第12講-英語基本句式 2022年初高中英語無縫銜接講義20講+精練（原卷版）

優(yōu)點英語英語基本句式英語句型按功能分，可以分為：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句；若按結(jié)構(gòu)分，可以分為：簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。按功能分：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句一、陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法陳述句:陳述句是用來陳述一個事實或表達說話人看法(包括肯定和否定)的句子。通常用降調(diào)，句末用句號“.”。Tomhasanewcar.Theflowerisn'tbeautiful.陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成(1)如果肯定陳述句的謂語部分含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或連系動詞be，則只需在這些動詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。Heisplayingtheguitar.(肯定)他在彈吉他。Heisnotplayingtheguitar.(否定)他不在彈吉他。Wecangettherebeforedark(肯定)我們能在天黑前到那兒。Wecan'tgettheebeforedark(否定)我們不能在天黑前到那兒。(2)如果陳述句的謂語動詞是實義動詞，而其中又沒有情態(tài)動詞或助動詞時，則需根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)在該實義動詞前加don’t.doesn’t或didn’t。同時把該實義動詞變?yōu)樵?。Heplaystheviolinwell.(肯定)他拉小提琴拉得好。Hedoesn'tplaytheviolinwell(否定)他拉小提請不算好。Shewonthegame.(肯定)她贏了比賽。Shedidn'twinthegame.(否定)她輸了比賽。如果句子是therebe結(jié)構(gòu)或謂語動詞是have(有)，除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要變?yōu)閍ny。如:Thereissomewaterinthecup.→Thereisnotanywaterinthecup·Hehassomebooks.→Hehasnotanybooks.除not以外，否定詞no,never,nothing,nobody,few等也可構(gòu)成否定句。如:Thereissomethingwrongwithhisbike.→Thereisnothingwrongwithhisbike·Ihaveseenthefilm.→Ihaveneverseenthefilm.二、祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法祈使句是用來表示命令、請求、建議、號召等的句子，謂語動詞用原形，句末用感嘆號“!”或句號“.”。朗讀時一般用降調(diào)。1.肯定的祈使句:(1)祈使句主語是you時，you常省略，但如果要特別強調(diào)對方或表達某種強烈的情緒時可以有主語或稱呼語。Bequiet.Youbequiet!“Do+祈使句”表示一種強烈的感情或請求，do起強調(diào)作用。Docomebackatonce!Dobecareful.(3)please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語氣，但please用在句末時，必須用逗號與其余部分分開。Openthewindow,please.(4)let引導(dǎo)祈使句時，后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語，人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱?！etJackwaitaminute.讓Jack等一下。"Let'sgotoschool.我們?nèi)ド蠈W(xué)吧。(5)在祈使句中，Let’s和Letus是有區(qū)別的。Let’s包括說話者和聽話者，而Letus不包括聽話者在內(nèi)。這點從反意疑問句時可明顯看出。Let'sgoskating,shallwe?(表示內(nèi)部的建議)我們一起去滑冰吧!Letustryagain,willyou?(表示向別人發(fā)出請求)讓我們再試一次吧，好嗎?2.否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never開頭。其結(jié)構(gòu)通常是:“Don’t(Never)+動詞原形+其他成分”。如:Don'tdothatagain!Neverleavetoday'sworkfortomorrow!Don'tbelatenexttime!三、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法1.一般疑問句:(1)一般疑問句的肯定形式一般疑問句一般是指以助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be動詞或have(有)開始，通常要求以yes，或no來回答的疑問句，一般疑問句讀時通常用升調(diào)。DoyouknowMr.Smith?Canyouswim?(2)一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)①在一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，把副詞not放在一般疑問句的主語之后。但如果用not的簡略形式-n’t，則須將-n’t與一般疑問句句首的be，have，助動詞或情態(tài)動詞寫在一起。在實際運用中，一般都采用簡略式。Areyounotafootballfan?Aren'tyouafootballfan?.Willshenotlikeit?Won'tshelikeit?②與漢語不同的是，英語一般疑問句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語是否定還是肯定，全由答語的否定或肯定來決定。若答語是肯定的，則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu);若答語是否定的，則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。--Aren'tyouafootballfan?--Yes,Iam./--No,Iamnot.--Won'tshelikeit?--Yes,shewill./-No,shewon’t.2.特殊疑問句:特殊疑問句由“疑問代詞或疑問副詞+一般疑問句”構(gòu)成，句子一般用倒裝語序，但如果主語是疑問代詞或由疑問代詞修飾時，用陳述句的語序。特殊疑問句不能用yes或no回答，讀時用降調(diào)。如:Whoisondutytoday?HowlonghaveyoubeeninBeijing?Whattimedoyougetupeverymorning?WhatmustIdonow?常用的特殊疑問句:詢問職業(yè)、身份:--Whatisyourfather?--Heisadoctor.詢問姓名或關(guān)系:--Whoisthatboy?--HeisJack.詢問相貌特征:--Whatisshelike?/Whatdoesshelooklike?--Sheistall.詢問目的:--Whatdidtheycomeherefor?--Toattendameeting.詢問原因:--Whydidtheycomehere?--Becausetheyhaveameetingtoattend.詢問天氣:--Howistheweathertoday?/Whatistheweatherliketoday?--It’sfine.詢問顏色:--Whatdolorisherskirt?-It'sred.詢問尺寸:--Whatsizedoeshewear?--Hewears40.詢問幾點:--Whattimeisit?--It's7:30.詢問星期幾:--Whatdayistoday?--It'sTuesday.詢問日期:--Whatisthedatetoday?--It'sMay2nd.詢問持續(xù)多長時間:--Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?--Forfivemonths.詢問長度:--Howlongisthebridge?--Its500metres.詢問距離(多遠):--Howfarisitfromheretothezoo?--Its6kilometers.詢問頻度(多經(jīng)常):--Howoftendoyoucomeback?--Onceaweek.詢問時間經(jīng)過(多快):--Howsoonwillshearrive?--Inanweek.詢問數(shù)量:--Howmanyjacketsdoyouhave?--Three.詢問價格:--Howmuchisit?/Howmuchdoesitcost?--Fivedollars.詢問高度:--Howtallisshe?/Howhighisthetower?--She’s1.73metres.It’s450metres.3.選擇疑問句:選擇疑問句是說話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情況，讓對方選擇回答的疑問句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問句+選擇部分”。選擇部分由or連接，or前面的部分讀升調(diào)，or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。選擇疑問句不能用ves或no回答，而必須具體的選擇答復(fù)。Isyourbagyelloworblack?It’sblack.Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?Eitherwilldo--Whichdoyoulikebetter,singingordancing?--Ilikedancingbetter4.反意疑問句:反意疑問句是指在陳述句之后附加一個意思與之相反的簡短問句，問對方是否整同的錯問句。附加問句的否定式必須縮寫?？隙ǖ年愂鼍浜蟾穸ǖ母郊訂柧洌穸ǖ年愂鼍浜蟾隙ǖ母郊訂柧?。Iamyourteacher,aren'tI?·Hedidn’tstudyhard,didhe?(7)如果陳述句中含有否定詞never(從不，決不)。hardly(幾乎不)，否定不定代詞或形容詞，如nothing，none，noone，nobody，neither，few，little等，則附加問句只能用肯定式。如:.Theyhardlywritetoeachother.dothey?Hehasfoundnothing,hashe?.Fewpeopleknewthesecret,didthey?(3)當(dāng)反意疑問句是“否定陳述句+肯定附加問句”時，英語與漢語的回答習(xí)慣存在差異，英語回答時只看實際情況，若答語的具體內(nèi)容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”，答語的具體內(nèi)容是否定的就用“No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”，而譯成漢語時，則必須把yes譯“不是”，把no譯成“是的”。----Youwon’tbeawayforlong,willyou?---Yes,Iwill/---No,Iwon’t.---Idon’tthinkshe'llcomebybike,willshe?--Yes,shewill/---Noshewon't.四、由what.how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別感嘆句是表示喜、怒、哀、樂以及驚異等感情的句子。句末用感嘆號“!”，讀時用降調(diào)，感嘆句往往由what或how引導(dǎo)，what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞，副詞或動詞。1.what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:(1)What+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語).Whatabeautifulcityitis!Whataninterestingstoryshetold!What+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)Whatexpensivewatchestheyare!.Whatterribleweatheritis!2.how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:(1)How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)·Howcolditis!Howhardheworks!How+陳述句(主語+謂語).Howheloveshisson!·HowImissyou!How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句(主語+謂語)Howtallatreeitis!這個樹多高啊!(4)上述兩種感嘆句可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。如:Whatacleverboyheis!Howclevertheboyis!.Whatacolddayitis!→Howcolditis!句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分類:簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句簡單句 簡單句就是由一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或 并列謂語)即一套句子主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。并列句，含有兩個或更多的相互并列的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫做并列各分句靠連詞和逗號、分號來連接，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:(1)分句+并列連詞+分句;(2)分句+分號+分句。復(fù)合句 復(fù)合句又稱主從復(fù)合句，由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成，主句為句子的主體，從句不能獨立，只能做句子的一個成分。如:HelikesEnglishandhatesPE.(簡單句)ThisisthefirsttimeshehascometoChinaandshelikeshere.(并列句)WhenDavidwaswaitingforthebus,hesawalittleboycrossingthestreetalone.(復(fù)合句)一、簡單句的五種基本句型1.S+V→主語+謂語(不及物動詞)，后可跟狀語Thebus stoppedsuddenly. SViTom hasn'tarrivedyet. SVi【注意】有些動詞可用作及物和不及物動詞，用作不及物動詞時與副詞連用，表達主語的特性，常帶有被動色彩。如:Hernewbooksellswell.(sell的主動形式表達“被賣”)Proteindigestsslowly.(digest的主動形式表達“被消化”)Yournewpenwritessmoothly.(write的主動形式表達“被用來寫”)2.S+V+P→主語+系動詞+表語，后可跟狀語連系動詞主要有:be(am/is/are),look,sound,smell,taste,feel;stay/keep,seem,appearturn/get/become/grow。表語可以是名詞，形容詞，動詞不定式，V-ing形式，V-cd形式，介詞短語或句子等)。Theskirt looksbeautiful. SVPMydreamistobeateacher.SVP【注意】(1)常用于表達處于某種狀態(tài)的系動詞有beseem,look,appear,feel,sound,smell,taste等。Helookspaleandhemustfallill.---Letsplayfootball./--Soundsgreat(2達“變得”“被證明”的系動詞有become,get,turn,grow,prove,come等。Itgotcolderwhennightcame.Hisdreamcametrue.Herstoryprovedtrue.只肉體或精神上由強變?nèi)?，或者指物由好變壞，用如gobad/deaf/madThemeatwentbad.Theradiohasgongwronggo和turn還可用于指人或物顏色的變化。如:Heturned/wentbluewithcold.他凍得臉色發(fā)青了。(5)turn后可以加年齡或時間，表示達到或超過某個時間或年齡。Heturned50lastSunday.It'stunedmidnight.*說明:turn還可指變成“什么樣的人”這時候，做表語的名詞前一定不加冠詞。Herparentswanthertoturndoctor=Herparentswanthertobecomeadoctor.(6)常用keep，remain，stay,continue表示“保持”某種狀態(tài)Tomkeptsilentabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.Tom對這次事故保持沉默，以免丟了工作。*Georgeremainedafarmerwhilehisbrotherwenttothecity.Thecornershopstaysopenuntil11:30insummer3.S+V+O→主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語:謂語動詞一般為及物動詞，部分不及物動詞后面跟介詞后，也可接賓語。Ilike English. S V DO She likes watchingTV. S V DO She wantstogoshopping. S V DO Tom getstoschoolat6:00am. S V DO Jim ismaking akite. S V DO S+V+IO+DO→主語+謂語(雙賓動詞)+間接賓語+直接賓語。雙賓語中指人的稱為“間接賓語”，指物的稱為“直接賓語”。接雙賓語的動詞有buy，give，show，tell，teach,offer等。一般直接賓語(DO)為物(不能用人稱代詞代替)，間接賓語(IO)為人。以give，lend，tell，send，show，pass為代表的動詞可將間接賓語改為to引導(dǎo)的短語。(to表示“方向”，側(cè)重動作的方向)如:Shegavemeapen.SVIODOSheboughthimabook.SVIODO*說明:此句型可轉(zhuǎn)換為S+V+DO+tofor+IO結(jié)構(gòu)，如上述兩句可分別改為:*Shegaveapenme.Sheboughtabookhim.(2)以buy，make，sing，cook，get為代表的動詞可將間接賓語改為由for引導(dǎo)的短語。(for表示“為了…”，側(cè)重動作的受益者。)Motherboughtmeanewpairofshoes.=Motherboughtanewpairofshoesforme.Hecookedusadeliciousmeal.=Hecookedadeliciousmealforus.5.S+V+O+OC→主語+謂語+復(fù)合賓語。賓語和賓語補足語稱為復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補足語的主要有adj./n./todo/adv./prep.和分詞，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后原來的賓語變成主語，賓語補足語也變成主語補足語。如:IfindEnglish [easy].SVOOCTheykeeptheireyes[closed]. SVOOCSheaskedme[togoshopping].SVOOCShemakesme[laugh].SVOOCIwishyou[agoodholiday].SVOOCIcanhearTom[singinganEnglishsong]SVOOC(1)感官動詞和使役動詞后作賓補的不定式變被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)補出to。如:Heoftenmadehissistercrybuttodayhewasmadetocrybyhissister.(2)當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語的賓補是從句，不定式或動名詞短語時，應(yīng)用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放在賓補之后。如:Hemadeitaruletogojoggingeverymorning.Hefounditimpossibleforhimtofinishthetaskaheadoftime.檢測訓(xùn)練基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)一、單項選擇1．Workhard,________youwillsucceedsoonerorlater.A．a(chǎn)nd B．but C．a(chǎn)lso D．or2．Emily,youareplayingvideogamesagain!Studyhard,________youwillfailinthecomingexam.A．then B．so C．a(chǎn)nd D．or3．OnMayDay,Kellyhelpedhermotheralotwithhousework._________workshehasdone!A．Whatahard B．Whathard C．Howahard D．Howhard4．—Let’sgoandplayfootball,________?—That’swonderful.A．willyou B．doyou C．won’twe D．shallwe5．—I’dliketofindsomeinformationaboutHainanIsland.Wouldyoupleaseteachme________tosurftheInternet?—Withpleasure.A．what B．when C．how D．where6．Putonyourcoat,________youwillcatchacold.A．so B．but C．a(chǎn)nd D．or7．________theboyistolearntotalk!A．Howslow B．Howslowly C．Whataslow D．Whataslowly8．________isthepopulationofHenan?A．Howmuch B．How C．What D．Howabout9．Idon'tthinkhewillcometonight,________A．won'the B．willhe C．doeshe D．doesn'the10．Thereisnowateroraironthemoon,________?A．isthere B．isn'tthere C．isit D．isn'tit11．________longthebridgeis!Letmedriveyouoverit.A．What B．Whata C．How D．Howa12．—Areyougoingtoborrowadictionaryoramagazine?—_________.A．Yes,adictionary B．No,amagazine C．Adictionary D．Yes,both13．—________isitfromtheChildren'sPalacetotheRailwayStation,Tom?—About10minutes'ridebybus.A．Howsoon B．Howlong C．Howfar D．Howmuch14．—Johnisn’tafootballcoach,ishe?—__________.A．No,buthewas B．Yes,heisn’t C．Yes,hewasn’t D．No,heis15．Idon'tthinkhewillcomeontime,_______?A．doI B．don'tI C．doesn'the D．willhe16．---Janewasn’tinwhenJackcame,wasshe?---,butshereturnedafewminuteslater.A．No,shewas B．No,shewasn’tC．Yes,shewas D．Yes,shewasn’t.17．—___haveyoubeeninBeijing?—Forfiveyears.A．Howmany B．Howsoon C．Howlong二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換18．Mr.BlackhasbeeninChinaforsixyears.（對劃線部分提問）____________hasMr.BlackbeeninChina?19．Bothofusdothedisheseveryday.（改為否定句）____________usdoesthedisheseveryday.20．Jackhasalreadyfinishedreadingthebook.（改為否定句）Jack________________readingthebookyet.21．JennyreadherfirstChinesebookonhersixthbirthday.（畫線部分提問）________________JennyreadherfirstChinesebook?22．Iaminterestedinwriting.(改為否定句)I________________interestedinwriting.23．HisgrandparentsliveinShanghai.(對劃線部分提問)________________hisgrandparentslive?24．Therearesomeapplesinthebasket.(改為否定句)There____________________applesinthebasket.25．WewillturnoffthelightsforanhouronEarthDay.(對劃線部分提問)____________________youturnoffthelightsforanhour?26．ShehasboughtanewTVforhermother.(變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧?_________she________anewTVforhermother?三、完成句子27．你當(dāng)時沒有想到你兒子也許知道這個秘密了嗎？Didn’tit__________________toyouthatyoursonmightbe__________________ofthesecret？28．不要擔(dān)心，他會準(zhǔn)時到達這里。(完成譯句)____________________.Hewillarrivehereontime.29．不要熬夜，否則你會在課上打瞌睡Don’t__________________,oryouwillfeelsleepyinclass.30．當(dāng)你閱讀時，不要查閱每個生詞。（look）

Don't__________________everywordyoudon'tknowwhileyouarereading.能力提升Text1（2022·河北·邢臺市第二中學(xué)高一開學(xué)考試）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。MyhusbandandIwerewatering____1____(flower)intheyardwhenanoldmanpassingby____2____(stop)totalkwithus.HeaskedustoguesshisageandIthoughthewas75yearsold.However,thatwas____3____(obvious)wrong.Hewasactually94!Hesaidhecouldn’tfindpeopletotalkto.Iinvitedhimtositonourbench.Iaskedhim____4____wasthesecrettohislongevity(長壽).Hetoldmethathehadbeenarichlawyerbeforeretirementbuthewanteda____5____(peace)mind.Thensomeoneadvisedhimthatheshouldtrytohelpotherstohavepeaceofmind.Then,thenewfriendmadea____6____(contribute)tocharity.Hegaveawayallhispension(退休金).Hesaidhelivedwithhissonanddidn’tneedthemoney.Heenjoyed____7____(talk)andacceptedmyofferofsomedesserts(甜點).Afterafewminutes,thedessertsforhisson____8____(pack)tooandhegavemeasilkscarfas____9____gift.Iamgratefulforthischance,whichmakesmeknowthatifyouwantpeaceofmind,dobehelpfultoothers.Thischancealsoremindedme_____10_____avaluableidea:Topracticepeace!Test2（2022·黑龍江·雙鴨山一中高一開學(xué)考試）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。AnAmericangamethathastraveledwellisbasketball.____11____isnowplayedbymorethan250millionpeopleworldwideinan____12____(organize)way,aswellasbycountlessothersininformalgames.Basketballbeganin1891,whenaminister,____13____(call)JamesNaismith,wasaskedtoteachaclassofyoungmeninSpringfield,Massachusetts.Theclasswasknown____14____beingdifficulttoteachandNaismithwastoldtoinventanewgame____15____(keep)theyoungmenbusy.Thenitwaswinterandverycoldoutside.Itneededtobeagamethatcouldbeplayedindoors.Naismith____16____(think)backtohischildhoodinCanadawhereheandhisfriendshadplayedagamewhichhadinvolved(需要)tryingtohit____17____bigstoneoffarockwithsmallerstones.Healsoremembered____18____(watch)rugbyplayersthrowaballintoaboxorfruitbasket____19____hadbeenraisedup.Naismithmadeupthe_____20_____(rule)forthegameinlessthananhour.Mostofthemstillapplyinsomeformtoday.Test3（2022·黑龍江·哈師大附中高一開學(xué)考試）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。China'sonlinefooddeliveryplatformEle.mehascarriedoutanewserviceofpickingupgarbagefromitsusersinShanghai____21____July2019.Theservicecomesafter____22____recently-releasedregulationonwastemanagementinShanghai.Individuals____23____throwawaytheirgarbagewithoutsortingitcanbefinedupto200yuan,whilecompaniesand____24____(organize)canfacefinesupto5,000yuan.Thetrashtakingservicerequiresresidentstosort____25____(they)owngarbagebeforeit____26____(pick)upbyworkersfromEle.me,whowillensurethewasteisdisposedofinthecorrectgarbagebins.It'sobviousthatthisserviceis____27____(convenience)totheold,especiallytothedisabled