材料科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)-短句詞匯翻譯-前10課

Unit1：交叉學(xué)科interdiscipline介電常數(shù)dielectricconstant固體性質(zhì)solidmaterials熱容heatcapacity力學(xué)性質(zhì)mechanicalproperty電磁輻射electro-magneticradiation材料加工processingofmaterials彈性模量（模數(shù)）elasticcoefficient1.直到最近，科學(xué)家才終于了解材料的結(jié)構(gòu)要素與其特性之間的關(guān)系。Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.2.材料工程學(xué)主要解決材料的制造問(wèn)題和材料的應(yīng)用問(wèn)題。Materialengineeringmainlytosolvetheproblemandcreatematerialapplication.3.材料的加工過(guò)程不但決定了材料的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)決定了材料的特征和性能。Materialsprocessingprocessisnotonlytodestructureanddecidedthatthematerialcharacteristicandperformance.4.材料的力學(xué)性能與其所受外力或負(fù)荷而導(dǎo)致的形變有關(guān)。Materialmechanicalpropertieswiththeextemalforceorindedeformationoftheload.Unit2：先進(jìn)材料advancedmaterial陶瓷材料ceramicmaterial粘土礦物clayminerals高性能材料highperformancematerial合金metalalloys移植implantto玻璃纖維glassfiber碳納米管carbonnanotub1、金屬元素有許多有利電子，金屬材料的許多性質(zhì)可直接歸功于這些電子。Metallicmaterialshavelargenumbersofnonlocalizedelectrons，manypropertiesofmetalsaredirectlyattributabletotheseelectrons.2、許多聚合物材料是有機(jī)化合物，并具有大的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。Manyofpolymersareorganiccompounds,andtheyhaveverylargemolecularstructures.3、半導(dǎo)體材料的典型特征介于導(dǎo)體材料（如金屬、金屬合金）與絕緣體（陶瓷材料和聚合體材料）之間。Semiconductorshaveelectricalpropertiesthatareintermediatebetweentheelectricalconductors(viz.metalsandmetalalloys)andinsulators(viz.ceramicsandpolymers).4、生物材料不能產(chǎn)生毒性，并且不許與人體組織互相兼容。Biomaterialsmustnotproducetoxicsubstancesandmustbecompatiblewithbodytissues.Unit3：微觀結(jié)構(gòu)microstructure宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)macrostructure化學(xué)反應(yīng)chemicalreaction原子量atomic電荷平衡balancedelectricalcharge帶正電子的原子核positivelychargenucleu1、從我們呼吸的空氣到各種各樣性質(zhì)迥異的金屬，成千上完中物質(zhì)均是由100多種院子組成的。Thesesame100atomsformthousandsofdifferentsubstancesrangingfromtheairwebreathetothemetalusedtosupporttallbuildings.2、事實(shí)證明金屬原子是通過(guò)很強(qiáng)的鍵結(jié)合在一起的。Thestrengthofmetalssuggeststhattheseatomsareheldtogetherbystrongbonds.3、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)是指能夠通過(guò)顯微鏡觀察到的而不是用肉眼直接觀察到的結(jié)構(gòu)，宏觀是指可以直接用肉眼觀察到的結(jié)構(gòu)。Microstructure,whichincludesfeaturesthatcannotbeseenwiththenakedeye,butusingamicroscope.Macrostructureincludesfeaturesthatcanbeseenwiththenakedeye.4、原子核中質(zhì)子和中子的量的綜合就是原子量。Theatomicweightofanatomindicateshowmanyprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus.Unit4：相轉(zhuǎn)變溫度phasetransformationtemperatures比重specificgravity熔點(diǎn)themeltingpoint重力加速度theaccelerationofgravity磁導(dǎo)率magneticpermeability熱導(dǎo)率thermalconductivity1.化學(xué)性質(zhì)是用來(lái)描述一種物質(zhì)是怎樣變成另外一種完全不同的物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)。Physicalpropertiesarethosethatcanbeobservedwithoutchangingtheidentityofthesubstance.2.相變是一種物理性質(zhì)，并且物質(zhì)存在四種相：固相、液相、氣相和等離子體。Phaseisaphysicalpropertyofmatterandmattercanexistinfourphases:solid,liquid,gasandplasma.3.當(dāng)溫度低于熔點(diǎn)時(shí)，聚合物的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)破壞，但其分子任然連接在分子鏈上，從而形成一種柔軟和柔順性材料。Instead,atsometemperaturebelowthemeltingpoint,theystarttolosetheircrystallinestructurebutthemoleculesremainlinkedinchains,whichresultsinasoftandpliablematerial.4.在工程應(yīng)用中，滲透率通常用相對(duì)值而不是絕對(duì)值表示。Inengineeringapplications,permeabilityisoftenexpressedinrelative,ratherthaninabsolute,terms.Unit5：實(shí)驗(yàn)樣品testspecimen靜負(fù)荷staticloading作用力appliedforce垂直軸normalaxis工程應(yīng)變engineeringstrain臨界應(yīng)力criticalstress屈服強(qiáng)度yieldstrength應(yīng)力面積stressarea應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線stress-straincurve1.通常，溫度低于室溫時(shí)，金屬合金的強(qiáng)度性質(zhì)降低，而延展性、破碎韌度和拉伸性能增強(qiáng)。Temperatureaboveroomtemperatureusuallycauseadecreaseinthestrengthpropertiesofmetallicalloys.2.從材料的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，盈利是一種在材料內(nèi)部所分布的力，他可以平衡所施加的負(fù)荷并與其發(fā)生相互作用。Fromtheperspectiveofwhatishappeningwithinamaterial,stressistheinternaldistributionofforceswithinabodythatbalanceandAnalloyisamixtureoftwoormoreelementsinsolidsolutioninwhichthemajorcomponentisametal.4、不同比率的金屬結(jié)合成為合金可以改變純金屬的性質(zhì)，從而產(chǎn)生所需要的性能。Combiningdifferentratiosofmetalsasalloysmodifiesthepropertiesofpuremetalstoproduedesirablecharacteristics.Unit8：面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)face-centeredcubic渦輪入口溫度TIT核反應(yīng)堆nuclearreactor金屬材料metallicmaterial相穩(wěn)定性phasestability納米粒子的合成nanoparticlesynthesis1、典型的超耐熱合金具有奧氏體的面心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。Superalloystypicallyhaeanausteniticface-centeredcubiccrystalstructure.2、根據(jù)超耐熱合金的性質(zhì)，超耐熱合金的產(chǎn)品可以在高溫和腐蝕環(huán)境中得到應(yīng)用。Superalloysareusedwherethereisaneedforhightemperaturestrengthandcorrosion/oxidationresistance.3、超耐熱合金主要用于航天工業(yè)、潛水、核反應(yīng)堆、軍用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)等方面。Thelargestapplicationsofsuperalloysarethefollowing:artcraftandindustrialgasturbines;rocketengines;spacevehicles;submarines;nuclearreactors;militaryelectricmotorsandsoon.4、高溫下氣態(tài)的氯化鋁或氟化鋁可以從超耐熱合金內(nèi)部轉(zhuǎn)移到表面。Unit9：保護(hù)膜protectivefilm自由電子freeelectrons金屬離子metalcations電路circuit電子轉(zhuǎn)移electrontransfer正極反應(yīng)anodicreaction金和銀這類金屬在自然界中是以金屬狀態(tài)存在的，在環(huán)境中它們不容易被腐蝕。Goldandsilvercanbefoundintheearthintheirnatural,metallicstate,andtheyhavelittletendencytocorrode.氧化過(guò)程中從金屬中奪取電子，而還原過(guò)程中金屬得電子。Oxidationistheprocessofstrippingelectronsfromanatomandreductionoccurswhenanelectronisaddedtoanatom.當(dāng)金屬表面處于濕潤(rùn)狀態(tài)之后，在表面上的水層中會(huì)發(fā)生正負(fù)極之間的粒子轉(zhuǎn)移，這就是腐蝕。Ifthesurfacebecomeswet,corrosionmaytakeplacethroughionicexchangeinthesurfacewaterlayerbetweentheanodeandcathode.通常情況下腐蝕的種類是根據(jù)被腐蝕后金屬的外觀來(lái)進(jìn)行劃分的。Corrosioniscommonlyclassifiedbasedontheappearanceofthecorrodedmaterial.Unit10:玻璃轉(zhuǎn)變溫度glasstransitiontemperature應(yīng)力分布stressdistribution玻璃光纖glassopticalfiber固體氧化物燃料電池solidoxidefuelcell離子共價(jià)鍵ionic-covalentbonding熱膨脹系數(shù)coefficientofthermalexpansion材料科學(xué)與工程materialscienceandengineering電子顯微鏡electronmicrosc