美國(guó)文學(xué)課件

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Whatisliterature?

2.HowdowedefineAmericanliterature?

3.Whydopeoplereadliterature?

4.Howtostudyliterature?美國(guó)文學(xué)課件the14thcentury:politelearningthroughreading.(literacy)Fromthemid-18thcentury:thepracticeandprofessionofwriting.Whencecomesliterature?Literature:Writingsthatarevaluedasworksofart.“performanceinwords.”(beautyofexpressionandform,intellectualandemotionalappeal.)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件LiteratureproducedinAmericanEnglishbythepeoplelivingintheUnitedStates.BasicqualitiesofAmericanwriters:#independent(free-lance/nowages)#individualistic(freefrompoliticalprejudiceandideologicalconformity/self-expression)#critical(usuallycriticizeratherthaneulogize)#innovative(pursue“newness”/experiments)#humorous(notalwaysfunnyandcarefree,“blackhumor”)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Readingforpleasure2.Readingforrelaxation3.Readingtoacquireknowledge4.Readingtoconfrontexperience5.Readingforartisticappreciation6.Readingforexams美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Analyticalapproach2.Thematicapproach3.Historicalapproach4.Mostimportantofall,reading美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Formahabitofintelligentguessingatthemeaningofnewwords.2.Learnhowtonoticedetails,howtogetthemainidea,andhowtoskimtolocatethemostmeaningfulpassages.3.Cherishastrongdesiretoextractgreatermeaningfromaliteraryworkbyrelatingideasfoundinyourreadingwithyourownexperience.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件ColonialPeriod(1607-1775)

AnneBradstreet

EdwardTaylorRevolutionaryperiod(1775-1820)

BenjaminFranklin

PhilipFreneauRomanticism(1820-1861)

WashingtonIrving

EdgarAllanPoe

NathanielHowthorne

*Transcendentalism

*(NewEnglandRenaissance)

RalphWaldoEmerson

HenryDavidThoreau4.Realism(1861-1914)

WilliamWhitman

MarkTwain

HenryJames

Naturalism:

TheodoreDreiser

5.The20thCentury

T.S.Eliot

WilliamFaulkner

ErnestHemingway

(LostGeneration)

Imagism:

EzraPound美國(guó)文學(xué)課件A.NativeAmericanliterature1.Background(1492nativeliterature?)2.Traditionalliterature(oralliterature)3.Transitionalliterature(19thCenturytranslations)4.Modernliterature(19th,20thcentury,Indianpoets)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.BackgroundThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlement:Jamestown,Virginia,1607.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1620pilgrimsPlymouth,NewEngland美國(guó)文學(xué)課件The"seatosea"grantofPlymouthCouncilforNewEnglandisshowningreen.ThelocationofthePlymouthColonysettlementisdemarcatedas"Pl“美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1630puritansMassachusettsBay1691theMassachusettsBayColonytookoverthePlymouthColony美國(guó)文學(xué)課件MapshowingthelocationofCapeCodBayandMassachusettsBay,offthewestcoastofMassachusetts,UnitedStates.CreatedbyNormanEinstein,July20,2005.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Pilgrim:oneoftheEnglishSeparatistswhofoundedthecolonyofPlymouthinNewEnglandin1620.Puritan:AmemberofagroupofEnglishProtestantswhointhe16thand17thcenturiesadvocatedstrictreligiousdisciplinealongwithsimplificationoftheceremoniesandcreedsoftheChurchofEngland.(enduringinfluence:hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.TheyfollowtheideasoftheSwissreformerJohnCalvin.2.Doctrines:

-Predestination

-Originalsinandtotaldepravity(humanbeingsarebasicallyevil.)

-Limitedatonement(ortheSalvationofaselectedfew)3.Puritanvalues(creeds):

Hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety,simpletastes.

Puritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.

Theyareoptimistic.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件4.WhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?

-toreformtheChurchofEngland

-tohaveanentirelynewchurch

-toescapereligiouspersecution

*God’schosenpeople

*ToseekanewGardenofEden

*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”美國(guó)文學(xué)課件5.Influence

-AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.

-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.

-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件2.Literatureofearlysettlementsa.ThefirstAmericanwriter:JohnSmith(p.3)b.EarlyNewEnglandliterature:(p.5)WilliamBradford:TheHistoryofPlymouthPlantationJohnWinthrop:TheHistoryofNewEngland美國(guó)文學(xué)課件ThefirstgovernorofPlymouth.Thebookisasortofjournal,amasterfulaccountoftheseparatistcolony.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件JohnCottonRogerWilliamsAnneBradstreetEdwardTaylor美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件AKeyintotheLanguageofAmerica美國(guó)文學(xué)課件TheTenthMuseLatelySprungupinAmerica美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Iheardthemerrygrasshopperthensing,Theblack-cladcricketbearasecondpart;Theykeptonetuneandplayedonthesamestring,Seemingtogloryintheirlittleart.Shallcreaturesabjectthustheirvoicesraise,AndintheirkindresoundtheirMaker’spraise,WhilstI,asmute,canwarbleforthnohigherlays?美國(guó)文學(xué)課件RegardedasthebestofthePuritanpoets.Religiousthemes.Psalms美國(guó)文學(xué)課件c.characteristicsofworksinthisperiodutilitarian,polemical,ordidactic.Puritanwritingsarefresh,simple,direct,andwithatouchofnobility.Symbolismwasacommonpractice.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件BackgroundBenjaminFranklinThomasPaineThomasJeffersonPhilipFreneau美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Background:RevolutionaryPeriod(1775-1783)“TheAgeofReason”“AmericanEnlightenment”美國(guó)文學(xué)課件The18thcentury:A.IndependenceWar(1776-1783)B.AmericanEnlightenment:ablowuponthepuritantraditions/seculareducation/greatinterestinscience,philosophyandliterature.C.Literature:derivativeanddependent.D.essayists,journalists,pamphleteers.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Araregenius:aprinter,postmaster,almanacwriter,essayist,scientist,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,businessman,patriot,andmanoftheworld.Lifestory:美國(guó)文學(xué)課件InventorPrinterstatesmanLibrarian美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Hishumbleorigins,dedicationtoself-improvementandgeniusforbusinesssetanexamplefor“self-mademan”inAmerica.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件LiteraryAchievements:A.PoorRichard’sAlmanac

(analmanacisthebookthatgivesvitalinformationfortheyear,theseasons,thesunriseandthesunset,accurateinformationontides…allarepracticalinformationimportanttofarmers./RichardSaunders:acrackerbarrelphilosopher/down-to-earthmaxims)

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件

Anemptybagcannotstandupright.

Bealwaysashamedtocatchthyselfidle.

Cheeseandsaltymeatshouldbesparinglyeat.

TheDoorsofwisdomarenevershut.

Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.

Fullofcourtesy,fullofcraft.

Godhelpsthemthathelpthemselves.

/franklin/printer/h_ash.html.

Ifyou'dhaveaservantthatyoulike,serveyourself.

Alein,truthout.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件ALiestandsononeleg,thetruthontwo.

AManwithoutawifeisbuthalfaman.

Nothingbutmoneyissweeterthanhoney.

Onetodayisworthtwotomorrows.

Paywhatyouoweandyou'llknowwhat'syourown.

AQuarrelsomemanhasnogoodneighbors.

TheRottenapplespoilshiscompanion.

Speaklittle,domuch.

Threemaykeepasecret,iftwoofthemaredead.

Up,sluggard,andwastenotlife;inthegravewillbesleepingenough.

Visitsshouldbeshort,likeawinter'sday.

Welldoneisbetterthanwellsaid.

Agoodexampleisthebestsermon.

Youmaydelay,buttimewillnot.

Therearelazymindsaswellaslazybodies.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件B.Autobiography:alongaccountofhisfamilybackgroundintheformofaprivatelettertohisson/4parts1.Style:clear,simple,humorous.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件2.Significance:aninspiringaccountofapoorboy’srisetowealthandfameandthefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.a)classicofthiskindinAmericanliterature.b)spokesmanofAmericanenlightenment:thetransitionfromPuritanpiety,idealismandprovincialismtothemoresecularutilitarian,andcosmopolitanvalues.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件IsBenjaminFranklinapuritan?HewasborninBostonintoapiousPuritanhousehold.However,MaxWeberthinksthatFranklinacceptedtheEuropeanEnlightenmentthoughts.Hehascombinedthereligiouspuritanthoughtswiththesecularhumanism.Andmoreimportantly,heismoreattendedtotheearthlythingsandsecularlifeinsteadoftheheavenlydream.Heismoreofapractitioners.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Life:hewasoflowclass,withnofinishedcollegeeducation/didn’tcometoAmericauntil1774withrecommendationfromFranklin.YetagreatadventurerinhumanfreedomandasupporteroftheRevolution.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1776CommonSense(CommonSensewassenttothePhiladelphiaprinter,RobertBell,andonJanuary10,1776,CommonSensehitthePhiladelphiastreetslikeabulletfromagun.)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1787-1802inEnglandandFrance,TheRightsofMan(chargedwithtreason)1802Americancitizenship,notwelcome.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Literaryachievements:famouspoliticalpamphleteerandthemostpersuasiverhetorician.

CommonSense:regardedasthegreatestoftheRevolutionarypamphlets.

TheAmericanCrisis(16pamphlets)**Politicalessayspamphlets(1763-1783)2,000pamphletspublishedonpoliticalthemes.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件LifeLiteraryachievements美國(guó)文學(xué)課件fromDeclarationofIndependence

因此我們這些在大陸會(huì)議上集會(huì)的美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的代表們，以各殖民地善良人民的名義，并經(jīng)他們授權(quán)，向世界最高裁判者申訴，說明我們的嚴(yán)正意向，同時(shí)鄭重宣布：我們這些聯(lián)合起來的殖民地現(xiàn)在是，而且按公理也應(yīng)該是，獨(dú)立自由的國(guó)家；我們對(duì)英國(guó)王室效忠的全部義務(wù)，我們與大不列顛王國(guó)之間的一切政治聯(lián)系，從此全部斷絕，而且必須斷絕。作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立自由的國(guó)家，我們完全有權(quán)宣戰(zhàn)、締和、結(jié)盟、通商和采取獨(dú)立國(guó)家有權(quán)采取的一切行動(dòng)。我們堅(jiān)定地信賴神明上帝的保佑，同時(shí)以我們的生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)和神圣的名譽(yù)彼此宣誓來支持這一宣言。美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Life:thefirstAmerican-bornpoet,representingtheeffortsforliterarynationalism/inelitecircles/美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Literaryachievements:A.“fatherofAmericanpoetry”/HetriedtoavoidimitativenessandwrotedistinctlyAmericanpoemswithhighlyricalquality./bestlyrics:“TheWildHoneySuckle”

(Mortality);“TheIndianBuryingGround”(ontheimaginedafterlife)thebeginningofAmericanromanticism.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Literaryachievements:B.ajournalist.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件17thC.Am.Litwasprimarilyreligious,18thC.Am.Lit.waspolitical.

AlthoughAm.Lit.didnotachievefullmaturityinthe18thcentury,itsscopewasatleastwidened.1stmagazinesin1741PublicOccurrences,1stAm.newspaper,1690(justforreference)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.WhenistheperiodofreasonandrevolutioninAmericanliterature?2.Whatisthebackgroundofthe18thCentury?3.Whoisoftenreferredtoasa“self-mademan”inAmerica?4.WhowrotePoorRichard’sAlmanac?5.Whatisacrackerbarrelphilosopher?美國(guó)文學(xué)課件6.DoyouhappentorememberanyofFranklin’smaxims?7.HowdoyoucommentonthestyleofBenjaminFranklin’sAutobiography?8.InwhatwayisAutobiographysignificant?9.WhowasthewriterofCommonSenseandTherightsofMan?10.Whoisregardedasthe“FatherofAmericanpoetry”/“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”?美國(guó)文學(xué)課件TimePeriod:Itstretchesfromtheendofthe18thc.totheoutbreakoftheAm.CivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofIrving’sTheSketchBook(1820)andendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass(1855).Itiscalled“theAmericanRenaissance”sinceitisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.Itisregardeda)Asanapproachinliterarycreation;b)Asaliterarytrendormovement(reactionfromtheNeoclassicismandformalorthodoxyofthepast)<Neoclassicism:JohnDryden,AlexanderPope>

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1798,EnglishpoetsWordsworthandColeridgepublishedLyricalBalladsSomeimportantBritishRomanticwritersare:WilliamBlake,RobertBurns,WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,LordByron,PercyByssheShelley,etc.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件NeoclassicismRomanticismArtisticIdealsNeoclassicismwascharacterizedbyemotionalrestraint,order,logic,technicalprecision,balance,eleganceofdiction,anemphasisofformovercontent,clarity,dignity.Itsappealsweretotheintellectratherthantotheemotions,anditprizedwitoverimagination.Asaresult,satireanddidacticliteratureflourished,Inpoetry,theheroiccoupletwasthemostpopularverseform.JohnDryden,AlexanderPope,JonathanSwift,JosephAddison,andSamuelJohnsonwereinthissphere.Imagination,emotion,andfreedomarecertainlythefocalpointsofromanticism.Seethelistofparticularcharacteristicsandrepresentativewritersoftheliteratureofromanticisminthefollowingpage.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件NeoclassicismRomanticismTheyfollowedsomefixedlawsandrules:Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic.Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Dramashouldbeinheroiccouplet（英雄雙韻體）;thethreeunitiesoftime,spaceandactionshouldbestrictlyobserved.ManyholdtothetheorythatitwasinEnglandthattheromanticmovementreallystarted.Atanyrate,quiteearlyinthe18thc.onecandiscernadefiniteshiftinsensibilityandfeeling(sentiment),particularlyinrelationtothenaturalorderandNature.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件ArchitectureLandscapepaintingPortraitureMusic美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Characteristics1.Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.2.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.3.Romanticsstressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Therefore,naturewasasuitablesubjectfortrueart.4.Theyemphasizedindividualism.5.Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.6.Stronginterestinthepast.7.Interestedinvariety.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件AmericanRomanticism1.Background:westwardexpansion,greatimmigration,burgeoningindustrialism,theideaofdemocracyandequality,etc.anurgetohaveitsownliterature.2.Distinctfeatures:a.Thewildernessofthewestb.Thedesiretoescapefromsocietyandreturntonaturec.localdialectsd.puritanthoughts(moralize/originalsin)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件3.NewEnglandTranscendentalismtworepresentatives:EmersonandThoreau.Transcendentalismisdefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses.”(natureisennoblingandtheindividualisdivineandself-reliant.)

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件4.AmericanRomanticliteraturepoets:PhilipFreneau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryW.Longfellow,WaltWhitman,etc.fictionwriters:WashingtonIrving:comicfablesEdgarAllenPoe:GothictalesJamesFenimoreCooper:frontieradventuresHermanMelville:narrativequestsNathanielHawthorne:psychologicalromances

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件5.Romanticists’differentunderstandingofhumannature:*Transcendentalists:manisdivineinnatureandthereforeforeverperfectible.*puritanwriters:(originalsin)everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisindispensablefortheimprovementofhumannature.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Life2.Literaryachievements

AHistoryofNewYorkTheSketchbookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent(“RipVanWinkle”/“LegendofsleepyHollow”)BracebridgeHallTalesofaTraveller

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件

Rip'ssoledomesticadherentwashisdogWolf,whowasasmuchhen-peckedashismaster;forDameVanWinkleregardedthemascompanionsinidleness,andevenlookeduponWolfwithanevileye,asthecauseofhismaster'sgoingsooftenastray.Trueitis,inallpointsofspiritbefittinganhonorabledog,hewasascourageousananimalaseverscouredthewoods-butwhatcouragecanwithstandtheever-duringandall-besettingterrorsofawoman'stongue?ThemomentWolfenteredthehousehiscrestfell,histaildroopedtotheground,orcurledbetweenhislegs,hesneakedaboutwithagallowsair,castingmanyasidelongglanceatDameVanWinkle,andattheleastflourishofabroom-stickorladle,hewouldflytothedoorwithyelpingprecipitation.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Itwaswithsomedifficultythathefoundthewaytohisownhouse,whichheapproachedwithsilentawe,expectingeverymomenttoheartheshrillvoiceofDameVanWinkle.Hefoundthehousegonetodecay-therooffallenin,thewindowsshattered,andthedoorsoffthehinges.Ahalf-starveddogthatlookedlikeWolfwasskulkingaboutit.Ripcalledhimbyname,butthecursnarled,showedhisteeth,andpassedon.Thiswasanunkindcutindeed-"Myverydog,"sighedpoorRip,"hasforgottenme!"

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件3.StyleandComment*graceful,refined,fluentanddignified.*sentimentalandromantic(preferthepasttothepresent,preferadream-likeworldtotherealone.)*influencedbyEuropeanliterature(German,Spanish)*ThetalesaboutAmericanmadehimahouseholdwordandhisfameenduring.*“theAmericangoldsmith”forhisliterarycraftsmanship

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Life2.LiteraryAchievementsa.32novels,socialcritic—hecriticizedsocietyforbeingtoodemocratic,nottooaristocratic.(conservative)b.3kindsofnovels:1)novelsabouttherevolutionarypast:TheSpy2)seaadventures:ThePilot3)frontiersaga:LeatherstockingTales美國(guó)文學(xué)課件3.LeatherstockingSeries*5novelsdepictingthelifeoftheearlyAmericanfrontier.(centralfigureNattyBumppo:Heisanisolated,almostselfless,stoicandenduringman.“theessentialAmericansoul.”)*(anepichero/theAmericanAdam)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件[FordEdward]DuncanHeywardCora/AliceMunroDavidGamutMagua:leaderofanIndiantribe,Huron(sidewiththeFrench)Hawkeye(NattyBumppo)ChingachgookUncas(lastoftheMohicans)[FordWilliamHenry]美國(guó)文學(xué)課件

ThefirstAmericanlyricpoetofdistinction美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Life美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件2.LiteraryAchievements“theAmericanWordsworth”Foursubjects:thebeautyandharmonyofnatureasasourceofsolace,joyandescape;thedignityofhumanity;thesacrednessofhumanfreedom;andthepowerandbeneficenceofGod.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件a)Poems1821《詩(shī)選》b)TheFountain1842《泉》c)TheWhite-FootedDeer1844《白蹄鹿》d)AForestHymn1860《森林賦》

e)TheFloodofYears1878《似水流年》

Poe’sreputationwasfirst美國(guó)文學(xué)課件f)“ToaWaterfowl”1815《致水鳥》g)“Thanatopsis”1817《死亡隨想》h)“TheYellowViolet”《黃色堇香花》1814美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Bryanthashereusedanolddeviceofdrawingalessonfromnature.Unusualmetricalstructureofthestanzas:the1stand4thlinescontainthreefeet(trimeter),and2ndand3rdlinescontainfivefeet(pentameter).Therhymeschemeisabab.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Midst:amidstThelaststepsofday:theevening“崢嶸赤云西，日腳下平地”杜甫《羌村三首》

Rosydepths:thecrimsonskyatduskFowler’s:hunter’sSeeagainstthecrimsonsky:“雁背夕陽(yáng)紅欲暮”周邦彥《玉樓春·桃溪不作從容住》宋詞Plashy:swampy美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Marge:margin,borderChafed:raging,furiousPOWER:Cap.神明Teachesthyway:guidesyouDesert:deserted,lonelyLanewandering:wanderinglonelyWeary:thoughwearyAbyssofheaven:greatdepthofskyCertainflight:surepath美國(guó)文學(xué)課件背景：此詩(shī)是1815年12月詩(shī)人去Plainfield聯(lián)系工作的途中所作。據(jù)他自己說，當(dāng)時(shí)他感到十分孤獨(dú)凄涼，在廣闊世界中前途茫茫，忽然看到一只孤鳥從天邊飛過，他覺得宇宙間默默有神靈為眾生引路，從而得到了安慰。本詩(shī)各行獨(dú)立成句，詩(shī)行參差多變化，暗示水鳥掠過空中的意境。美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Bryant’scriticalandpoeticworkscenteraroundandareinformedbyaninnatefeelingforAmericannatureanditsimplicationsforart.Hispoetictheoryandpractice,foundedonromanticprinciplesofemotionalexpression,naturalness,simplicity,spontaneity,irregularity,andfreedom,sethimsquarelyintheRomanticMovementthatheanticipatesinAmericabyoveradecade.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件HeimitatedByronforatime,andby1812hewasapermanentadmirerofWordsworth,fromwhomhederivedmoreintechniquethaninthought.Heisrememberedasacelebratorofthewilderaspectsofnaturethestormsandruggedhills,aswellastheflowersandbirds.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Hewasskillfulintheuseofverseforms;inhisowndayhewasconsideredaninnovator.Hewrotestatelyandsonorousblankverse,adoptedtheSpenserianstanza(ababbcbcc).美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Alliteration:Therepetitionofconsonants,usuallyinitialconsonants.

Practicemakesperfect.Consonance:Therepetitionofconsonantswithchangesintheinterveningvowels.Slip,slap,slopterrorhorrorstoriesAssonance:Therepetitionofvowels.Theseargantaskedhimtobombthelawnwithhotpots..美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Afootisoneofseveralcombinationsofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Itisthebasicunitofpoetry.(音步)Afootusuallyconsistsofonestressedandoneortwounstressedsyllables.Meter:whenstressesrecuratfixedintervals,theresultiscalledameter.格律,韻律Scan:toanalyze(verse)intometricalpatterns.分析韻腳：將（詩(shī)）劃分音步美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Afootisthebasicunitofmeasurementinpoetry:alinehassomanyfeet.Onefoot:monometerTwofeet:dimeterThreefeet:trimeterFourfeet:tetrameterFivefeet:pentameterSixfeet:hexameterSevenfeet:heptameterEightfeet:octameter美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Iamb（抑揚(yáng)格）

Agen/tleknight/wasprick/ingon/theplain.(Spenser,TheFaerieQueene,1.1.1.)Thisisanexampleofiambicpentameter:alinewithfiveiambicfeet.Unrhymediambicpentameterisblankverse.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Trochee(揚(yáng)抑格)Tyger/Tyger!/Burning/brightInthe/forest/ofthe/night(WilliamBlake,“TheTyger,”lines1-2)Thisistrochaictetrameterthatiscatalectic.Therearefourtrochaicfeetperline,withthelastunstressedsyllableomitted.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Anapest（抑抑揚(yáng)格）

Inthenight,/whenit’sdarkWedon’tgo/throughthepark=AnapesticdimeterDactyle（揚(yáng)抑抑格）Justfora/handfulof/silverhe/leftus=dactylictetrameterSpondee（揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格）One,two!/Buckle/myshoe!Three,four!/Knockatthedoor!=Spondaictrimeter美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Lifeprecarious,impoverished2.Reputationsnotrecognizedinhisownday—TheFrenchusedPoeasthemodelfortheirsymbolistschool—Europeanwriters—20thcentury,popularwithFreudianpsychologicalcritics.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件3.Literarytheoriespoetry:Themostimportantpurposeofpoetryisthecreationofbeautywhichisthesolelegitimateprovinceofapoem.Thetoneofitshighestmanifestationisoneofsadness./Musicisessentialtocreateamoodappropriatetothetheme.(alliteration,assonance,andrepetition)

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件fiction:a.preferredthetaletootherfictionalforms/stressedtheprincipleofconcentrationandthematictotality.b.Writershoulddecidetheeffectfirst,andtheninventevents.c.Truthistheaimofthetale.d.Worksshouldbejudgedbytheirpsychologicaleffectuponthereader.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件28annabellee.wma美國(guó)文學(xué)課件I.GrowthandDevelopmentII.MajorconceptsIII.SignificanceIV.Weaknesses美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Inessence,romanticidealismonPuritansoil3sources:Unitarianism/IdealisticphilosophyfromFranceandGermany/OrientalmysticismasrevealedinHinduandChineseclassics美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Powerofintuition2.Spiritfirst,mattersecond3.NatureassymbolicofspiritorGod4.Individualasthemostimportantelementinsociety/self-reliant5.Religionasanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversal“oversoul”6.Commerceasdegrading/paylessattentiontothematerialworld美國(guó)文學(xué)課件InspiredEnglishpoetsandGermanidealistphilosophersAclarioncalltoactionAnethicalguideGreatimpactonAmericanwriters美國(guó)文學(xué)課件NeverasystematicphilosophyRampantindividualismratherthanademocracyofmutualhelpfulnessDenialoftherealityofevilDenialofitsrealspiritualorigin美國(guó)文學(xué)課件NathanielHawthornewroteanovel,TheBlithedaleRomance(1852),satirizingthemovement,andbaseditonhisexperiencesatBrookFarm,ashort-livedutopiancommunityfoundedontranscendentalprinciples.EdgarAllanPoehadadeepdislikefortranscendentalism,callingitsfollowers"Frogpondians"afterthepondonBostonCommon.Heridiculedtheirwritingsinparticularbycallingthem"metaphor-run,"lapsinginto"obscurityforobscurity'ssake"or"mysticismformysticism'ssake."Oneofhisshortstories,"NeverBettheDevilYourHead",isaclearattackontranscendentalism,whichthenarratorcallsa"disease".ThestoryspecificallymentionsthemovementanditsflagshipjournalTheDial,thoughPoedeniedthathehadanyspecifictargets.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Americanphilosopher,poetandessayist.ThemosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.LifeHarvard—Unitarianism(itrejectedtheCalvinistideasofpredestination,unconditionalelection,limitedatonement,andtotaldepravity)–Unitarianminister—lectures—spokesmanoftranscendentalism美國(guó)文學(xué)課件2types:essaysandpoetryEssays:Nature

(1836)(ThemanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism),Essays(1841)Poems:

Poems(1847)*“TheAmericanScholar”

(“America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.LifeBorninConcordahandymaninEmerson’shouselivedaloneinWaldenPonddevotedmostofhistimetostudyandmeditationlectures美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Deceptivelycasual,likeadiaryofanaturelover.It’saspiritualbook.美國(guó)文學(xué)課件ImportanceofthoughtovermaterialcircumstanceConfidenceintheindividualTheescapefromthepoweroftimeToworkhardtobeclosetonature美國(guó)文學(xué)課件DirectforcefulsentencesConversationalintoneHumorProverbialexpressionsBrieftales,fablesandallegoriesMetaphorsPropheticvoice美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Aprosestylist,aloverofnature,aNewEnglandmystic,asocialphilosopher,aparticularkindofromantic,andathoroughtranscendentalistWalden,aclassicinAmericanliterature(nonviolencestruggleasexpressedinhis“CivilDisobedience”)美國(guó)文學(xué)課件1.Life美國(guó)文學(xué)課件Twice-ToldTales(turningpoint)TheScarletLetterTheBlithedaleRomanceMossesfromanOldManseTheHouseoftheSevenGables美國(guó)文學(xué)課件ThismovieisafaithfulrenderingofNathanielHawthorne'sclassicnovelofadultery,punishment,guilt,hypocrisy,andrevengeincolonialNewEngland.Thebookandthefilmare

anexcellentintroductiontothePuritansandtheireffectonoursociety.Hawthorne'snovel,TheScarletLetterisnoteasyreading.Thisfilmissotruetothetextthatitcanserve

asasubstituteforreadingthebookforthosechildrenwhodonothaveadequatereadingskills.Forchildrenwhoreadthenovel,themoviecanserveasareward,althoughitisquitelong.Watchingthefilmwillconfirmandextendtheirunderstandingofthestoryandtheinsightscontainedinthenovel.

TheScarletLetter(1979)

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件the1995versionstarringDemiMooreisnotrecommend.

美國(guó)文學(xué)課件TheScarletLetter1650,BostonHesterPrynneArthurDimmesdale(reverend)ChillingworthPearl美國(guó)文學(xué)課件“Thereisevilineveryhumanheart,whichmayrem