考研英語(yǔ)(一)模擬試卷76(題后含答案及解析)

考研英語(yǔ)（一）模擬試卷76(題后含答案及解析)題型有：1.UseofEnglish2.ReadingComprehension3.WritingSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD.(10points)Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffects,therewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailable,particularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.【B1】______thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuture,menandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill【B2】______workonlytwentyhourseach【B3】______thefortytheyarecurrently【B4】______to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut【B5】______workersdoingboring,【B6】______jobs,especiallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa【B7】______effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofit,wewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto【B8】______thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime.Manyhavealready【B9】______pillsandtabletsto【B10】______sleeplessnessandanxiety,twoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmerica,we【B11】______$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We【B12】______anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.【B13】______these“drugofthemind”canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisis,themajorityofpatientswouldbe【B14】______withoutthem.Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly【B15】______ofstress;poorhousing,familyproblems,overcrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.【B16】______,doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperly,tookmoreexercise,usedtheirleisuretimemore【B17】______andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof【B18】______itup,theywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs,【B19】______treatonlythe【B20】______andnotthecauseofthestress.1．【B1】A．ThoughB．WhenC．SinceD．If正確答案：D解析：本題考查狀語(yǔ)從句的用法。從句是主句的條件，是對(duì)未來(lái)的假設(shè)，與段首句構(gòu)成并列句式。其他選項(xiàng)均不符合文意。2．【B2】A．otherwiseB．subsequentlyC．thereforeD．simultaneously正確答案：C解析：本題考查邏輯關(guān)系。該句進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明上句，是在上句這一條件成立的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，表示因果關(guān)系的選項(xiàng)只有[C]，故排除表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的[A]otherwise“否則”，表示時(shí)間先后的[B]subsequently“隨后”和表示并列關(guān)系的[D]simultaneously“同時(shí)”。3．【B3】A．insteadofB．otherthanC．nomorethanD．a(chǎn)swellas正確答案：A解析：本題考查介詞短語(yǔ)的用法。insteadof“而不是”，該句文意為：兩個(gè)人每人將工作20個(gè)小時(shí)，而不是他們現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣的40個(gè)小時(shí)。其他選項(xiàng)均不符合文意，[B]otherthan“與……不同；除了”，如：Thereisnobodyhereotherthanme．“這里除了我沒(méi)別人。”[C]nomorethan“不過(guò)、僅僅”，如：Hewasakidreally，nomorethan18or19．“他確實(shí)是個(gè)孩子，不過(guò)十八九歲?！盵D]aswellas“既……又……”。4．【B4】A．a(chǎn)mountedB．putC．a(chǎn)ccustomedD．familiarized正確答案：C解析：本題考查固定搭配。beaccustomedto(doing)sth．“習(xí)慣(做)某事”，是固定搭配。此處指現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣的40個(gè)小時(shí)，故選[C]。amountedto“總計(jì)”不符合文意；[B]put和[D]familiarized不能與to搭配，故應(yīng)排除。5．【B5】A．efficientB．deficientC．skillfulD．unskilled正確答案：D解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句中的high—poweredexecutives“干勁十足的行政人員”，以及workers之后的修飾語(yǔ)如boring等的提示，可排除[A]efficient“能干的”和[C]skillful“有技能的”；而[B]deficient“有缺陷的”也不符合文意，因此選[D]unskilled“無(wú)需技能的”。6．【B6】A．repetitiveB．challengingC．demandingD．exhausted正確答案：A解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。選項(xiàng)語(yǔ)意應(yīng)與boring“乏味的”并列，首先排除[B]challenging“有挑戰(zhàn)性的”和[C]demanding“苛求的”；[D]exhausted“筋疲力盡的”，常用于修飾人，而不是物，因此確定答案為[A]repetitive“重復(fù)性的”。7．【B7】A．similarB．sameC．diverseD．different正確答案：A解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。[A]similar“類(lèi)似的”，文章的主題是失業(yè)帶給人們壓力并使人們抑郁，這點(diǎn)與做重復(fù)性勞動(dòng)給人們帶來(lái)的影響是類(lèi)似的或者一致的，故選[A]。[B]same“相同的”，常與定冠詞the連用，故應(yīng)排除；[C]diverse“多種多樣的”和[D]different“不同的”與下文文意不符。8．【B8】A．idleawayB．copewithC．cutintoD．setaside正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的用法?？萍嫉陌l(fā)展導(dǎo)致人們有了很多業(yè)余時(shí)間，過(guò)多的閑暇時(shí)間也會(huì)使人們精神抑郁。因此需要教育人們?nèi)绾斡行У貞?yīng)對(duì)增多的業(yè)余時(shí)間。[B]copewith“(正確地)應(yīng)對(duì)”，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合文意。[A]idleaway“消磨時(shí)光”；[C]cutinto“縮減”；[D]setaside“留出”。9．【B9】A．fellonB．switchedtoC．heldonD．turnedto正確答案：D解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的用法。[A]fellon“(急切地)撲向，抓住”，不符合文意；[B]switchedto“從一個(gè)地方轉(zhuǎn)換到另外一個(gè)地方”，而上下文并沒(méi)有給出其他選擇，故排除；[C]heldon“堅(jiān)持”也不符合文意。因此選[D]turnedto“求助于”，即開(kāi)始做某事。10．【B10】A．combatB．campaignC．contestD．struggle正確答案：A解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。人們服用藥品是為了與失眠、焦慮等癥狀做斗爭(zhēng)，首先排除[B]campaign“戰(zhàn)役，運(yùn)動(dòng)”和[C]contest“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”；[D]struggle要與against連用才能帶賓語(yǔ)，在此不符合語(yǔ)法；因此答案為[A]combat“與……搏斗”。11．【B11】A．costB．repayC．takeD．spend正確答案：D解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。[D]spend的常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：sb．spendtime／moneyonsth．“某人花時(shí)間／錢(qián)做某事”，符合文意和用法，故選[D]。[A]cost“花費(fèi)”，常用物作主語(yǔ)；[B]repay“報(bào)答，償還”，不符合文意；[C]take“拿、取”常用物作主語(yǔ)。12．【B12】A．digestB．swallowC．purchaseD．manufacture正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。上文提到人們turnto“開(kāi)始服用”安眠藥，與此語(yǔ)意相并列的是[B]swallow“吞，咽”，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合文意。[A]digest“消化”、[C]purchase“購(gòu)買(mǎi)”和[D]manufacture“制造”與句中的everynight連用邏輯不通，故排除。13．【B13】A．AlthoughB．SinceC．WhereasD．If正確答案：A解析：本題考查邏輯關(guān)系。主從句之間有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故選[A]。所在句子的意思是：盡管在遇到危機(jī)時(shí)這些“治療思想的藥片”極其有用，但是，如果不用藥物，絕大多數(shù)病人的境況會(huì)更好。14．【B14】A．deterioratingB．betteroffC．worseningD．suffering正確答案：B解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。因?yàn)橹鲝木溆修D(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，并且作者對(duì)服藥持反對(duì)態(tài)度，可以推斷如果不吃藥，人們也不會(huì)惡化、變得不好或者受折磨，因此排除[A]deteriorating“惡化”；[C]worsening“變壞”和[D]suffering“受折磨”。[B]betteroff“境況不錯(cuò)”，符合文意，故為正確答案。15．【B15】A．reasonsB．outcomesC．consequencesD．causes正確答案：D解析：本題考查名詞詞義辨析。作者試圖總結(jié)引起人們緊張和壓抑癥狀的原因。[A]reasons“理由”，常與for搭配使用，不是起因，故排除；[B]outcomes“結(jié)局，最終的結(jié)果”和[C]consequences“結(jié)果”也不符合邏輯；再根據(jù)短文末句的thecauseofthestress，可以確定答案為[D]causes“起因”。16．【B16】A．FurthermoreB．NeverthelessC．MoreoverD．Additionally正確答案：B解析：本題考查副詞詞義辨析。該處需要填入表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的副詞，而[A]Furthermore“進(jìn)一步說(shuō)”表示并列遞進(jìn)關(guān)系；[C]Moreover“再者”和[D]Additionally“另外”都是表示并列遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的副詞，故排除。[B]Nevertheless表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，意為“不過(guò)，仍然”，符合文意，故為正確答案。17．【B17】A．thoroughlyB．enthusiasticallyC．a(chǎn)ctivelyD．skillfully正確答案：C解析：本題考查副詞詞義辨析。上文提到要學(xué)會(huì)處理好增多的業(yè)余時(shí)間，醫(yī)生又提了一些積極的建議，因此[C]actively“積極地”最符合文意。[A]thoroughly“徹底地”、[B]enthusiastically“滿懷熱情地”和[D]skillfully“有技巧地”，此三項(xiàng)均不符合文意，故排除。18．【B18】A．makingB．puttingC．bringingD．bottling正確答案：D解析：本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)上文，人應(yīng)該expressedtheiranger而不應(yīng)強(qiáng)忍怒火，故此處應(yīng)選[D]bottling，與up搭配意為“抑制(怒氣或怨氣)”。其他選項(xiàng)與up搭配時(shí)的意思為：makingup“構(gòu)成，編造，和解”；puttingup“提出，支起”；bringingup“撫養(yǎng)大”，此三項(xiàng)均不符合文意，故排除。19．【B19】A．whatB．whicheverC．thatD．which正確答案：D解析：本題考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。[D]which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾drugs，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合文意。20．【B20】A．symptomsB．indicationsC．signaturesD．a(chǎn)ppearances正確答案：A解析：本題考查名詞詞義辨析。與壓力相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)為[A]symptoms“病癥”。其他選項(xiàng)均不符合文意。[B]indications“跡象”、[C]signatures“簽名”和[D]appearances“外表”都不如symptoms與stress這種病密切相關(guān)，故排除。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)AsthegovernmentlaunchestheNationalYearofMusic,anewreportconfirmsthatlearninganinstrumenthasmanybenefitsforchildren.Learningamusicalinstrumentatschoolimproveschildren’sbehavior,memoryandintelligence,agovernment-commissionedstudyhasfound,asministerslaunchthefirstNationalYearofMusic.ProfessorSusanHallamoftheInstituteofEducation,UniversityofLondon,analyzedscoresofresearchers’studiesonthebenefitsofmusictochildren.Shefoundresearchershaddiscoveredthatlearningtoplayaninstrumentenlargestheleftsideofthebrain.Thisleadsmusically-trainedpupilstorememberalmostafifthmoreinformation.Hallarn’sresearchreviewwascommissionedbytheDepartmentforChildren,SchoolsandFamiliesaspartofadrivetopersuademorechildreninEnglandtoplayamusicalinstrument.Thegovernmenthopestodoublethenumberofchildren,aged7to11,whoaregivenachancetolearnaninstrumentforfreeby2011.Thegovernmentsaysthatnowoverhalfofprimary-agedchildrenlearnaninstrument.Astudycontrastingtheimpactofmusiclessonswiththatofdramaclassesfoundmusiclessons,overtime,increasedpupils’IQby7points,comparedto4.3pointsfordramalessons.SeveralU.S.studieshavefoundthatplavinganinstrumentimproveschildren’sbehavior.Thiswasbecauseworkinginsmallmusicalgroupsrequirestrust,respectandcompromise,Hallamsaid.“Inadolescence,musicmakesamajorcontributiontothedevelopmentofself-identityandisseenasasourceofsupportwhenyoungpeoplearefeelingtroubledorlonely.“Hallamsaid.Butsingingorpianolessonsdonotnecessarilyimprovechildren’smathsability.“Therelationshipbetweenmathsandactivemusicalengagementhashadmixedresults.“Hallamsaid.￡330mhasbeeninvestedinmusic“insideandoutsidetheclassroom”inthelastyear.Long-hairedrockguitaristswilltakepartinwhatthegovernmenthascalledthebiggestmusiclessonever.Andsomeofthecountry’sbest-knownartistswillplayintheclassrooms.MusicisattheveryheartofBritishpopularculture—it’swhatkidstalkabout,it’swhattheyaspireto.Youngpeopleneedtoknowthattheycanonlybecomestarsbymasteringthebasicswhenthey’reyoungandbylearningaboutarangeofmusic,fromclassicaltocountry.Thisisexactlywhyweneedworld—classmusiceducationinschools.Weknowthatlearningtoplayaninstrumentcanimprovebothreadingandwriting.Itisrightthatmusicshouldplayanimportantroleinschoollifeandbeyond.21．Whichofthefollowingisamongthebenefitsoflearninganinstrumentforchildren?A．Improvingbehaviorsandrelievingstress.B．Promotinggrowthandimprovingintelligence.C．Boostingconfidenceandimprovingintelligence.D．Improvingintelligenceandstrengtheningmemories.正確答案：D解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞benefits和learninganinstrument定位至第一段。該段首先提到了兒童學(xué)習(xí)樂(lè)器有很多好處。隨后作者列舉了研究所發(fā)現(xiàn)的兒童在校學(xué)習(xí)樂(lè)器的三大好處：能夠改善兒童的行為、提高兒童記憶力、增強(qiáng)兒童智力，故[D]為正確答案。第一段首句就提到了兒童學(xué)習(xí)樂(lè)器有很多益處。根據(jù)英文的寫(xiě)作模式，介紹完主題，接下來(lái)就要進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明。由此，在后面的內(nèi)容中我們不難找到兒童學(xué)習(xí)樂(lè)器的具體好處：改善行為、提高記憶力、增強(qiáng)智力。[A]中的“緩解壓力”文中并沒(méi)有提及，故排除；[B]中的“促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)22．AccordingtoSusanHallam,musically-trainedpupils______.A．candowellinmathsB．haveabettermemoryC．willmakemorefriendsD．overcomedifficultiesmoreeasily正確答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞SusanHallam和musically—trainedpupils定位至第二段。該段首先介紹了SusanHallam的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：學(xué)習(xí)樂(lè)器有助于人類(lèi)大腦左半球的發(fā)育，因此，受過(guò)音樂(lè)教育的孩子能多記住五分之一的信息，即受過(guò)音樂(lè)教育的孩子比沒(méi)有受過(guò)音樂(lè)教育的孩子的記憶力要好，故[B]選項(xiàng)符合文意。musically-trainedpupils所在的上下文并沒(méi)有提到受過(guò)音樂(lè)教育的孩子是否有數(shù)學(xué)天賦，故排除[A]；文中也未提及受過(guò)音樂(lè)教育的孩子是否“會(huì)交到更多朋友”、“更容易克服困難23．OneofthefindingsoftheU.S.studiesonplayingmusicalinstrumentsisthat______.A．singinglessonscanimprovechildren’smathsabilityB．musichaslittleeffectonchildren’snegativeemotionsC．groupmusicalworkishelpfultoimprovechildren’sbehaviorD．trustandrespectaremostimportantforlearningmusic正確答案：C解析：推理題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞theU．S．studies定位至第四段。該段的中心思想是美國(guó)的幾項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)樂(lè)器能夠改善兒童的行為。其原因是演奏樂(lè)器需要人與人之間的密切配合才能完成，在演奏過(guò)程中，相互信任、相互尊重、相互包容顯得尤為重要。由此可推斷[C]符合該處語(yǔ)境。第四段引用Hallam的話是為了對(duì)美國(guó)的幾項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明。Hallam說(shuō)：音樂(lè)課和鋼琴課不一定能提高孩子的數(shù)學(xué)能力，因?yàn)槎咧g的關(guān)系很復(fù)雜，故排除[A]；此外，音樂(lè)還可以幫助年輕人排解勸煩惱或孤獨(dú)，故[B]不符合本處語(yǔ)境，也排除；[D24．Musicisveryimportantinschoollifebecauseplayingamusicalinstrumentcanimprove______.A．readingandwritingB．listeningandwritingC．mathsandreadingD．listeningandmaths正確答案：A解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞playingamusicalinstrument和improve定位至最后一段。該段主要介紹了音樂(lè)在英國(guó)文化中的核心地位以及兒童掌握音樂(lè)知識(shí)和技能的重要性。在接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容里作者介紹了學(xué)校開(kāi)展音樂(lè)教育的原因——演奏樂(lè)器有助于提高閱讀和寫(xiě)作能力，故[A]為正確答案。該段首先強(qiáng)調(diào)了學(xué)校開(kāi)設(shè)音樂(lè)教育是因?yàn)橐魳?lè)既是孩子們談?wù)摰脑掝}，也是他們追求的目標(biāo)。還提到“大家都知道，學(xué)習(xí)演奏樂(lè)器可以提高閱讀和寫(xiě)作能力。”因此，[B]、[C]和[D]均與原文內(nèi)容不符，故應(yīng)排除。25．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthispassage?A．TheImpactofMusicLessonsB．TheFirstNationalYearofMusicC．TheBenefitsofMusicEducationforChildrenD．TheHeartofBritishPopularCulture正確答案：C解析：主題題。本文運(yùn)用典型的英文開(kāi)篇模式，在第一段就點(diǎn)明主題，即：兒童在上學(xué)期間學(xué)習(xí)演奏樂(lè)器對(duì)改善行為、提高記憶力、增強(qiáng)智力有益。在后面的內(nèi)容中，作者對(duì)這幾種益處分別進(jìn)行了闡述。在最后一段，作者首尾呼應(yīng)，對(duì)音樂(lè)教育的好處及重要性進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。因此可以推斷[C]最能體現(xiàn)本文的主旨，故為正確答案。本題要從全文中尋找線索，最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)該最能體現(xiàn)文章主題。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)文章的寫(xiě)作手法，文章的主題一般出現(xiàn)在第一段或最后一段。因此，結(jié)合這兩段信息，我們不難找到本文的關(guān)鍵信息。[A]范圍太廣，未切中本文主題，故排除；[B]屬于以偏概全Forhealthinsurance,theUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemost,relyheavilyontheprivatesector,andobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.Whilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfaction,ifnotpride,intheseremarkablequalities,otherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.Inherexceptionalbook,PartingattheCrossroads,AntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-1960.TheUnitedStateandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborder,arewealthy,andhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerful,andtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Nevertheless,theirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplans,targetedtotheelderlyandindigent,andemployment-basedplans,whichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidents,withtheprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractors,particularlyorganizedmedicine,wieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovince,whichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibility,spurringthedominantliberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.Incontrast,theU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformation,forcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systems,buttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealth,Maionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.Conversely,MaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancy,dissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.Althoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountry,theU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandmedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.High,chronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandmedicare,swellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.Inanycase,whethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesector,escalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetsofgovernment,corporations,andfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingtodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.26．FromthefirstsentencewelearnthattheUnitedStates______.A．hasgoneastrayaboutwhatitdoeswithhealthinsuranceB．hascomplicateditshealthinsurancepolicyandconfuseditspeopleC．hasreformeditshealthcaretotheiraveragepeople’ssatisfactionD．carriesoutadifferenthealthinsurancepolicyfromotherWesterncountries正確答案：D解析：推理題。第一句話原意是：在醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)方面，美國(guó)走的是很少有人走的道路。言外之意是：美國(guó)采取了與眾不同的做法。這句話開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地表明了本文所要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。本文主要對(duì)比了美國(guó)和加拿大的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度，指出了加拿大醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度的利和美國(guó)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度的弊。27．Canadianhealth-caresystemsaredifferentfromthoseoftheU.S.inthat______.A．thefederalgovernmentisdirectlyresponsibleforthemB．privatesectorsinCanadaplayamoreimportantroleC．thegovernmentonlyindirectlysupportstheemployment-basedplansD．thetradeunionsinbothcountriesareonlymoderatelypowerfulinsuchmatters正確答案：A解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句，美國(guó)依靠的是一種混合的政府計(jì)劃：有專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)老人和窮人的政府保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃，和以就業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)但受政府間接支持的保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃；而加拿大實(shí)施的則是公共醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度，面向所有合格的居民，私營(yíng)部門(mén)只在某些省提供補(bǔ)充服務(wù)項(xiàng)目。第四段第二句也提到，雖然人們最近對(duì)加拿大政府的預(yù)算狀況表示擔(dān)憂，但是Maioni仍然認(rèn)為廣泛的支持會(huì)保護(hù)全民保險(xiǎn)制度?？梢?jiàn)，在加拿大，政府直接實(shí)施醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)；而在美國(guó)，主要是公司負(fù)責(zé)其職員的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)，政府對(duì)此僅提供間接支持。28．ThevulnerabilityoftheU.S.insurancesystemsliesin______.A．itsfailuretoextenditscoveragetothepoorandelderlyB．itsexcessivedependenceonthelabormarketC．Americans”willingnesstobuyinsuranceD．thewillingnessofthegovernmenttoinvestinthem正確答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。第四段指出，雖然經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)急轉(zhuǎn)直下可能使兩國(guó)(加拿大和美國(guó))的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)支出陷人困境，但美國(guó)的(醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn))體制將顯得特別脆弱(vulnerable)，因?yàn)橐跃蜆I(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的保險(xiǎn)和醫(yī)療都依賴勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)狀況。經(jīng)常性的高失業(yè)率可能縮減享受保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)(coverageloss)，使雇主在提供保險(xiǎn)和醫(yī)療上遇到困難，使得不參加保險(xiǎn)的總體人數(shù)上升。29．TheSaskatchewanprograminCanadashowsthat______.A．thelaborunionofacountrycanplayapositiveroleinhealth-insurancereformB．universalhealthinsuranceispracticableinafederalgovernmentC．a(chǎn)thirdpartyisneededtocoordinatetheeffortsofthegovernmentandthelaborunionD．theelectoralsystemhasadirectimpactontheinsuranceplan正確答案：B解析：例證題。第三段第四句提到，加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃說(shuō)明了全民保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃的可行性(feasibility)，促使執(zhí)政的自由黨提出了全國(guó)性的全民保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃。另外，第二段第三句提到美國(guó)和加拿大都是聯(lián)邦政體。根據(jù)文意，雖然[A]提到的內(nèi)容也是事實(shí)，但卻不是薩斯喀徹溫省醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃所要說(shuō)明的道理。30．ThepassageismostlikelytobeA．a(chǎn)summaryofagovernment-sponsoredprograminhealthpolicystudyB．a(chǎn)reviewofabookinhealth-caresystemstudyC．a(chǎn)surveyoftheinfluenceofeconomicpoliciesonthehealth-caresystemD．a(chǎn)criticalcommentaryontheU.S.health-caresystem正確答案：B解析：主題題。文章在第二段提到Maioni的書(shū)，第二、三、四段其實(shí)都在介紹書(shū)中的內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)考生尤其注意第四段中三次提到了Maioni。Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.Untilrecently,childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturity,childrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharm,butrathersimplyassignpunishmentfortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescaused.AccordingtoPiaget,childrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopment,whichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutism(rulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyed)andimminentjustice(ifrulesarebroken,punishmentwillbemetedout).Untilyoungchildrenmature,theirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofatransgression.However,inrecentresearch,Keaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharm,butalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtier,regardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildren,atanearlieragethanPiagetclaimed,advanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopment,moralautonomy,inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.Keasey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven;dothevrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactions,anddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences?Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicduty,self-defense,andprovocation.Forexample,NesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty:five-year-oldsreactedverydifferentlyto“BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse”dependingonwhetherBonniedidit“sosomebodywon’tfalloverit”orbecauseBonniewanted“tomakeAnnfeelbad”.Thus,achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions,thoughintentional,canbejustified;theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgments.Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharm,six-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeable,andthuspreventable,harmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheperpetratorcannotbeblamed.Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous.31．Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKeaseywouldhavedifferentviewsonthepointsthat______.A．thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommitB．thejustificationschildrenrecognizeformitigatingpunishmentforharmfulactsC．theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharmD．thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrencommitharmfulacts正確答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。兩位學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)在第一段：Piaget認(rèn)為七歲以下兒童不會(huì)對(duì)傷害自己或他人的行為做道德判斷，而Keasey認(rèn)為六歲兒童開(kāi)始對(duì)傷害自己或他人的行為做出道德判斷。由此可知，兩個(gè)心理學(xué)家在兒童區(qū)分有意傷害和無(wú)意傷害的年齡問(wèn)題上觀點(diǎn)不一，故選[C]。[A]、[B]和[D]均不符合題意，故應(yīng)排除。32．Whichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildrenwouldKeasey’sfindingsupport?A．Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.B．Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.C．Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.D．Theyacceptmoraljudgmentmadebytheirpeersmoreeasilythanolderchildrendo.正確答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。他們有能力進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的道德判斷。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Keasey’sfindings定位至第一段倒數(shù)第二句however，inrecentresearch…．theamountofdamageprodlreed。Keasey認(rèn)為六歲以前的兒童能夠區(qū)分有意傷害和無(wú)意傷害，故[B]符合題意。[A]、[C]和[D]都不是Keasey’sfindings所得出的結(jié)論，故應(yīng)排除。33．AccordingtoPiaget,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A．Themoredevelopmentallyimmatureachild,themoreseverethepunishmentthatthechildwillassign.B．Thepunishmentforactsofunintentionalharmislessseverethanitisforactsinvolvingaccidentalharm.C．Thechildrenassignpunishmentlessarbitrarilythantheydowhentheyreachtheageofmoralautonomy.D．Theseverityoftheassignedpunishmentisdeterminedbytheperceivedmagnitudeofnegativeconsequences.正確答案：D解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。[D]懲罰的嚴(yán)厲程度取決于消極結(jié)果的嚴(yán)重程度。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Piaget定位至第一段第二句：Untilrecently，childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesis…，butrathersimplyassignpunishmenffortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativecons34．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingaboutfive-year-oldchildrendoestheresearchofNesdaleandRulesuggest?A．Theirreactionstointentionalandaccidentalharmdeterminetheseverityofthepunishmentstheyassign.B．They,asperpetratorsofharmfulacts,disregardthefeelingsofthechildrentheyharm.C．Theyviewpublicdutyasajustificationforaccidental,butnotintentionharm.D．Theytakeintoaccountthemotivationsofactionswhenjudgingthebehaviorofotherchildren.正確答案：D解析：推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞：NesdaleandRule定位至第二段：Forexample，NesdaleandRuleconcludedthat…Thus，achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions，thoughintentional，canbejustified；theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjud35．Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergarten,whichofthefollowingabilitiesdidsix-year-oldchildrenacquire?A．Recognizingthedifferencebetweenmoralabsolutismandmoralautonomy.B．Differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm.C．Justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation.D．Evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules.正確答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Darley定位至最后一段Darleyobservedthat…thattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous．Darley認(rèn)為剛進(jìn)幼兒同的六歲兒童不能辨認(rèn)出可預(yù)見(jiàn)的傷害，然而七個(gè)月之后，Darley發(fā)現(xiàn)這些兒童能夠?qū)@兩種傷害做出區(qū)分，證明他們?cè)诘赖律弦呀?jīng)變得獨(dú)立自主了，故選[B]。Darley沒(méi)有提及兒童對(duì)moralabsolutismandmoralautonomy的區(qū)別認(rèn)識(shí)，故排除[A]；Darley只證明了在進(jìn)入幼兒園七個(gè)月后，兒童Themade-for-TVmovieaboutatornadocarryingman-eatingsharkswasasurprisehitinAmerica.Thepreposterousplotof“Sharknado”maystrikeachordwithmediabosseswhohavewatchedtheinternetravagetheirbusinessoverthepastdecade.Newspapershavelostreadersandadvertisingtotheinternet.Bookandmusicshopshaveclosedforgood.SalesofDVDsandCDshaveplummeted.Thetelevisionindustryhassofarresistedbigdisruptionbutthathasnotstoppeddoomsayerspredictingaflightofadvertisingandviewers.In2008JeffZucker,thenthepresidentofNBCUniversal,abigentertainmentgroup,lamentedthetrendof“tradinganaloguedollarsfordigitalpennies”.Butthosepenniesarestartingtoaddup.AndevenMr.Zucker,nowbossofCNNWorldwide,aTVnewschannel,haschangedhistune.“Oldmediaiswell,wellbeyonddigitalpennies.“hesays.Whathaschangedhismind?Thesurgeinsmartphones,tabletcomputersandbroadbandspeedshasencouragedmorepeopletopayforcontenttheycancarryaroundwiththem.Andall-accessservices,whichgiveunlimitedcontentonmobiledevicesforamonthlyfee,arepromotingpeopletospendmoreondigitalproducts.Afteryearsofwreakinghavoc,theinternetishelpingmediacompaniestogrow.SanfordC.Bernstein,aresearchfirm,reckonsonlinelicensingwasresponsibleforaboutathirdofthegrowthinrevenuesatCBS,anAmericanmediafirm,in2012.Themostobviouschangeinthepastfewyearsisthedeclineof“physical”products,suchasCDs,DVDsandprintnewspapers.In2008nearlynine-tenthsofconsumercashwentonthem;by2017itwillbealittleoverhalf,withdigitalgrabbingtherest.Newspapersaretryingtopeddledigitalsubscriptions;theNewYorkTimeshasnearly700,000onlinesubscribers,butfewothershavedonesowell.Sothereisstillabigquestion.Somewonderwhetherthepricesthatcanbechargedforcomputerizedproducts“cansupporttheunderlyingindustriesiftheyarenotalsophysicalbusinesses”.Somemediafirmsneedtogetbiggerandtrimcosts.Butnewtechnologydoesprovideopportunitiesformediaindustry.Thevalueofarchivesisgrowingintheinternetage:ownerscanprofitfromolderprogramsthatarerarelybroadcast.Theinternetcanalsohelpfirmsbecomecleverer.Concertshavebecomethelifebloodofthemusicindustryandmakeupmorethanhalfofrevenues.Actsusedtogoontourtosellalbums.Nowtheyputoutalbumssotheycanmaketheirlivingontheroad.Publishersarereleasingbookselectronicallytotestsalesbeforeputtingtheminprint,andtoadjustpricestodrivedemand.Experimentsthatwereonceimpossiblyexpensivenowcostpeanuts.36．Thestatement“tradinganaloguedollarsfordigitalpennies”(Line2,Para.2)implies______.A．thelamentationofdisruptionoffortunecausedbyinternetB．NBCUniversalhaschangeditstuneofdigitalpenniesC．digitalmediacannotrivalwiththeoldoneD．digitalsectionofmediacontributesmoretoJeffZucker’sindustry正確答案：D解析：推理題。在“…(第一句)but…(第二句)”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)中，問(wèn)第一句implies什么，答案應(yīng)該是對(duì)第二句的同意替換。如果問(wèn)第一句means什么，答案應(yīng)該是和第二句意思相反的選項(xiàng)。[A]thelamentationofdisruptionoffortunecausedbyinternet這個(gè)選項(xiàng)其實(shí)是在對(duì)but前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行同意替換；[B]NBCUniversalhaschangeditstuneofdigitalpennies這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是一個(gè)胡亂拼湊的視覺(jué)干擾；[C]digi37．JeffZuckerbelievedthatdigitalmediaisgainingitsimportancemostprobablybecause______.A．theemergenceof“all-access”servicesB．theeasyavailabilityofthemediacontentC．theprofitabilitybroughtbycybertechnologyD．thelowpriceofthemonthlyfee正確答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。題干定位至第三段。首先題干告知結(jié)果是：JeffZucker認(rèn)為數(shù)字媒體變得日益重要了，原因就是來(lái)自于后面的語(yǔ)句。[A]全接口服務(wù)的出現(xiàn)。[B]媒體內(nèi)容容易獲得。[C]數(shù)字技術(shù)帶來(lái)的盈利可能。[D]低廉的月租費(fèi)用。[A]、[B]和[D]三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以是原因，都可以是正確答案；但是如果要選擇主要原因的話就要選擇一個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)，那就只能是[C]了。profitability意為“盈利的能力”。38．Inparagraph4,thedigitalbusinessofothernewspapersismentionedtoshow______.A．thedec