英語(yǔ)四級(jí)翻譯新題型考試題庫(kù)含答案解析版全套

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)翻譯新題型考試題庫(kù)含答案解析版全套1.絲綢之路(theSilkRoad)是歷史上連接中國(guó)和地中海的一條重要貿(mào)易路線。因?yàn)檫@條路上的絲綢貿(mào)易占絕大部分，所以在1877年它被德國(guó)的一位地理學(xué)家命名為“絲綢之路”。這條古道從長(zhǎng)安開(kāi)始，經(jīng)過(guò)河西走廊(theHexiCorridor),到達(dá)敦煌后分成三條：南部路線，中部路線和北部路線。這三條路遍布新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)(XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion)，然后擴(kuò)展到巴基斯坦(Pakistan)，印度，甚至羅馬。TheSilkRoadisahistoricallyimportantinternationaltraderoutebetweenChinaandtheMediterranean.Becausesilkcomprisedalargeproportionoftradealongthisroad,in1877,itwasnamedtheSilkRoadbyaneminentGermangeographer.ThisancientroadbeginsatChang’an,thenbywayoftheHexiCorridor，anditreachesDunhuang,whereitdividesintothree,theSouthernRoute，CentralRouteandNorth?ernRoute.ThethreeroutesspreadallovertheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,andthentheyextendasfarasPakistan,IndiaandevenRome.2.—個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的四合院通常由一個(gè)位于中心的院子和四側(cè)房屋構(gòu)成。門(mén)通常漆成紅色，并有大的銅門(mén)環(huán)。通常情況下，全家人住在大院。北端的正房由長(zhǎng)輩居住,年輕_代生活在兩側(cè)的房子,朝南的房子里,通常是家庭客廳或書(shū)房。Astandardsiheyuanusuallyconsistsofhousesonitsfoursideswithayardinthecenter.Thegatesareusuallypaintedredandhavelargecopperdoorrings.Usually，awholefamilylivesincompound.Theeldergenerationlivesinthemainhousestandingatthenorthend,theyoungergenerationsliveinthesidehouses,andthesouthhouseisusuallythefamilysittingroomorstudy.3.秦始皇陵墓(theMausoleumoftheEmperorQinShihuang)坐落在陜西省西安市臨潼區(qū)以東5公里的驪山北部，是中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)皇帝的最終休眠之地。它于公元前246年開(kāi)始建造,工程持續(xù)了38年。它占地面積56.25平方公里，是中國(guó)歷史上最大的陵墓。TheMausoleumoftheEmperorQinShihuang,locatedatthenorthernfootoftheLishanMountainfivekilometerseastofLintongDistrict,Xi’anCity,ShanxiProvince,isthefinalrestingplaceofthefirstemperorinthehistoryofChina.Itsconstructionlastedfor38years,commencingin246BC.Withanareaof56.25squarekilometers,it’sthelargestmausoleuminChina’shistory.4.景德鎮(zhèn)，中國(guó)瓷都(ceramicmetropolis)，是世界瓷器藝術(shù)花園的耀眼明珠。它位于長(zhǎng)江南部，是江南一個(gè)有活力的城鎮(zhèn)。它制造瓷器(porcelain)的歷史已經(jīng)有1700多年，已經(jīng)形成了豐富的瓷器文化。稀有的瓷器文物，一流的瓷器工藝，瓷樂(lè)器的優(yōu)雅表演，以及優(yōu)美的田園風(fēng)光組成了景德鎮(zhèn)特別的旅游文化，而且讓景德鎮(zhèn)成為中國(guó)唯一一個(gè)以瓷器旅游文化為特色的旅游城市。Jingdezhenknownastheceramicmetropolisofchinaisabrilliantpearlintheworld’sartgardenofceramics.ItislocatedonthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverasapowerfultTownonthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Ithasaporcelainmakinghistoryofover1700years，whichhasbeencrystallizedintoitsrichculturaltraditionofceramics.Rareceramicrel?ics,superbceramiccraftsmanship，uniqueceramiccustoms,gracefulperform?anceofceramicmusicalinstrumentsandbeautifulruralscenerymakeupthepeculiartouristcultureofJingdezhenandhencemakeJingdezhentheonlyChinesetouristcityfeaturingceramicculture.5.說(shuō)到筷子(chopsticks)的起源，中國(guó)是世界上第一個(gè)使用筷子的國(guó)家，用筷子吃飯已經(jīng)有至少3000年的歷史了?？曜涌雌饋?lái)很簡(jiǎn)單，只有兩根小細(xì)棒，但它有很多功能，比如挑選，移動(dòng)，夾，攪拌或者挖。此外，它便于使用，價(jià)格便宜。而且筷子也是世界上獨(dú)有的餐具(tableware)。使用複子的人，無(wú)論是中國(guó)人還是外國(guó)人，都無(wú)不欽佩筷子的發(fā)明者。Astheoriginofchopsticks,Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldtousechopsticksandhasahistoryofatleast3,000yearstohavemealswithchopsticks.Chopsticksseemsquitesimplewithonlytwosmallandthinsticks,butitisinpossessionofmanyfunctions,suchaspicking,moving,nipping,mixinganddigging;moreover，itisconvenientforuseandcheapinprice.Besides,chopsticksarealsouniquetablewareintheworld.Anyoneusingchopsticks，nomatterChineseorforeigners,wouldwithoutexceptionadmiretheinventorofchopsticks.6.2008全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退導(dǎo)致中國(guó)的新畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)顯著下降。2009年畢業(yè)的學(xué)生將加入到2008年畢業(yè)仍在找工作的300萬(wàn)學(xué)生之中。畢業(yè)生過(guò)剩(glut)也可以歸因于大學(xué)入學(xué)率的提高和教育機(jī)構(gòu)的增加。雖然大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)增加了，但是他們的質(zhì)量并沒(méi)有明顯地提高。在大多數(shù)情況下，畢業(yè)生無(wú)法在2008年找到合適的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)是因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有行業(yè)所需的技能。The2008globalrecessionresultedinasignificantdropinthejobmarketforChina’snewgraduates.Studentsgraduatingin2009willjoinaroundthreemillionstudentswhograduatedin2008andarestillseekingjobopportunities.Thegraduateglutcanalsobeattributedtoariseinthenumberofcollegeenrollmentsandeducationalinstitutions.Althoughthenumberofcollegestudentshasincreased,therehasnotbeenanysignificantimprovementintheirquality.Inmostcases,graduateswereunabletofindsuitableemploymentin2008becausetheydidnothavetheskillsrequiredbytheindustry.7.對(duì)于世界上很多國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，中國(guó)正迅速成為他們最重要的雙邊(bilateral)貿(mào)易伙伴。然而，中國(guó)和世界其他國(guó)家之間貿(mào)易不平衡的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引發(fā)了關(guān)注。尤其是美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)的貿(mào)易赤字是最大的，達(dá)到了3150億美元，這個(gè)數(shù)字是十年前的三倍還多。貿(mào)易糾紛(tradedispute)也越來(lái)越多，主要是關(guān)于傾銷(xiāo)(dumping)、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和人民幣的估價(jià)。Formanycountriesaroundtheworld,Chinaisrapidlybecomingtheirmostimportantbilateraltradepartner.However，therehavebeenconcernsoverlargetradeimbalancesbetweenChinaandtherestoftheworld.TheUSinparticularhasthelargesttradedeficitintheworldwithChinaat$315billion,morethanthreetimeswhatitwasadecadeago.Therehavealsobeenagrowingnumberoftradedisputesbroughtagainst,mainlyfordumping,intellectualpropertyandthevaluationoftheyuan.8.中國(guó)人民依法享受超過(guò)115天的假期，其中包括104天的周末和11天的節(jié)假日。中國(guó)一年中有7個(gè)法定假日，包括元旦(NewYear’sDay),春節(jié)（SpringFestival),清明節(jié)（QingmingFestival),五一勞動(dòng)節(jié)(MayDay)，端午節(jié)(DragonBoatFestival),中秋節(jié)(Mid-AutumnDay)和國(guó)慶節(jié)(NationalDay)。員工有5至15天的帶薪年假。學(xué)生和老師有大約三個(gè)月的寒暑假。在中國(guó)，暑假_般約在7月1日開(kāi)始，8月31日左右結(jié)束，寒假是根據(jù)春節(jié)的日期，通常是在1月或2月。?Chinesepeoplelegallyenjoyover115daysoffincluding104daysofweekendsand11daysoffestivals.Chinahassevenlegalholidaysinayear，includingNewYear’sDay,SpringFestival,QingmingFestival,MayDay,DragonBoatFestival,Mid-AutumnDayandNationalDay.Employeeshave5to15daysofpaidannualleave.Studentsandteachershavesummerandwintervacationsforaboutthreemonths.ThesummervacationinChinagenerallystartsaroundJuly1standendsaroundAugust31st，andthewintervacationusuallyfallsonJanuaryorFebruaryaccordingtothedateoftheSpringFestival.9.中國(guó)扇子的歷史可以追溯到3000多年前的商朝(theShangDynasty)。第一種扇子叫作“扇汗”（Shanhan),是拴在馬車(chē)上用來(lái)?yè)踝?qiáng)烈的陽(yáng)光，給乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有點(diǎn)像現(xiàn)在的雨傘。后來(lái)“扇汗”變成了由薄但是結(jié)實(shí)的絲綢或者鳥(niǎo)的羽毛做成的長(zhǎng)柄扇，稱(chēng)為中山扇（Zhangshanfan),它主要用于皇帝的儀仗(honourguard)裝飾。ThehistoryofChinesefancanbedatedtoover3,000yearsago，aroundtheShangDynasty.Thefirsttypeoffan,knownasShanhan,wastiedtoahorse-drawncarriagetoshutoutthestrongsunshineandshelterthepassengersfromtherainfall.TheShanhanwasabitliketoday’sumbrella.LaterthisShanhanbecamealong-handledfanmadeofthinandtoughsilkorbirds5feathers,calledaZhangshanfan,whichwasmainlyusedbytheemperor’shonourguardasdecoration.10.中國(guó)是茶的故鄉(xiāng)。據(jù)說(shuō)早在五六千年前，中國(guó)就有了茶樹(shù)(tea-shrub),而且有關(guān)茶樹(shù)的人類(lèi)文明可以追溯到兩千年前。來(lái)自中國(guó)的茶和絲綢、瓷器(porcelain)—樣，在1000年前為世界所知，而且一直是中國(guó)重要的出口產(chǎn)品。目前世界上40多個(gè)國(guó)家種植茶，其中亞洲國(guó)家的產(chǎn)量占世界總產(chǎn)量的90%。其他國(guó)家的茶樹(shù)都直接或間接地起源于中國(guó)。Chinaisthehomelandoftea.ItisbelievedthatChinahastea-shrubsasearlyasfivetosixthousandyearsago，andhumancultivationofteaplantscandatebacktwothousandyears.TeafromChina，alongwithhersilkandporcelain,begantobeknowntheworldovermorethanathousandyearsagoandhassincealwaysbeenanimportantChineseexport.AtpresentmorethanfortycountriesintheworldgrowteawithAsiancountriesproducing90%oftheworld’stotaloutput.AllteatreesinothercountrieshavetheirorigindirectlyorindirectlyinChina.11.信用卡(creditcard)是銀行所創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的最便捷同時(shí)也是最危險(xiǎn)的信用工具。通過(guò)信用卡，人們可以先用銀行付賬的方式購(gòu)買(mǎi)那些負(fù)擔(dān)不起的物品，同時(shí)，銀行也將對(duì)此征收比_般貸款要高的利率(interestrate)。遺憾的是，信用卡現(xiàn)巳成為資本主義體制(capitalistsystem)的重要組成部分，而該體制就得依賴消費(fèi)(consumption)的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。?

Creditcardsareoneofthemostconvenientdevicesevercreatedbythebankingsystembut,atthesametime,oneofthemostdanger?ous.Theyallowpeopletobuythingsthey，otherwise,couldn’tafford，withmoneycreatedbythebanksand,chargedoutatmuchhigherinterestratesthannormalloans.Unfortunately,creditcardshavebecomeanes?sentialpartofthecapitalistsystemwhichonlysurvivesonthecontinuedgrowthinconsumption.12.都江堰中興鎮(zhèn)發(fā)生山體滑坡(landslide)——這是2008年四川地震時(shí)受災(zāi)最嚴(yán)重的地方。山體滑坡覆蓋了大約兩平方公里，摧毀了至少11所房子。到目前為止，已有200多名居民被疏散。山體滑坡幾個(gè)小時(shí)后，巡邏隊(duì)員到達(dá)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)時(shí)，一切都已經(jīng)是一片汪洋。目擊者描述石頭和殘骸（debris)從山上滾下來(lái)，不到三分鐘就把八座房屋吞沒(méi)了。ThelandslideoccurredinthetownofZhongxingisDujiangyan—oneoftheplacesbadlyhitbythe2008Sichuanearthquake.Thelandslide,whichcoveredabout2sqkm,damagedatleast11homes.Sofarmorethan200residentshavebeenevacuated.Bythetimepatrolmembersarrivedatthescene,afewhoursafterthelandslide，everythingwasalreadyavastexpanseofwater.Eyewitnessesdescribedstonesanddebrisrunningdownthehillandcoveringaroundeighthomesinlessthanthreeminutes.13.國(guó)家體育總局(theGeneralAdministrationofSport)在一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，自2010年以來(lái)，20-39歲的中國(guó)人體重增加更多——1.9千克。這個(gè)年齡段中超過(guò)11%的人屬于肥胖，這在三年的時(shí)間里就上漲了兩個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。China’syoungadultsaregainingmoreweightandexercisinglessthantheirelders.Chinesefromages20to39haveputonmorekilograms—1.9kg——thanotheradultssince2010，theGeneralAdministrationofSportfoundinasurvey.Morethan11%fromtheagegroupwereobese,uptwopercentagepointsinonlythreeyears.14.星期四這天，圍觀者們聚集在一起觀看暴風(fēng)的時(shí)候，臺(tái)風(fēng)“潭美”（TyphoonTrami)引發(fā)的60英尺高的海水，在海寧市附近的海岸突然落下。當(dāng)時(shí)并沒(méi)有立刻弄清楚人們傷勢(shì)有多嚴(yán)重，也沒(méi)有任何死亡的報(bào)告。這場(chǎng)臺(tái)風(fēng)是由于浙江省東部的暴雨和時(shí)速80英里的風(fēng)引起的，它迫使40萬(wàn)人離開(kāi)家園，造成了數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元的損失。The60-footwallofwater—triggeredbyTyphoonTrami—crashedontheshorenearthecityofHaining，whereonlookersgatheredtowatchthestormonThursday.Itwasnotimmediatelyclearhowbadthepeoplewereinjured.Therewerenoreportsofanydeaths.Thetyphoon—whichcausedheavyrainand80-mphwindsalongtheeasternZhejiangProvince—forcedover400,000peopletobeevacuatedfromtheirhomesandcausedmillionsofdollarsofdamage.15.秧歌是農(nóng)歷正月的主要的民族花市形式。在這種活動(dòng)中，兩人都盛裝打扮，輪流唱歌跳舞，其他人作為唱歌和跳舞的搭檔。鑼(gong)鼓按照節(jié)奏敲打;嗩吶（suona)或其他傳統(tǒng)的弦樂(lè)器、木管樂(lè)器作為背景音樂(lè)。Yangge,whichisoneofthemainformsoffolkflowerfairactionsinthefirstmonthofthelunaryear.Inthisactivity,twopeoplearedressedup,singinganddancinginantiphonalstyle,othersactassinginganddancingpartners.Thegonganddrumarebeateninrhythm;?suonaorothertraditionalstringedandwoodwindinstrumentsaredubbedinbackgroundmusic.16.根據(jù)全國(guó)老齡工作委員會(huì)(theChinaNationalCommitteeOnAging)的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)看，到2053年，中國(guó)60歲及以上的老人數(shù)量預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)從目前的1.85億一躍變?yōu)?.87億，或者說(shuō)是占總?cè)丝诘?5%。擴(kuò)張的比例是由于壽命的增加和計(jì)劃生育政策(familyplanningpolicies)限制大部分城市家庭只生一個(gè)孩子?？焖倮淆g化對(duì)社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定造成了嚴(yán)重威脅。17.自從1978年經(jīng)濟(jì)改革以來(lái)，中國(guó)已經(jīng)完成了從中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)(centrallyplannedeconomy)向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)(marketbasedeconomy)的轉(zhuǎn)變。超過(guò)6億人已經(jīng)脫離了貧困，但是仍然有超過(guò)1.7億人生活在國(guó)際貧困線以下天少于1.25美元。2012年，中國(guó)的人均GDP為12405.67美元，這是30年前的37倍。到2018年，中國(guó)的人均GDP將從世界第90位上升到第75位。然而，這仍然是低于預(yù)計(jì)的世界平均水平。Sinceinitiatingmarketreformsin1978，Chinahasshiftedfromacentrallyplannedtoamarketbasedeconomy.Morethan600millioncitizenshavebeenliftedoutofpoverty,butover170millionpeoplestilllivebelowthe$1.25-a-dayinternationalpovertyline.In2012,China’sGDP(PPP)percapitawas$12,405.67.Thisis37timeshigherthanwhatitwasjust30yearsago.By2018，China’sGDPpercapitawillclimbfromthe90thto75thhighestintheworld.Thishoweverwillstillbebelowtheforecastedworldaverage.18.靈隱寺(LingyinTemple)位于浙江省杭州市西湖的西北部。它是江南著名古剎。該寺建于公元326年，有1600多年的歷史。傳說(shuō),印度一個(gè)叫作慧理的和尚來(lái)到杭州，被這美麗的山區(qū)景色深深地吸引了。他認(rèn)為這里有神佛，所以建了一座廟宇，取名“靈隱”，意思是隱藏的靈魂。據(jù)說(shuō)著名的濟(jì)公和尚也是在這座寺廟皈依的，這使靈隱寺更加有名。LingyinTempleislocatedinthenorthwestsideofWestLakeinHangzhou,ZhejiangProvince.ItisafamousancienttempleinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Thetemplewasbuiltin326ADandhasahistoryofover1,600years.LegendhasitthatanIndianmonknamedHuilicametoHangzhouandwasdeeplyattractedbythebeautifulmountainousscenery.Hethoughttherelivedimmortalsandthenhebuiltatempleandnamedit“Lingyin”，whichmeanshiddensouls.ItissaidthatthefamousmonkJigongalsotookvowsinthetemple,whichmadeLingyinTempleevenmorefamous.19.洛陽(yáng)是地處中原的河南省西部一個(gè)地級(jí)市(prefecture-levelcity)。它東部舭鄰省會(huì)鄭州，南接南陽(yáng)，西連三門(mén)峽(S_enxia)，北鄰濟(jì)源。在唐代(theTangDynasty),洛陽(yáng)是東都(Dongdu)，東部首都，其人口最多的時(shí)候有100萬(wàn)左右，僅次于當(dāng)時(shí)世界上最大的城市——長(zhǎng)安。在短暫的五代(FiveDynasties)時(shí)期，洛陽(yáng)是后梁(LaterLiang)，后唐(LaterTang)和后晉(LaterJin)的首都，后來(lái)。北宋(theNorthSongDynasty)時(shí)期，洛陽(yáng)是西部首都，也是宋朝的建立人趙匡胤的出生地。Luoyangisaprefecture-levelcityinwesternHenanprovinceofCentralChina.ItborderstheprovincialcapitalofZhengzhoutotheeast,Nanyangtothesouth,Sanmenxiatothewest,andJiyuantothenorth.DuringtheTangDynasty,LuoyangwasDongdu(東都),the“EasternCapital'andatitsheighthadapopulationofaroundonemillion,secondonlytoChang，an，which,atthetime，wasthelargestcityintheworld.Duringtheshort-livedFiveDynasties,LuoyangwasthecapitaloftheLaterLiang,LaterTang,andLaterJin.DuringtheNorthSongDynasty,?Luoyangwasthe“WesternCapital”andbirthplaceofZhaoKuangyin,thefounderofSongDynasty.20.中國(guó)的保健食品（healthfood)市場(chǎng)首次出現(xiàn)于20世紀(jì)80年代。保健食品是指具有特定保健功能或補(bǔ)充維生素或礦物質(zhì)的食品。保健食品適用于特定人群消費(fèi)，具有調(diào)節(jié)人體功能的效果，但不用于治療疾病的目的。保健食品有兩種。一種是具有特定保健功能的食品，另外一種是營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑。China’shealthfoodmarketfirstemergedinthe1980s.Healthfoodreferstofoodproductswhichclaimtohavespecifichealthfunctionsorsupplementone’svitaminsorminerals.Healthfoodissuitablefortheconsumptionbyspecificgroupsofpeopleandhastheeffectofregulatinghumanbodyfunctions,butisnotusedforthepurposeoftreatingdiseases.Therearetwokindsofhealthfood.Oneisfoodwithspecifichealthfunc?tions,theotherisnutritionalsupplements.21.就像向中國(guó)出售商品的公司會(huì)看到收益有損失一樣，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)放緩有著世界性的影響。包括澳大利亞、巴西和東南亞在內(nèi)的其他國(guó)家近年來(lái)都看到了巨大的利潤(rùn)，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)對(duì)自然資源有需求。中國(guó)的需求下降巳經(jīng)對(duì)很多商品的價(jià)格有了影響。上周，中國(guó)財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)樓繼偉表示,今年的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)可能為7%,而這不一定是“底線”。AslowdownineconomicactivityinChinahasaglobalimpactascompaniesthatselltoChinamayseerevenuessuffer.Countriesinclud?ingAustralia,BrazilandothersinSouthEastAsiahaveseenhugeprofitsinrecentyearsbecauseofChinesedemandfornaturalresources.ThefallindemandfromChinahasalreadyhadanimpactonthepricesofmanycommodities.Lastweek，China’sFinanceMinisterLouJiweiindicatedthateconomicgrowthcouldbe7%fortheyear,andthatthismaynotbethe“bottomline”.22.少林功夫(ShaolinKungfii)是河南登封少林寺信奉佛教文化的和尚們練習(xí)的_種武術(shù)(martialarts)。少林寺，建于北魏(theNorthernWeiDynasty)太和期(TaihePeriod)十九年，是少林功夫發(fā)展的文化空間。少林功夫最初是佛教僧侶練習(xí)的，他們的職責(zé)是保護(hù)寺廟。現(xiàn)在經(jīng)過(guò)1500多年的發(fā)展，少林功夫已逐步發(fā)展成為一種完美技術(shù)和豐富含義相融合的藝術(shù)，在全世界享有聲譽(yù)。ShaolinKungfuisakindofmartialartspracticedbymonksunderthespecialBuddhistcultureoftheShaolinTempleinDengfengCity,HenanProvince.TheShaolinTemple,builtintheNineteenthyearofTaihePeriodduringtheNorthernWeiDynasty,isaculturalspaceforthedevelopmentoftheShaolinKungfu.TheShaolinKungfii,whichisoriginallypracticedbytheBuddhistmonkswhosedutiesweretoprotectthetemple,hasbeengraduallydevelopedintoanartofperfecttechnology,abundantmeaningsandhighreputationinthewholeworldaftermorethan1500yearsofdevelopment.23.這周頒布的一項(xiàng)新法律要求子女必須經(jīng)常探望年齡超過(guò)60歲的父母，并確保他們經(jīng)濟(jì)和精神上的需求得到滿足。星期二，新華社報(bào)導(dǎo)了_條新聞，來(lái)自江蘇市無(wú)錫市的一位77歲的老太太起訴她的女兒忽略她。這是新法律生效后的第一起案件，當(dāng)?shù)胤ㄔ阂?guī)定她的女兒至少每月探望母親兩次，并提供財(cái)力支持。但是這項(xiàng)法律引發(fā)了爭(zhēng)議。有人說(shuō)這給了那些因?yàn)楣ぷ?、學(xué)習(xí)或者其他原因搬離家鄉(xiāng)的人更多壓力。Anewnationallawintroducedthisweekrequirestheoffspringofparentsolderthan60tovisittheirparents“frequently”andmakesuretheirfinancialandspiritualneedsaremet.OnTuesday,Xinhuareportedanewsthata77-year-oldwomanfromJiangsucityofWuxisuedherdaughterforneglectingher.Inthefirstcaseafterthenewlawcameintoeffect,thelocalcourtruledthatherdaughtermustvisitheratleasttwiceamonthandprovidefinancialsupport.Butthelaw’sintroductionhasprovedcontroversial.Somesayitputstoomuchpressureonthosewhomoveawayfromhomeforwork,studyorotheropportunities.24.四合院是從明代的北京延續(xù)下來(lái)的古典建筑風(fēng)格的住宅。四合院之間的狹窄的街道被稱(chēng)為“胡同”。_個(gè)四合院有園林包圍著四個(gè)房子，有高高的圍墻保護(hù)。四合院與胡同都是人們常見(jiàn)到的，有超過(guò)700多年的歷史，但是由于現(xiàn)在的城市改造和中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，四合院慢慢地從北京消失。SiHeYuanisaclassicalarchitecturestyleofresidentialhous?ingofBeijingcitizensdatedfromtheMingDynasty.ThenarrowstreetsbetweentheSiHeYuanarecalled“Hutong，’s.AsingleimplementationofSiHeYuancomprisesofgardensurroundedbyfourhousesandprotectedbyhighwalls.SiHeYuanwithHutongwhichhavebeenveryfamiliartopeople，havingahistoryofmorethan700yearsnowsufferfromtheur?banrenovationandeconomicdevelopmentofChina,andtheyareslowlydisappearingfromBeijing.25.中國(guó)一個(gè)幅員遼闊、資源豐富、歷史悠久的多民族國(guó)家，每個(gè)民族都有其獨(dú)特的豐富菜肴。地域菜系在地理環(huán)境、氣候、文化傳統(tǒng)、民族風(fēng)俗和其他因素的影響下經(jīng)過(guò)悠久歷史的發(fā)展已經(jīng)成形。最有影響力、最具代表性的是魯、川、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、徽菜系，這八種被人們稱(chēng)為“八大菜系”。中國(guó)的“八大菜系”是以多種多樣的烹飪方法區(qū)分的，各有其長(zhǎng)處。Chinaisatime-honoredmulti-ethnicsnationwithavastterritoryandabundantresources,andeveryethnicgrouphasitsuniqueabundantdishes.Regionalcuisineshavetakenshapeafterlong-historyevolutionundertheinfluenceofgeographicalenvironment,climate,culturaltradition,folkcustomsandotherfactors.ThemostinfluentialandrepresentativeonesareLu,Chuan，Yue,Min,Su，Zhe,XiangandHuiCuisines,whicharecommonlyknownas“EightMajorCuisines”.Dishesinthe“EightMajorCuisines”inChinaarecharacterizedbydiversifiedcookingskills,witheachhavingitsstrongpoints.26.聯(lián)合國(guó)下屬機(jī)構(gòu)世界旅游組織(WorldTourismOrganization)公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國(guó)游客對(duì)全球旅游業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)最大。中國(guó)人去年花在出境游上的支出膨脹至1020億美元，同2011年相比增長(zhǎng)了40%。聯(lián)合國(guó)世界旅游組織在其網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布的一份聲明中說(shuō)，這一增幅令中國(guó)迅速超越德國(guó)和美國(guó)。后兩者在之前是出境游支出最高的兩個(gè)國(guó)家。2012年德美兩國(guó)出境旅游支出均同比增長(zhǎng)6%,約840億美元。ThefiguresfromtheUnitedNationsWorldTourismOrganiza?tionshowthatChinesetravelersaremakingthemostcontributionstotheglobaltourismindustry.Chinesetravelersspentarecord$102billiononoutboundtourismlastyear,a40%risefrom2011.ThatsurgesentChinascreamingpastGermanyandtheU.S.—theformerNo.1andNo.2spenders,respectively一whichbothsawtouristoutlaysincrease6%year-on-yeartoaround$84billionin2012,theUNWTOsaidinastatementonitswebsite.27.茶馬古道(Tea-horseAncientRoad)兩邊，生活著20多個(gè)少數(shù)民族。不同的地方有著各自美麗而神奇的自然風(fēng)景和傳統(tǒng)文化，比如:大理，麗江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅魯藏布江大峽谷和布達(dá)拉宮(PotalaPalace)。古道的兩旁有廟宇、巖石壁畫(huà)、騷站(posthouse),古橋和木板路，還有少數(shù)民族舞蹈和民族服裝。時(shí)至今天，雖然這條古道的蹤跡都消失了，但它的文化和歷史價(jià)值仍然存在。?AlongtheTea-horseAncientRoadlivedmorethan20minori?ties.Concentrationsofbeautifulandmysteriousnaturallandscapesandtraditionalculturesdevelopedinvarioussites，includingDalioldcity,Lijiangoldcity,Shangrila,YarlungZangboRiverGrandCanyon,PotalaPalace.Theroadfeaturestemples,rockpaintings,posthouses,ancientbridgesandplankroads.Itisalsohometomanynationalminoritiesandtheirdancesandfolkcustoms.Today,althoughthetracesoftheancientroadarefadingaway,itsculturalandhistoricvaluesremain.28.現(xiàn)代人類(lèi)約公元前50000年第一次從中亞或印度來(lái)到中國(guó)。這些石器時(shí)代(StoneAge)的人，居住在洞穴中，穿著毛皮。公元前4000年左右，這些人開(kāi)始種植水稻，并飼養(yǎng)羊和雞。約公元前3000年，他們開(kāi)始使用陶器(pottery)并住在房子里。到公元前2000年，中國(guó)人已進(jìn)入青銅時(shí)代(BronzeAge)，并開(kāi)始用于寫(xiě)字。約公元前700年，中國(guó)的金屬工人學(xué)會(huì)制作鐵器工具和武器。ModemhumansfirstcametoChinafromCentralAsiaorIndiaabout50,000BC.ThesewereStoneAgepeople,wholivedincavesandworefurandleather.Byaround4,000BC,thesepeoplewerestartingtofarmriceandkeepsheepandchickens.Byabout3,000BC,theywereusingpotteryandlivinginhouses.By2,000BC，ChinesepeoplehadenteredtheBronzeAgeandhadbeguntousewriting.Byabout700BC，Chinesemetal-workerslearnedtomakeirontoolsandweapons.29.目前，全球變暖是一個(gè)熱門(mén)話題，但是有關(guān)全球變暖的各項(xiàng)證據(jù)似乎還有些不同的聲音。人們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道，地球的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了很多周期(cycle),盡管在歷史上還未出現(xiàn)過(guò)像今天這樣的時(shí)代，即高度工業(yè)化(industrialization)產(chǎn)生如此多的污染。全球變暖主要是由于二氧化碳?xì)怏w(carbondioxide)的增多。Globalwarmingisthehottopicaroundtheworldatthistimebut,thereisalsodissentionabouttheevidencebeingpresentedtosupporttheargument.Theearthisknowntogothroughcycles;althoughthepasthasneverproducedanageofsomuchindustrializationcausingthepollution

currentlybeingexperienced.Amajorsourceoftheproblemistheincreaseincarbondioxidelevels.30.中國(guó)城市化(urbanization)將會(huì)充分釋放潛在內(nèi)需（domesticdemand)。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家指出，在中國(guó)幾乎所有的發(fā)展中城市都面臨著城市化的進(jìn)程。這使得許多人的生活水平有所提高，也為人們提供更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。隨著越來(lái)越多的人向城市遷徙，住房及城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)(infrastructureconstruction),包括水源等能源的供應(yīng)將會(huì)成為城市發(fā)展的焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。商品與服務(wù)的自由、快速流通是城市化社會(huì)的一項(xiàng)基本特征。逐漸擴(kuò)張的城市需要更多的零售店來(lái)滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。China’surbanizationwillreleasethefullpotentialofdomesticdemand.Someeconomistspointoutthaturbanizationisaprocessthatisoccurringinnearlyeverydevelopingcityinthecountry.Itwillleadtoabetterqualityoflifeformanypeople，andprovideindividualswithmorejobopportunities.Theconstructionofhousingandcityinfrastructure,in?cludingwaterandenergysupplies,willbeafocalpointofurbandevelop?mentasmorepeoplemigratetocities.Urbanizationmeansbetteraccesstoeducationalandmedicalresourcesinthecity.Butitalsopredictslessuseofpersonalvehiclesandmoreuseofpublictransportation.Thefast,freeflowofgoodsandservicesisabasictraitofanurbanizedsociety.Ex-pandingcitiesrequiremoreretailoutletstoservecustomers.31.京劇(BeijingOpera)是中國(guó)的國(guó)粹。作為一門(mén)古老的藝術(shù)，京劇的服裝（costume)、臉譜(facialmask)更易被人喜愛(ài)。不同的服裝類(lèi)型反映不同的人物身份特征。富貴者的服裝綴滿精美的刺繡;窮困者的服裝則簡(jiǎn)單樸素，少有裝飾(elemental)。臉譜是京劇中塑造人物形象的重要手段，它是用不同的顏色在臉上勾畫(huà)出來(lái)的。臉譜的顏色讓人一看便知角色(portray)的善惡。比如白色代表奸詐(treachery)，黑色代表正直不阿，黃色是驍勇，藍(lán)、綠色多用于綠林好漢(rebelliousfighters)，金、銀色多用于神佛(divinityandBuddhism)等。BeijingOperaisthecreamoftheChineseculture.Asatradi?tionalartform,itscostumesandfacialmaskaremorepopularwithpeo?ple.Differentstylesofcostumesareusedtoreflectthestatusofdifferentcharacters.Therearemoredecorationsinthecostumesofnobles，whilethoseofthepoortendtobesimpleandlesselemental.Facialmaskscanreflectqualitiesofdifferentcharacters.Facialmasksusingdifferentcolorsareimportantwaystoportrayacharacter.Peoplecantellaherofromavillainbythecolorsofthemasks.Ingeneral，whiteusuallyrepresentstreachery,blackrepresentsrighteousness,yellowrepresentsbravery,blueandgreenrepresentrebelliousfighters，whilegoldandsilverrepresentdi?vinityandBuddhism.32.中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，帶來(lái)了消費(fèi)文化的曰益流行，同時(shí)也催生了一批具有高學(xué)歷，充分享受資本主義消費(fèi)模式的年輕人，他們習(xí)慣于當(dāng)月工資當(dāng)月花。因而被稱(chēng)為“月光族”（themoonlightgroup)?！霸鹿庾濉币辉~出現(xiàn)于20世紀(jì)90年代后期，是用來(lái)諷刺那些出身富裕、接受高等教育、充分享受快餐文化(fastfoodculture)的年輕人。China’seconomyisdevelopingveryquickly,andhasbroughtwithitacultureofconsumptionmoreprevalentwitheachpassingday.Atthesametime,ithasbroughtintobeinganeducatedgroupofyoungpeoplewhoenjoycapitalistconsumptionway.They’reusedtospendingmoneyassoonastheygetiteverymonth,andsoarecalledt6themoon?lightgroup”.Thiswordcameintobeingduringthe1990s,tomakefunofthosebomintowealth，whohavereceivedahigheducation,andwhoap?preciatefastfoodculture.33.許多剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生找不到工作，在校學(xué)生則擔(dān)心他們的未來(lái)。多個(gè)調(diào)查顯示，三分之二的中國(guó)畢業(yè)生想在政府或者國(guó)有企業(yè)工作，而不是為中國(guó)令人矚目的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)提供動(dòng)力的民營(yíng)企業(yè)。政府和國(guó)有企業(yè)被認(rèn)為能免受經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的影響。如今幾乎沒(méi)有大學(xué)生愿意放棄政府的鐵飯碗而下海、加入初創(chuàng)企業(yè)或自己創(chuàng)業(yè)。Manyrecentcollegegraduatescan’tfindajobandstudentsarefearfulabouttheirfuture.Two-thirdsofChinesegraduatessaytheywanttoworkeitherinthegovernmentorstate-ownedfirms，whichareseenasrecession-proof,ratherthanattheprivatecompaniesthathavepoweredChina’sremarkableeconomicclimb,surveysindicate.Fewcollegestu?dentstoday,accordingtothesurveys,arereadytoleavethesafeshoresofgovernmentworkandjumpintotheseatojoinstartupsorgointobusiness.34.孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中國(guó)儒學(xué)(theRuSchool)思想的創(chuàng)始人。儒學(xué)(Confucianism)，這個(gè)道德和宗教哲學(xué)的大系統(tǒng)建立在孔圣人(MasterKung)的教學(xué)上。馮友蘭，中國(guó)思想史上20世紀(jì)偉大的的權(quán)威之一，把孔子在中國(guó)歷史上的影響比作西方的蘇格拉底。Confuciuswasathinker,politicalfigure,educator,andfounderoftheRuSchoolofChinesethought.Confucianism,thegreatsystemofmoralandreligiousphilosophybuiltupontheteachingsofMasterKung.FungYou-lan,oneofthegreat20thcenturyauthoritiesonthehistoryofChinesethought,comparesConfucius9influenceinChinesehistorywiththatofSocratesintheWest.35.過(guò)去的七年，中國(guó)的房地產(chǎn)(realestate)業(yè)經(jīng)歷了前所未有的高速增長(zhǎng)。對(duì)于那些月薪較低卻渴望在大城市擁有一套屬于自己的體面、舒適的棲身之所的人來(lái)說(shuō)，高昂的房?jī)r(jià)是他們無(wú)法承受的負(fù)擔(dān)。鑒于這一狀況，政府近來(lái)采取了一系列的措施來(lái)防止房?jī)r(jià)過(guò)快增長(zhǎng)，包括提高利率及增加房產(chǎn)稅等。目前，這些措施在部分城市已經(jīng)取得了初步的成效。Inthepastsevenyears,China’srealestateindustryhasdevelopedinarecordhighspeed.Forthosewhoearnlessbutareeagertoownadecentandcomfortableplaceoftheirowninabigcity,thehighhousingpriceisaheavyburdenthattheycannotafford.Forthisreason,thegovernmenthastakenaseriesofmeasurestopreventthehousingpricefromrisingtoofast,includingraisinginterestratesandincreasingtaxesonrealestateetc.Presently,thesemeasureshaveachievedinitialeffectsinsomecities.36.中國(guó)新年是中國(guó)最重要的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，在中國(guó)也被稱(chēng)為春節(jié)。新年的慶?；顒?dòng)從除夕開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到元宵節(jié)(theLanternFestival)，即從農(nóng)歷(lunarcalendar)最后一個(gè)月的最后一天至新年第一個(gè)月的第十五天。各地歡度春節(jié)的習(xí)俗和傳統(tǒng)有很大差異，但通常每個(gè)家庭都會(huì)在除夕夜團(tuán)聚，一起吃年夜飯。為驅(qū)厄運(yùn)、迎好運(yùn)，家家戶戶都會(huì)進(jìn)行大掃除。人們還會(huì)在門(mén)上粘貼紅色的對(duì)聯(lián)(couplets)，對(duì)聯(lián)的主題為健康、發(fā)財(cái)和好運(yùn)。其他的活動(dòng)還有放鞭炮、發(fā)紅包和探親訪友等。ChineseNewYearisthemostimportanttraditionalChineseholiday.InChina,itisalsoknownastheSpringFestival.NewYearcelebrationsrunfromChineseNewYear’sEve,thelastdayofthelastmonthofthelunarcalendar,totheLanternFestivalonthe15thdayofthefirstmonth.CustomsandtraditionsconcerningthecelebrationoftheChineseNewYearvarywidelyfromplacetoplace.However,NewYear’sEveisusuallyanoccasionforChinesefamiliestogatherfortheannualreuniondinner.Itisalsotraditionalforeveryfamilytothoroughlycleanthehouseinordertosweepawayillfortuneandtobringingoodluck.Anddoorswillbedecoratedwithredcoupletswiththemesofhealth,wealthandgoodluck.Otheractivitiesincludelightingfirecrackers,givingmoneyinredenvelopes,andvisitingrelativesandfriends.37.剪紙(papercutting)是中國(guó)最為流行的傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù)形式之一。中國(guó)剪紙有一千五百多年的歷史，在明朝和清朝時(shí)期(theMingandQingDynasties)特別流行。人們常用剪紙美化居家環(huán)境，特別是在春節(jié)和婚慶期間，剪紙被用來(lái)裝飾門(mén)窗和房間，以增加喜慶的氣氛。剪紙最常用的顏色是紅色，象征健康和興旺。中國(guó)剪紙?jiān)谑澜绺鞯睾苁軞g迎，經(jīng)常被用作饋贈(zèng)外國(guó)友人的禮物。PapercuttingisoneofChina'smostpopulartraditionalfolkarts.Chinesepapercuttinghasahistoryofmorethan1,500years.ItwaswidespreadparticularlyduringtheMingandQingDynasties.Peopleoftenbeautifytheirhomeswithpapercuttings.DuringtheSpringFestivalandweddingcelebrations,inparticular,papercuttingsareusedtodecoratedoors,windowsandroomsinordertoenhancethejoyousatmosphere.Thecolormostfrequentlyusedinpapercuttingisred,whichsymbolizeshealthandprosperity.Chinesepapercuttingisverypopulararoundtheworldanditisoftengivenasapresenttoforeignfriends.38.如今，越來(lái)越多的大學(xué)生抱怨很難找到好工作。造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因如下：首先，大學(xué)生把在校的大多數(shù)時(shí)間都用在了專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)上，只有當(dāng)他們開(kāi)始找工作的時(shí)候，才意識(shí)到自己缺乏必要的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。其次，大學(xué)生之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也越來(lái)越激烈，這導(dǎo)致任何一名大學(xué)生找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)都變小了。因此，強(qiáng)烈建議大學(xué)生在課余時(shí)間做一些兼職工作，以積累相關(guān)的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Nowadays,moreandmoreuniversitystudentscomplainabouthavinggreatdifficultiesinfindingagoodjob.Thereasonsforthisphenomenonareasfollows:First,collegestudentsspendmostoftheirtimeatschoolstudyingacademicsubjectsanditisonlywhentheystartlookingforajobthattheyrealizetheylacknecessaryjobtraining.Second,competitionamonggraduateshasbecomemoreandmorefierce.Andthisresultsinadecreasedchanceforanyindividualgraduatetofindajob.Therefore,itishighlysuggestedthatcollegestudentsshoulddosomepart-timejobsintheirsparetimetoaccumulaterelevantworkingexperien