第二章-翻譯中的問題

第二章翻譯中的問題【思考與練習(xí)1】語篇翻譯，注意“形合”與“意合”致謝我弟杜苕譯此書及半，因病難以為繼，承胡鶴年教授慨允畢譯其余，特此致謝。好友張立英(馬克斯勛爵夫人)面對浩繁卷幅不辭勞苦，校對漢譯文稿，并累予鼓勵(lì)，此書終于得以完成。深情厚誼，實(shí)足感念。責(zé)任編輯李佳俊先生，他在本書的緊要階段遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越了本責(zé)地給予了我慨然的支持，從事了艱巨的工作。中國國際廣播出版社社長兼總編輯吳緒彬先生認(rèn)為像此書這樣的應(yīng)時(shí)之著，縱使篇幅有限，亦能很好地作為那些襲用已有年矣的英漢辭典的一個(gè)有價(jià)值的補(bǔ)充，欣允出版，卓識可佩，特此一并致謝。AcknowledgementsIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoProfessorHNHuwhoverykindlysteppedintothebreach,andcompletedtheChinesetranslationofthesepieceswhenmybrother,DuShaosuccumbedtoill-healthhalf-waythrough,andwasunabletofinishthetask.Iamalso-indebtedtomygoodfriend,ZhangLiYing(LadyLYMarks)forherpainstakinghelpinproof-readingtheChinesetranslation,andforhervitalencouragement.Furthermore,mygratefulthanksmustgotoMrLiJiaJun,thesenioreditor,whohasgivenmeunstintedencouragementandsupportfarabovethecallofduty,duringthecrucialstagesoftheproject,andgenerouslyofferedtoundertaketheunenviabletask.Aboveall,aspecialsalutetoMrWuXuBin,directorandeditor-in-chiefofCHIRP,whohavetheprojecthiswholeheartedblessing,believingthatatimelypublicationlikethis,howeverlimitedinscope,mywellserveasaworthwhilesupplementtotheexistingrepertoireoflong-establishedEnglish-Chinesedictionaries.【思考與練習(xí)2】語篇翻譯,注意“化零為整”丑妻S君有妻，丑，為此頗感自豪，常于有靚妻之友面前夸口：丑妻是寶，見了惡心，不見省心，出門放心，免得有第三者插足。友聽畢，掩口笑道：君言差矣，常言道：以為最安全的卻是最危險(xiǎn)，豈不聞情人眼里出西施嗎？S君聽畢，頓悟，嘆道：聽君一席話，勝讀十年書，差一點(diǎn)大意失荊州！TheAdvantagesofHavingaPlainWifeMr.Shadanunprepossessingwife,ofwhomhewasveryproud,somuchsothattohisfriendwhohadabeautifulwife,heoftenravedabouthisspouselikethis,“Aplainwifeisanabsolutetreasure,unpleasanttolook,butoutofmindoutofsightandfreefromsuspicionwhenthehusbandisawayfromhome.Andthereisnofearof‘a(chǎn)notherman’”.Onhearinghis,hisfriendcouldn’thelpasmileandthefollowingcomment,“Forgiveme,sir,forpointingoutthatyou’rewrongthere.Asthesayinggoes,thegreatestdangerresidesinthefalsesenseofsecurity.Haven’tyouheardoflovebeingblind?”Suddenlyandthoroughlyenlightenedbyhisfriend’skindwarning,Mr.Ssighedwithfeeling,“Howtrueitisthatonecanlearnmorefromthetalkofawisepersonthanfromtenyears’reading!OtherwiseImayloseherthroughoversight.”(Tr.byJuChunzu)【思考與練習(xí)3】段落翻譯，注意動(dòng)態(tài)詞、靜態(tài)詞的用法風(fēng)水是中國建筑中的一個(gè)特殊傳統(tǒng)，是古人對空間的布置與安排方法，其目的是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑與環(huán)境的和諧共存。古代，風(fēng)水通常將從選址、設(shè)計(jì)、建筑直到內(nèi)部和外部裝修的整個(gè)過程聯(lián)系在一起。它將天、地、人三者融為一體，并且在所選的地址、方位、自然法則以及人的命運(yùn)之間尋求和諧。反對人對自然的破壞，強(qiáng)調(diào)人與環(huán)境的共處。一名風(fēng)水師或陰陽先生通常使用諸如陰陽、四象、五行以及八卦等理論處理想的安葬或居住地點(diǎn)，這些理論的基本原則就是天地和諧。Fenshui,aspecialChinesetraditioninarchitecture,istheancientChinesepracticeofplacementandarrangementofspacetoachievecoexistenceinharmonywiththeenvironment.Itusuallylinksthewholeprocessfromsiteselection,designing,constructionandinteriorandexteriordecoratinginancienttimes.ItcombinesthetrinityoftheHeaven,theEarthandhumans,andseeksharmonybetweenselectedsite,orienting,naturaldoctrineandhumanfate.Itrepulseshumandestructionofnatureandstresscohabitationwiththeenvironment.Afengshuipractitioner,oradiviner,usuallyappliessuchtheoriesasyinyang,sixiang,wuxingandbagua,basedontheprincipleoftheHeavenandtheEarthinharmony,toselectanoptimumplaceforburialsiteoraccommodation.【思考與練習(xí)4】語篇翻譯，注意被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法新娘的蓋頭近代人娶新娘，用紅色的手帕蒙住她的頭。按《通典》的作者杜佑說法是，“自東漢、魏晉以來，時(shí)時(shí)有艱難憂患的情形，一年中遇到吉祥的日子，人們急于結(jié)婚，于是用紗巾蒙住姑娘的頭，夫家把她接過來。拜見公婆，就算完成了婚禮，傳統(tǒng)婚禮當(dāng)經(jīng)歷的六禮都舍去了?！背苫榈膬x式倘被省棄，就用蒙首的辦法來代替，這也流傳很久了。只是古代有時(shí)是為臨時(shí)急于娶新娘而用的，可現(xiàn)在卻成了婚禮上通行的儀式了。Atweddingsnowadays,thebride’sheadisveiledunderaredkerchief.AsDuYouexplainsinhisEncyclopedia,“BeginningintheEasternHanandWeiandJinDynasties,therewereoftenhardtimes.Takingadvantageofanauspiciousday,peoplemarriedhastily.Asilkscarfwasthrownoverthebride’sheadandshewashastenedtothegroom’shouse.Theproperkowtowingtothehusband’srelativescompleted,shewasmarriedthere.Thesixetiquettes(acceptanceofthebetrothalgifts,askingeachother’sname,pickinganauspiciousdate,exchangeofweddinggifts,sendingoutinvitationsandreceivingthebrideinancienttimesatawedding)thathadhithertobeenconsiderednecessaryhadbeenabandoned.”Withoutthesixetiquettes,thepracticeofcoveringthebride’sheadhaslongsincebecomethesurrogaterite.Thekerchiefthatwasexpedientforhastyweddingsinancienttimesisnowarequirementinallweddings.【思考與練習(xí)5】語段翻譯，注意一句多譯書是我的良友。它給我一把金鑰匙，誘導(dǎo)我打開淺短的視界，愚昧的頭腦，閉塞的心靈。它從不吝惜對我的幫助。書是我青春期的戀人，中年的知己，暮年的伴侶。有了它，我就不再愁寂寞，不再怕人情冷暖，世態(tài)炎涼。它使我成為精神世界的富翁。我真的是“不可一日無此君”。當(dāng)我忙完了，累極了；當(dāng)我憤怒時(shí)，苦惱時(shí)，我就想親近它，因?yàn)檫@是一種絕妙的安撫。Booksaremygoodfriends(thebestfriendsofmine).Theyhaveofferedmeagoldenkeytobroadeningmyhorizonsandriddingmyselfofstupidityandignorance.(Theyprovidemewithakeytothedooroutofignoranceandintoanewhorizon.)Theysparenoeffortstohelpme.(TheyneverturntheirbacksuponmewhenIaminneed.)Booksaremysweetheartinyouth,companionandcomforterinage.(Booksaremysweetheartsinmyyouth,mybosomfriendsinmymiddleage,andmycompanionsinmydecliningyears.)Theycandivertmefromloneliness,relievemeofworriesandisolatemefromthesnobbishwaysoftheworld,makingmeabillionaireinwardly.Icannotdowithoutthemevenforaday.Tomyindignation,dismayortirednessafterwork,theyareapanacea(spiritualconsolation).【思考與練習(xí)6】課堂討論，分析、比較并說明其翻譯特點(diǎn)楓橋夜泊張繼月落烏啼霜滿天，江楓漁火對愁眠。姑蘇城外寒山寺，夜半鐘聲到客船。譯文1:ToMoorAtNightMapleBridgeThemoonsetting,thecrowcawing,theworldismistedwithheavyfrost;Themapletreeonthebank,andthedimlightinthefishingboat,arebothenfoldedinmygloomydream.Beforedaybreak,thedistanttollingofbells,reachedtheearoftheboat’spassenger，AllthewayfromBleakMountaintempleoutsidethecityofGusu.(Tr.byJiaNing)譯文2:MooringAtNightByTheMapleBridgeAtmoonsettheskywasfullofhardautumnfrosts,Andterrifiedlywerecawingravensandrooks;UndertwobridgesthedimlightsinfishingboatsWerecompanyingpassengersingloomydreams,FrompoetHanshan’sTempleoutsidethecityGusuThemidnighttollwokeupthepassengersinboats.(Tr.byLiuKezhang)譯文3:AnchoredAtNightByTheMapleBridgeThemoonissetting,rooksdisturbthefrostyair,Iwatchbymapledbanksthefishing-torchesflare.OutsidetheSuzhouwall,fromHanshanTemple’sbell,Ihearitssoundaboardandfeelitsmidnightspell.(Tr.byCaiTinggan)譯文4:AnchoredByNightThefallingofthemoonlightthecawingcrowawakes.Andglittersalltheskyabovewithshiningfrostyflakes.Themaplesontheriverbank,lampsthefishersbear,CastgloomyshadowsthroughthenightthatvexourrestwithcareFromyonderChillHillTemplebySoochow’sancienttownThesuddenboomingofthebell,themidnightcallingdown,Comeswithaclangthatstartlesourship-bornecomrades’ears.Imagination’spulsesbeatquickwithshadowyfears.(Tr.byH.L.Hargrove)譯文5:ANightMooringNearMapleBridgeWhileIwatchthemoongodown,acrowcawsthroughthefrost;Undertheshadowsofmaple-treesafishermanmoveswithhistorch;AndIhearfrombeyondSuzhoofromthetempleonColdMountain,Ringingformehereinmyboatthemidnightbell.(Tr.byBynner)譯文6:MooringByTheMapleBridgeForANightAtmoonsettherookscawhighinthefrostysky,Dimfishinglightsshineonmaples;ingloomydreamIlie.BeyondthewallsofGusustandstheHanshanTemple,Thetollingofthebellsgreetsmyearsinthedeadnight.(Tr.byWangZhenguo)第二章綜合練習(xí)1．詞語翻譯1）海歸派/本土派westernization/nativization2）洋插隊(duì)togoandstudyabroad3）地球村globalvillage 4）農(nóng)轉(zhuǎn)非agriculturalpeopletobegivennon-agriculturalstatus5）素質(zhì)教育educationforall-rounddevelopment6）個(gè)性發(fā)展 personalitydevelopment7）一個(gè)2分，兩個(gè)5分，三個(gè)1分（硬幣）one2,two5sandthree1s8）建設(shè)小康社會(huì)tobuildawell-to-dosociety9）堅(jiān)持以人為本sticktothehuman-centredapproachsticktopeople-firstapproachalwaysbepeople-orientedhumanfactorscomefirst10）增強(qiáng)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的后勁increasethepotentialforstableimprovement2．語句翻譯1）人家是教授，還是要尊重的嘛！Professorsshouldberespectedasprofessors.2）一年樹谷，十年樹木，百年樹人。Ittakesayeartogrowcropsandtenyearstogrowtreesbutahundredyearstogrow(rear)people.3）別人在操心他也不會(huì)操心，這又不是他的事。Heisthelastoneintheworldwhowouldworryaboutthismatter.Ithasnothingtodowithhim.4）處亂世而能一塵不染，誠屬難能可貴。Tobeabletoremainpure-heartedinatroubledworldisindeedcommendable.5）早知今日，何必當(dāng)初。IfIhadknownaboutthisbeforehand,whyshouldIhavedoneso!6）他們站在一切人之上——從前站在一切人之下。所以叫做反常。（《毛澤東選集》V1.）Thosewhousedtoranklowestnowrankaboveeverybodyelse;andsothisiscalled“turningthingsupsidedown”.7）對一個(gè)人來說，人生成功的秘訣就是作好面對機(jī)遇挑戰(zhàn)的準(zhǔn)備。Thesecretofsuccessinlifeisforamantobereadyforhisopportunitywhenitcomes.8）但他與眾不同，既不求官，也不交友，終日閉門讀書。Hewas,however,different.Hedidnotlookforanofficialpost,anddidnotevenhaveanyfriends.Alldayhestudiedbehindcloseddoors.9）既要顧事業(yè)，又要顧家庭，現(xiàn)代女性是蠟燭兩頭燒。Modernwomenhavecareersandfamilies,andtrytokeepthecandleburningatbothends.10）故五行無常勝，四時(shí)無常主，日有短長，月有死生?！秾O子兵法》Thefiveelements:water,fire,wood,metal,earth,arenotalwaysequallypredominant;thefourseasonsmakeawayforeachotherinturn.Thereareshortdaysandlongdays;themoonhasitsperiodsofwaningandwaxing.3．語篇翻譯中國人的筷子說到中國的筷子，人們對此還做過一些追根溯源的研究。有人認(rèn)為，中國是農(nóng)耕民族，食物以植物為主，用筷子適宜取食。也有人認(rèn)為中國是農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)，工業(yè)發(fā)展晚，中國人用筷子正是這種文化的產(chǎn)物。China’sChopsticksWhenitcomestoChina’schopsticks,somepeopledidsomeresearchontheoriginofthem.OnetheoryisthatChinawasanagriculturalsocietyandreliedonvegetablesforfood.Chopstickswereveryconvenienttoolsforeating.OthersbelievethatChinadidnothavemuchindustryand,therefore,peopleusedchopsticks.Itistheresultoftheculture.中國文化推崇集體主義，崇尚共有、融合，體現(xiàn)在吃飯的方式上就是筷子。中國人實(shí)行合餐制，用餐的人在同一個(gè)盤中取食，用筷子可以限制個(gè)別人大量取食。如此一來，既保留了集體主義的形態(tài)，個(gè)人利益又不會(huì)受太大影響。TheChinesecultureisdevelopedaroundcollectivismwhichstressescommunionandharmony.Intermsofeatingcustoms,chopsticksisanexpressionoftheculture.TheChineseliketohavecommunalmealswhereeverybodyeatsoutofthesamebowloffood.Chopstickswereusedinordertodiscouragepeoplefromeatingmorethanothers.Thiswasnotonlyagoodwaytopreservecollectiveness,butalsotolimitindividualism.在古代中國，筷子不僅僅是把食物送到口中的