如何用英語(yǔ)發(fā)表科技論文-工大講座

如何撰寫(xiě)國(guó)際三大索引高水平

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經(jīng)驗(yàn),體會(huì)和教訓(xùn)的交流朱陽(yáng)博士荷蘭瓦赫寧根大學(xué)內(nèi)容提要什么是科技文章？如何著手開(kāi)始寫(xiě)？怎樣寫(xiě)符合要求的科技文章？什么是寫(xiě)科技文章的技巧和注意點(diǎn)？怎樣選擇投稿雜志？怎樣應(yīng)對(duì)主編和評(píng)審？怎樣準(zhǔn)備墻報(bào)（張貼論文），綜述，口頭表達(dá)，其他？為什么要發(fā)表（國(guó)際）科技文章科學(xué)研究的目的是發(fā)表文章科學(xué)家被衡量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判斷科學(xué)研究是否完成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必須用文字表達(dá)出來(lái)為什么要做？做了什么？怎么做的？從結(jié)果中得到什么啟發(fā)？是否能被別人重復(fù)？全世界科技界的現(xiàn)狀科學(xué)家必須不僅會(huì)做，而且會(huì)寫(xiě)！質(zhì)量差的寫(xiě)作阻礙了高科技的發(fā)展科學(xué)家的訓(xùn)練過(guò)分注重技能的訓(xùn)練許多“好”科學(xué)家寫(xiě)“臭”文章更多的科學(xué)家不喜歡寫(xiě)文章達(dá)爾文：如果一生只要觀察而不需要寫(xiě)就幸福的多了。大多數(shù)科學(xué)家如何學(xué)科技寫(xiě)作沒(méi)有正規(guī)的訓(xùn)練課程模仿導(dǎo)師或參考文獻(xiàn)的作者少數(shù)的成功者絕大多數(shù)使得科技寫(xiě)作越來(lái)越糟（當(dāng)然有點(diǎn)過(guò)分，因?yàn)槟７碌耐瑫r(shí)模仿了科技寫(xiě)作的通病）什么是科技寫(xiě)作清晰表達(dá)的需要（特點(diǎn)1）成功的科學(xué)研究是一個(gè)清晰的思路（方法）用于解決一個(gè)清晰地被分析的問(wèn)題并得到清晰聲明的結(jié)論而科技發(fā)現(xiàn)的首次發(fā)表必須用清晰的語(yǔ)言，因?yàn)檫@是對(duì)科技界首次推出新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，新的內(nèi)容。什么是科技寫(xiě)作信號(hào)被接受（特點(diǎn)2）大樹(shù)倒在沒(méi)人的森林之中（有聲無(wú)人聽(tīng)到：等于無(wú)聲）科技文章的價(jià)值在于被目標(biāo)讀者所接受（理解），而不僅是出現(xiàn)在某一雜志上。由此推理：科學(xué)研究的完成只有在發(fā)表并被理解以后才算完成。太多的科學(xué)研究倒在了無(wú)人的原始森林！什么是科技寫(xiě)作信號(hào)被理解（特點(diǎn)3）科技寫(xiě)作應(yīng)該是清晰信號(hào)傳送到讀者所以應(yīng)該清晰，簡(jiǎn)單，條理性強(qiáng)無(wú)須修飾，美化：切忌隱喻；直喻；成語(yǔ)式的表達(dá)–只會(huì)引起誤解（正確使用英語(yǔ)另述）考慮目標(biāo)讀者同行學(xué)生界外讀者母語(yǔ)非英語(yǔ)讀者什么是科技寫(xiě)作使用合適的語(yǔ)言（特點(diǎn)4）簡(jiǎn)單，有效，正確地使用英語(yǔ)大多數(shù)科學(xué)家忽視把成年累月獲得的結(jié)果精確，簡(jiǎn)單，清晰地表達(dá)在科技文章上?？萍加⒄Z(yǔ)難否？最好的（科技）英語(yǔ)是用簡(jiǎn)潔的詞匯正確清楚地表達(dá)(ABC)科學(xué)技術(shù)雜志的發(fā)展背景最早的科技雜志300多年的歷史1665年，JournaldesS?avansinFrance1665年，PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondoninEngland從此期刊作為一個(gè)科學(xué)交流的平臺(tái)目前大約10萬(wàn)多種科技期刊生命科學(xué)和食品科學(xué)的有多少？IMRAD結(jié)構(gòu)早期的期刊都為描述型First,Isaw

this,andthenIsawthat.First,Ididthis,andthenIdidthat.IMRAD結(jié)構(gòu)大約100多年歷史Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,ResultsandDiscussion開(kāi)始被采用源于19世紀(jì)中葉，巴斯德的微生物學(xué)研究試驗(yàn)的重復(fù)性要求詳細(xì)描述材料和方法IMRAD結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展過(guò)程Developmentinmedicines(antibiotics)Superpowers(Soviet)threatMoneyproducedscienceandscienceproducedpapersJournalspaceistooprecioustowasteGenerallyacceptedbyeditorsandrefereesIMRAD成為通用的科技文章結(jié)構(gòu)最簡(jiǎn)單最邏輯化最經(jīng)濟(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)I:研究的問(wèn)題是什么？M:怎樣研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題的？R:什么被發(fā)現(xiàn)了？D:這些發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著什么？IMRAD成為通用的科技文章結(jié)構(gòu)TohelpauthorstoorganizeandwritethemanuscriptToprovideeasyroadmapforeditorsandrefereesTohelpreaderstofollowinreading什么是科技文章Withoutpublication,scienceisdead.定義：Anacceptablescientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosurecontainingsufficientinformationtoenablepeers:ToassessobservationsTorepeatexperimentsandToevaluateintellectualprocessesThefirstdisclosureTheeffectivefirstdisclosureisaccomplishedONLYwhenthedisclosuretakesaformthatallowsthepeersoftheauthor(eithernoworinthefuture)tofullycomprehendandusethatwhichisdisclosed.Peer-reviewedpublicationPeeroftheauthor–prepublicationpeerreview–scientificpublicationsarepeer-reviewedpublications如何寫(xiě)科技文章的各個(gè)部分Title,namesandaddresses,abstract,keywords,IMRAD,acknowledgements,references如何寫(xiě)題目題目的重要性–被成千上萬(wàn)的人看到看全文的人幾乎沒(méi)有或者極少看題目的途徑可以是看刊登你文章的期刊或通過(guò)檢索系統(tǒng)因而題目中所有的詞必須極其仔細(xì)地選擇包括用的詞，詞之間相互的關(guān)系絕大多數(shù)糟糕題目的毛病出在長(zhǎng)度和詞序問(wèn)題上什么是一個(gè)好題目定義：最少可能的用詞量，恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)文章的內(nèi)容。道理：摘要和索引（電子化）系統(tǒng)很大程度取決于題目中用詞的正確性非正確表達(dá)內(nèi)容的題目使你的文章失去活力而永遠(yuǎn)到達(dá)不了預(yù)期的讀者群(treefallsinaremoteforest)題目的長(zhǎng)度太短的題目：Studyonbacteria這樣的題目對(duì)潛在讀者沒(méi)有任何幫助的意義：是研究分類(lèi)學(xué)？遺傳學(xué)？生物化學(xué)還是醫(yī)學(xué)有關(guān)的內(nèi)容？更多的情況是題目太長(zhǎng)：比短題目更糟糕長(zhǎng)題目往往含有“廢詞”而且以廢詞開(kāi)始，例如：Studyon,Investigationon,Researchon,Observationonetc.,OrbeginwithA,Anetc.SpecifyyourtitleActionofantibioticsonbacteriaPreliminaryobservationsoneffectofcertainantibioticsonvariousbacteriaShorttitlesaremainlytoogeneralandnotspecificImportantandspecificcontentofthepapershouldbeexpressedinthetitleSpecifictitleActionofStreptomycinonMycobacteriumtuberculosisActionofStreptomycin,NeomycinandTetracyclineonGram-PositivebacteriaActionofPolyeneAntibioticsonPlant-PathogenicBacteriaActionofvariousantifungalantibioticsonCandidaalbicansandAspergillusfumigatusFurthermodificationActionof:toogeneralChangethefirsttitleas:InhibitionofgrowthofMycobacteriumtuberculosisby

Streptomycin題目中詞序的重要性（至關(guān)緊要）題目中語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤大多為詞序問(wèn)題MechanismofnontransmissiblePneumoniainmiceinducedbyNewcastleDiseasevirusWhatcaninduceamice?MechanismofnontransmissiblePneumoniainducedinmicebyNewcastlediseasevirus題目中詞序的重要性（至關(guān)緊要）MultipleinfectionsamongnewbornsresultingfromimplantationwithStaphylococcusaureus502ACanStaphresultinhumanlives?TrytomodifyBecarefulwithcertainwordsintitle“Using”isaverydangerouswordUsingafiber-opticbronchoscope,dogswereimmunizedwithsheepredbloodcellsIsolationofantigensfrommonkeysusingcomplement-fixationtechniquesCharacterizationofbacteriacausingmastitisbygas-liquidchromatography題目是你的標(biāo)簽題目是文章的標(biāo)簽題目不是句子：所以不含主謂語(yǔ)（沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞）（有極少數(shù)雜志允許句子型，例如Cell）由于沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞，比常規(guī)句子短，而詞序更重要根據(jù)索引和摘要系統(tǒng)的操作，題目必須包含關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容題目中的縮寫(xiě)和行話題目中絕對(duì)不允許含有縮寫(xiě)，分子式，專(zhuān)用名詞，行話（隱喻）或類(lèi)似的用語(yǔ)設(shè)計(jì)題目時(shí)考慮：我如果在索引中尋找如何發(fā)現(xiàn)我的主要內(nèi)容？例如：文章的主題是鹽酸的作用；WritethenHydrochloricacidinsteadofHCl怎樣寫(xiě)署名，作者排序和地址排名次序引起的不愉快可以從小磨擦到大災(zāi)難公開(kāi)爭(zhēng)論排名次序的不常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)，而因排名次序引起的朋友變敵人大有所在遺憾的是沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的排序方法數(shù)學(xué)界通行字母順序的排名法（希望能夠推廣，例如華人可用姓氏筆畫(huà)順序）科學(xué)界常見(jiàn)的排名方法第一作者貢獻(xiàn)最大（實(shí)際運(yùn)作者，盡管往往是學(xué)生）根據(jù)貢獻(xiàn)大小排序單位（所，組，室）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)總在上面（一般排名最后，也有因需要時(shí)搶第一的時(shí)候）小單位則人人排上（皆大歡喜）也有人喜歡排在最后（Seniorposition)HowtowriteyournamesForwesternpeoplemoresurname,fewgivenname.ForChineseotherwayaround.UsefullspellingofChinesenames,accordingtowhatappearsonyourpassport.Thishasbeenstandardizedinthe1970’sbytheChinesegovernmentShuibianChen;S.B.Chen;Shui-BianChen;ShuiBianChen;S.ChenKeepconsistencythroughoutyourscientificcareer

(Chinesefemaleauthors

haveadvantagehere)Scientificjournalsdon’tprintdegreeandtitleChinesecustomtoletpeopleseeyourdegreeortitle(Prof.Dr.BA,MS,MBA)Scientificjournalsdon’tprintthesewastewordsOnlymedicaljournalsdoprintsuchasMDandPhDetc(directafternamesorinfootnotes)NeverusedegreeandtitleinreferencecitationListingofaddressAuthorsmustbeconnectedwiththecorrectaddressOneauthor–oneaddressMoreauthorinthesameorganization–oneaddressMoreauthorsatdifferentorganizations–differentaddressesIftheauthormovedtodifferentaddress–footnotesayingpresentaddressWhyaddressisimportantToidentifytherightauthorConfusingcausedbyauthorswhouseonlyinitialssuchasS.ChenTofindtherightaddresstoaskoff-prints:thusprovidestreetnameandnumber,postcode,placeandcountryCorrespondingauthor:Tel,Fax,Email;countrycodeaftera“+”+86-931-1234567HowtowriteAbstractWhatisanabstractAbstractisamini-versionofthepaperAbstractisabriefsummaryofthemainsectionsincludingIMRADAbstractisdefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocumentFunctionofanabstractAwellwrittenabstractserves:EnablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccuratelyTodeterminetherelevancetotheirinterestsTodecidewhethertoreadthewholetextAbstracthaslimitationsLength(numberofwordstobeallowed):iftheguidancetoauthorssays100andyouuse250(rejectioncanbeexpected)MustbeinasingleparagraphNormallynoabbreviations-why?Abstractscanserveindependentlythusnousetomakeabbreviations.Writteninpasttense(workalreadydone)WhatmustbeinanabstractStatetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigationDescribethemethodsemployedSummarizetheresultsStatetheprincipalconclusionsMUSTNOT:Informationandconclusionthatarenotwritteninthetext;Nevercitingreferencesinabstracts(withexceptions)TypesofabstractsInformative:asmentionedabovecanbeindependentlyusedasheadingandinindexsystemsIndicative–descriptive:usedforreviewpapers,conferencereport,governmentreport.Indicativeabstractscannotreplacethewholetext.EconomyofwordsSeldommissscientistssomethinginabstractsToomanyuseextraneousdetailsStoryofascientist:WanttotellhisstoryintheabstractConsideringlimitationsoflengthmighthindertheacceptanceofhispaperDeletewordsandwordsHisfinalabstract:E=mc2(Whowasthat?)WhyabstractsareofcrucialimportanceServesasheadingofyourmanuscript

readfirstbyeditorsandreviewersThefirstimpressionismostimportantYouhavetoattracttheinterestofthereviewersfromyourabstract(otherwisecaselost)Abstractseversasacceptanceforparticipatingconferences(sometimes€)

MoreattentionsinwritingabstractNeverusewastewords:ifyoucanwritein100words,neveruse200wordsConcentrationspanofeditorsandreviewersisshort,thusshort,effectiveandclearOtherwiseyouwillgetaprejudgmentandtheconsequenceisrejection!HowtowriteIntroductionAbadbeginningmakesabadending!Seldombeginexperiencedwriterswithintroduction(togetherwithabstractalwayslater)PurposeofIntroductionSupplysufficientbackgroundinformationofthestudyLetthereadersunderstandandevaluateyourstudywithoutneedingtoreferliteraturesStateyourpurposeinwritingthepaperCarefullychooseaselectednumberofreferences(itisNOTareviewarticle)TherulesofwritingIntroductionClearlystatethenatureandscopeoftheproblemstudiedReviewliterature(self-controllednumbers)toorientthereaderStatethemethodsusedStatetheprincipalresultsStatetheprincipalconclusionsWhywefollowtheserules?Attracttheattentionandinterestofthereadersbyclearlystatingtheproblem(whyIchoosethisproblemandwhyitisimportant)Thenguidethereaderstoaquickliteraturereviewandunderstandyourchoice(andmethods).ThennaturallyleadtoprincipalresultsandconclusionsTense,citationandabbreviationsinIntroductionMostpartusepresenttense(tensewillbediscussedseparately)Citingyourownrelatedpublications(includingthoseInPress)Defineandexplainspecifictermsandabbreviations(Abbreviationswillbediscussedseparately)HowtowriteMaterialsandMethodsPurposeofthissectionReproducibilitywithsufficientdetailsWritteninpasttense(itisalreadydone)Agoodreviewerwillreadthispartcarefullyandmightdoubtyour“exciting”resultsifyouwrotethispartpoorly,causingthedoubtinthereproducibility(Rejection)WriteMaterialsTechnicalspecificationQuantityandsourceormethodofpreparationAvoidusingtradenames(company,place,country)Animals,plantsandmicroorganismsidentifiedaccurately(publicdepositnumbersofstrainsinourcase)ImportanceofaccuracyYourreputationCheckGuidanceforauthorsReadaselectedrecentpaperinthejournaltosubmityourpaperMethodsChronologicalbutlogicalorderHeadingandsubheadingConsidermatchingtheheadingandsubheadingswiththoseinresultsanddiscussion(easyandlogicalreading)MeasurementsandanalysisTemperature,speed,time,volume,wavelength,ratioetc.givepreciselythedetailsStatewhethertheexperimentsweredoneinduplicateorintriple.UseofreferencesIfthemethodiscompletelynewofyourown,youhavetogivealldetailsIfmethodfollowedareference,citethenthereferencebutstillmentionthemethodinoneshortsentence:“Cellswerebrokenbyultrasonictreatmentaspreviouslydescribed(9)”isbetterthan“cellswerebrokenaspreviouslydescribed(9)”UseoftablesWhenlargenumberofstrainsandmutantswereusedIfyouhavetodescribechemicalpropertiesofalargenumbercompoundsHowtocheckyourwritingofMaterialsandMethodsAskaclosecolleaguetoreadthispartwhetherhe/shecanrepeatyourexperiments(youaretooclosetofindoutmistakes)Checkgrammarandpayattentiontosyntaxaswellaspastandpresentparticipants,prepositions(discussinaseparatepart)HowtowriteResultsResults=coreofthepaperTwomainpartsBigpicture:overviewPresentingthedataWritteninpasttenseHowtopresentresultsThefoolcollectsfacts;thewisemanselectsthemSelectrepresentingresultsStriveforclarityAvoidredundancyHowtowritetheDiscussionHardestsectiontowriteHighrejectionchancebecauseofpoordiscussionKeyelementsofDiscussionPresentprinciples,relationshipsandgeneralizationsshownbyResults,notrecapitulateresultsPointoutexceptionsoranylackofcorrelationanddefineunsettledpointsShowagreementbetweenresultsandinterpretation(orcontrasttopreviouslypublishedwork)KeyelementsofDiscussion(2)DiscussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourresultsAnypossiblepracticalapplicationsClearlystateyourconclusionsSummarizeyourevidenceforeachconclusionHowtostatetheAcknowledgmentsTwopossibleingredientsResearchrelatedpersonsOutsidefinancialassistanceHowtocitetheReferencesFollowtheinstructionsUsingsoftwareCarefullycheckagainstoriginalpublications(names,year,title,journalname,volumeandissuenumber,pagenumbers),italicsforstrainnamesetc.ConfirmcitationinthetextappearsinthelistandviceversaSubmitandwhatthen?Selectionofajournal,submission,writingacoverletter,dealingwitheditorsandreviewersChoosingajournalWheretosubmit?Consideranddecidethisbeforeyoustarttypingyourmanuscript!Youhavetofollow“Instructionstoauthors”WhatdeterminesyourselectionofajournalThenatureofyourworkYouhavetoidentifythejournalsthatpublishinyourareaofstudyHowtofindpossiblejournalsScanrecentissuesof“CurrentContents”ScanjournaltitlesScantablesofcontentsIdentifyjournalsthatarepossiblypublishingworkinyourfieldFurtheridentifyrightjournalsReadthestatementofthejournal(coverpageofthejournal)Readthescopeofthejournal(presentedinInstructionstoauthors)LooktableofcontentscarefullyinacurrentissueTalkwithyourcolleagues(supervisors)Whathappenswithawrong