醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)教程-生物醫(yī)學(xué)：Unit 6 Gender Climate and Health

Unit6Gender,Climate,andHealthPartI.Backgroundinformation:Women,youngandadolescentgirlsandchildrenaretheworstaffectedduetowaterloggingetc.Wells,kitchens,firewoodandotheressentialitemsandcommoditieshavebeendamaged.Toiletshavebeeninundatedanddamaged;thereisnoprivatedryspacewheretheycanreleasethemselvesduringdaylight.Thewomenmakeboatsofbananatrees,plastic,paperandpalmWomen,managethefoodandwaterneedsofthefamily,withvariousmechanismstosurvivethedifficultconditions.Families,whogenerallytake3mealsofriceaday,changethecompositionofthemealstoreducethericeconsumption;millet,cornandothercheaperandlessfavorablefoodgrainsareintroducedtosubstituterice.Asdroughtadvances,thenumbersofmealstakenforadayisreduced,inordertopreservetheavailablefoodgrains.‘RiceSeettu’isorganizedbywomeninthedroughtaffectedvillagesasacommonpractice,toavoidtheriskofstarvationofthefamily.‘Seettu’isinformalsavingsandcreditactivity.FetchingWaterAbucketfulof20literwaterweighs20kg;carryingit,say2–5km,isaphysicallydemandingtask.Womenlivingindroughtproneareaswillhavetotoilharderandtravellongerdistances.Thiswillhaveadverseeffectontheirhealthwhich,inturn,willdeterioratetheirreproductivehealthwithfurthernegativeconsequences.Studiesindicatethatwomeninsub-SaharanAfrica,forexample,spend40billionhoursperyearcollectingwater–equivalenttoayear’sworthoflaborbytheentireworkforceinFrance.The2003Europeanheatwave2003年歐洲夏季熱浪thehottestsummeronrecordinEuropesinceatleast1540.ledtohealthcrisesinseveralcountriesandcombinedwithdroughttocreateacropshortfallinSouthernEurope.Morethan40,000Europeansdiedasaresultoftheheatwave.Francewashitespeciallyhard.TheChicagoeventsofJuly19951995年芝加哥7月熱浪Itledtoapproximately750heat-relateddeathsinChicagooveraperiodoffivedays.TheheatwaveheavilyimpactedthewiderMidwesternregion,withadditionaldeathsinbothSt.Louis,MissouriandMilwaukee,Wisconsin.ThelossofhumanlifeinsummerexceedsthatcausedbyallotherweathereventscombinedintheUnitedStates,includinglightning,rain,floods,hurricanes,andtornadoes.**Tubewell管井fordrawingwaterfromtheunderground.Usuallyitcontainsalongstainlesssteeltubeorpipeboreddeepintotheearth,withastrainerforfilteringattheundergroundendandapumpforliftingthewateronthegroundlevel.Thedepthofthewelldependsonthedepthofthewatertable.Suchwellsarewidelyusedindryareasforagriculturalirrigation,butinsomeunderdevelopedplaces,fordrinkingandroutinecleaningaswell.Stoicism斯多葛哲學(xué),禁欲主義aphilosophicdoctrinepopularthroughoutGreeceandtheRomanEmpire.Itemphasizesthedevelopmentoftheindividual’sethicalandmoralpowers,promotingself-controlandfortitudeasameansofovercomingdestructiveemotions.Suicideispermissibleforthewisepersonsincircumstancesthatmightpreventthemfromlivingavirtuouslife,orthatsuicidecouldbejustifiedifonesufferedfromseverepainordisease.PartII.LanguagePointsPara1inproportionto–inorhavingproportion，與…成比例的；與…相稱(chēng)的，proportional(to)(Para2)Socialnorm:popularlyacceptedvaluesandrulesofpracticeinasociety社會(huì)規(guī)范Para2withrespectto–inrelationto;regarding關(guān)于calamity[k?‘l?m?ti]n.--aneventresultingingreatlossandmisfortune災(zāi)難，不幸Thewholecitywasaffectedbytheirremediablecalamity.verify['verifai]v.核實(shí)；查證 1.confirmthetruthof,solemnlyandformally Pleaseverifythatthedoorsareclosed. 2.verifyorregulatebyconductingaparallelexperimentorcomparingwithanotherstandard,ofscientificexperimentsinversely['inv?:sli]adv.--inaninverseorcontrarymanner inverselyrelatedWarmingandHumidityPara3Modelngstudies–thesearestudiesbasedonahypotheticaldescriptionofacomplexentityorprocess,usinganimalsorcomputers(利用動(dòng)物或計(jì)算機(jī)的）模型研究，模擬試驗(yàn)，模型研究threshold['θre?h?uld]n.入口；門(mén)檻；開(kāi)始；極限；臨界值thestartingpointforanewstateorexperience onthethresholdofmanhood.thesmallestdetectablesensationtheentrance(thespaceinawall)throughwhichyouenterorleavearoomorbuilding;thespacethatadoorcanclosethesillofadoor;ahorizontalpieceofwoodorstonethatformsthebottomofadoorwayandofferssupportwhenpassingthroughadoorwayaregionmarkingaboundaryPara4heatstroke['hi:tstr?uk]n.--collapsecausedbyexposuretoexcessiveheatSyn.:sunstroke,calentureFloodingandheavyrainsWaterlogging(澇災(zāi))Maroon,Gynaecological,Admitto*Drought/dryingPara5.Eclampsia子癇seizures(convulsions)inapregnantwomanthatarenotrelatedtoapreexistingbraincondition.Preeclampsia先兆子癇Para7giveriseto–causeorproduce Itisseeninagroupofcellsthatgiverisetoahostofdifferenttissues. Stemcellsaremothercellsthatgiverisetoothercelltypesinthebody.Para8admitto--承認(rèn)(事實(shí)、意見(jiàn)、錯(cuò)誤、有罪等)"Ifyoucan'tadmittothismistake,Ihopethatyouwillrethinkit,"Boxersaid.Whilewereadilyadmittoourimperfections,wecontinuetostrivetodobetter.*Para9pointto–indicateorshow指向；表明 Scientistshaveyettoidentifytherouteofinfection,butcluesstillpointtosickpigs.Para11takeitstoll--causealossto造成損失，造成傷亡Numerousstudieshaveshownthatstresscantakeitstollonthehumanbody. Whenhegrewolder,thelongtimesmokingbegantotakeitstoll. Afterthewholetruthwasrevealed,hislietookitstollviolently.Para12biomass[‘bai?um?s]n.生物燃料;生物量 1.plantmaterialsandanimalwasteusedasfuel 2.thetotalmassoflivingmatterinagivenunitareaPara13Spillover:extendordevelop Hisworryaboutthelossofthegamespillsoverasitdrawsnear. Don’tletyourregretspilloverintoadepression.empirical[em'pirik?l]adj.經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的，完全根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的 1.derivedfromexperimentandobservationratherthantheory anempiricalbasisforanethicaltheory/empiricallaws/empiricaldataanempiricaltreatmentofadiseaseaboutwhichlittleisknown 2.relyingonmedicalquackerystoicism[‘st?uisiz?m]n.indifferencetopleasureorpain斯多葛哲學(xué),禁欲主義,淡泊*masculinity[?m?skju'liniti]n.qualitiesappropriatetoorusuallyassociatedwithaman男子氣,剛毅,大丈夫氣概contiguous[k?n‘tigju?s]a.nextornearintimeorsequence鄰近的,接近的 P