整個(gè)研具表面并且分布均勻，以利于研具的均勻磨損；(5)工件相對(duì)研具在被研磨材料的去除方向上具有運(yùn)動(dòng)自由度，這樣可以避免因研磨機(jī)械的導(dǎo)向精度不高而引起誤差。研磨基本原理是利用涂敷或壓嵌在研具上的磨料顆粒，通過(guò)研具與工件在一定壓力下的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)加工表面進(jìn)行的精整加工的過(guò)程。圓柱面的研磨加工過(guò)程就是利用游離磨粒對(duì)圓柱兩平面進(jìn)行刮削和擠壓去除材料的過(guò)程，達(dá)到減小圓柱高度，提高平面度和降低表面粗糙度的目的。這些去除作用要通過(guò)柱面與研磨盤的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)在磨粒的作用下來(lái)完成。磨料是研磨加工的主要介質(zhì)。整個(gè)研磨過(guò)程根據(jù)磨料的變化可分為三個(gè)階段。第一階段：游離磨料的破碎階段。精研初期較大的磨粒首先參與切削，這時(shí)磨料多呈帶棱角的多面體，切削能力強(qiáng)。在壓力的作用下，尺寸大的磨粒被破碎使更多的磨粒得以參加切削，這時(shí)圓柱體一方面消耗尺寸及上工序的殘留表面，這個(gè)階段磨削效率較高，尺寸消耗快，圓柱表面粗糙。但該階段時(shí)間很短。第二階段：磨粒細(xì)化和鑲嵌階段。由于壓力的作用上下研磨盤和圓柱體相互作用不斷地輾壓磨粒，使粗磨粒逐漸破碎為細(xì)