高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)之定語從句詳細(xì)解析講義

2024年高中英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)之定語從句詳細(xì)解析一.定義:在復(fù)合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。二.特點(diǎn):1.先行詞:定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞2.關(guān)聯(lián)詞:1)引出定語從句，并作從句的一個(gè)成分。可作主語、賓語、定語、狀語，作賓語可省略.2)關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)聯(lián)詞位于先行詞和定語從句之間。關(guān)系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose代指先行詞二、關(guān)系副詞:when,wherewhy作時(shí)間狀語三.基本結(jié)構(gòu):先行詞+關(guān)聯(lián)詞+定語從句剩余部分四.關(guān)系代詞的用法:1.that和whichthat指人或物，作主語或賓語，作賓語可省略，主語不能Which指物，不指人，作主語或賓語，作賓語可省略，主語不能。Hisfatherworksinafactorythat/whichmakesTVsets.Whowashurtintheaccidentthat/whichhappenedyesterday?Thecoat(which/that)Iputonthedeskisblack.注意:TheroominwhichIliveisverybig.(在個(gè)詞后面不能用that)2.只能用that不能用which引導(dǎo)的定語從句:1)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，定語從只能用thatThisisthemostinterestingstory(that)Ihaveeverheard.2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，定語從句只能用thatThechildrenlikethesecondlessonthatisabout"TheFootballMatch"3)先行詞被theonly，thevery或thesame等修飾，定語從句只能用that引導(dǎo)Itistheonlyword(that)Iknowinthepassage.Whereistheverybook(that)Iboughtjustnow?Thisisthe(same)bicycle(that)Ilost.4)先行詞為everything，something,anything，all,none,much,little,few等不定代詞定語從句只能用that時(shí)時(shí)。Iwanteverything(that)Iwant.Iamwritingtotellyouaboutsomethingverystrangethathappenedtomelastweek.5)先行詞被不定代詞allany,no,every,little,much,many修飾時(shí)，只能用thatHereisallthemoney(that)Ihave.先行詞是同時(shí)含有“人和物”的名詞時(shí)，定語從句只能用thatIcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepictures(that)Iseeintheroom.7)定語從句所修飾的詞為theone時(shí)，定語從用that引導(dǎo)Isittheone(that)youwant?8)為了避免重復(fù)，在疑問詞who之后，用that引導(dǎo)定語從句Whoisthegirlthatwonthefirstplace?3.who和whomwho指人，在句中作主語和賓語，作賓語可省略whom指人，在句中只能作賓語，可省略，但在詞后面不能省略WhoistheteacherthatXiaoLiistalkingto?ThedoctorwithwhomshewenttotheUnitedStateslastmonthisveryfamous.=Thedoctorwho/whom/thatshewenttotheUnitedStateswithlastmonthisveryfamous.五.關(guān)系副詞的用法:1when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.when=onwhich2.where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.3.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，其先行詞只有表示原因的reason一詞Wedon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateforschool.高考中常?？疾閛ne和that作為普通代詞的區(qū)別,還常與it進(jìn)行區(qū)別.主要用法如下:lit/one/that三者均可用作代詞,指代前面提到的名詞.一般說來,it指代同名同物;one與that則指代同名異物Ihavelostmyumbrella;Imlookingforit.(該中it就是指前面的myumbrella)Ihavelostmyumbrella;IthinkImustbuyone.(one在該中表泛指因?yàn)閙yumbrella已經(jīng)丟了)TheumbrellayouboughtischeaperthanthatIbought.(替代that在該句中特指“theumbrellaIbought”,以區(qū)別“theumbrellayoubought”)Il.one與that雖可用來指代同名異物,但one為泛指相當(dāng)于a/an+名詞;that為特指相當(dāng)于the+名詞.所以one所指代的名詞的修飾語一般為a/an/some/any;that所指代的名詞的修飾語往往是the/this/that.Achairmadeofsteelisstrongerthanonemadeofwood.(該中one可以換成achair)Thewaterinthecupishotterthanthatinthepot.(該中that可以換成thewater)Illone只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用ones;that既可以代替不可數(shù)名詞也可以代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用those.Ilikethispenmorethanthatone.(one代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)pen)Therewereafewyoungpeopleandsomeolderonesinthehouse.(ones代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)people)Mary'shandwritingisfarbetterthanthatofPeter(that代替不可數(shù)名詞handwriting)Thesepicturesaremorebeautifulthanthose.(those代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)pictures)IV.one既可代替事物,也可代替人that只能代替事物而不能代替人有時(shí)可以用theone或theones代替that或those.Theone/Thatonthetableismine.(該中Theone代替事物并且也可以用That)Heistheteachertheonewhoislovedbythestudents.(該中theone代替人不能用that)Headvisedthefarmerstochoosethebestseedheads,theones/thosethathadthebestcolor(該句中theones代替事物并且也可以用those)V.one一般有前置修飾語,有時(shí)也可有后置修飾語或不用修飾語.而that不能有前置修飾語,但可有后置修飾語Cookwasastrictbutgoodcaptain,onewhotookgoodcareofhissailors.ThewaterinthewelliscleanerthanthatintheriverVlit可以替代句中的不定式或從句等,充當(dāng)形式主語或形式賓語.one與that均無此用法Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Ifoundithardtogetonwithher.VIl.it與that均可以替代上文全句的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容而one/ones則不可以六、定語從句由關(guān)系代詞who、whom、whose、which、what、as和關(guān)系副詞where、when、why等引導(dǎo)，但須記住:1.what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句.指人的關(guān)系代詞有who、whose、whom、that.試分析:Theoldmanwho/whom/thatwevisitedyesterdayisafamousartist.MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijingThemanwithwhommyfathershookhandsjustnowisourheadmaster.(=Themanwho/whomthatmyfathershookhandswithjustnowisourheadmaster)注1.先行詞為one、ones或anyoneThesewhoaregoingtoBeijingarethebeststudentsofourschool3在therebe開頭的句子中Thereisastudentwhowantstoseeyou.4.一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個(gè)宣用who，以免重復(fù)AImetafriendofmineinthestreet,whohadjustefromJapan.主句以who開頭的句子中,只用that,不用who。七、指物的關(guān)系代詞有which、whose(=ofwhich)、that.試分析:1.Ilikethebookswhich/thatwerewrittenbyLuXun.2.Thedesks(which/that)wemadelastyearwereverygood3.Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.(=Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinastyear)4.Iliveintheroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.(=Iliveintheroom,thewindowsofwhichfacesouth.)些A.個(gè)詞如果位于作為其賓語的關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)，只能用whom、which不能用who或that(1).Thegirlaboutwhomtheyweretalkingisourmonitor.(2).ThebookinwhichtherearemanyinterestingthingswaswrittenbyLiMingB.部分短語動(dòng)詞中的介詞不可與動(dòng)詞拆開，在定語從句中其個(gè)詞不可前置，只能放在其動(dòng)詞之后Isthisthebookwhichsheislookingfor?Theoldmanwho/whomtheyarewaitingforisProfessorLi.Thechildwho/whomsheislookingafterisWangPing’ssonC.指物時(shí)，下列情況下只能用that，不宜用which。(1)先行詞為不定代詞，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none.theone等。Wearewillingtodoanythingthatisgoodtothepeople.Ihavetoldthemall(that)Iknow.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞、修飾時(shí)。ThefirstbookthatIreadlastnightwasanEnglishnovel.(3)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。ThisisoneofthemostinterestingfilmsthatIhaveeverseen.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.(4)如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時(shí)(先行詞既有人又有物)，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用which和who都不合適，只能用that。Weknownothingaboutthedoctorsandthehospitalsthatyouaretalkingabout.Therearesheepandme