2023年考研外語(yǔ)考試題目及答案17

考研外語(yǔ)考試題目及答案17

一、UseofEnglish

1、Analystshavetheirgoathumor,andIhavereadsomeof

thisinterpretativeliterature,(1)withoutbeinggreatly

instructed.Humorcanbe(2),(3)afrogcan,butthe

thingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare(4)toany

butthepurescientificmind.

Oneofthethings(5)saidabouthumoristsisthatthey

arereallyverysadpeopleclownswithabreakingheart.There

issometruthinit,butitisbadly(6).Itwouldbemore

(7),Ithink,tosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholy

runningthrougheveryone'slifeandthatthehumorist,perhaps

more(8)ofitthansomeothers,compensatesforit

activelyand(9)Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhave

alwaysmadetrouble(10)Theystrugglealongwithagood

willandendurepain(11),knowinghowwellitwill

(12)theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestling

withforeignlanguages,fightingfoldingironinghoardsand

swollendrainpipes,sufferingtheterrible(13)oftight

boots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitably,ina(14)

ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththe

sparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong(15)

ofhumanwoe.

Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsorts,withhis

upmomentsandhisdownmoments,andyoucertainlydon，thave

tobeahumoristto(16)thesadnessofsituationandmood.

Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingand

crying,andifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersonto

thepoint(17)hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthy

andseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealm,itis

(18)humor,likepoetry,hasanextracontent,itplays

(19)tothebighotfirewhichisTruth,andsometimesthe

readerfeelsthe(20).

A.while

B.although

C.but

D.if

2、(2)

A.explained

B.integrated

C.detected

D.dissected

3、(3)

A.as

B.for

C.which

D.though

4、⑷

A.disgusting

B.discouraging

C.discounting

D.dismissing

5、⑸

A.regularly

B.commonly

C.roughly

D.uniquely

6、(6)

A.consulted

B.commented

C.remarked

D.stated

7、⑺

A.accurate

B.normal

C.immediate

D.exclusive

8、(8)

A.consciously

B.credulous

C.sensible

D.absurd

9、(9)

A.adequately

B.confusedly

C.reluctantly

D.positively

10、(10)

A.comeacross

B.payoff

C.holdup

D.breakdown

IK(11)

A.annoyingly

B.cheerfully

C.worriedly

D.hopefully

12、(12)

A.interest

B.threaten

C.benefit

D.deprive

13、(13)

A.pleasure

B.exhibition

C.prejudice

D.discomfort

14、(14)

A.style

B.pattern

C.form

D.mold

15、(15)

A.tide

B.drift

C.float

D.flare

16、(16)

A.taste

B.steer

C.tackle

D.stir

17、(17)

A.how

B.where

C.how

D.unless

18、(18)

A.when

B.that

C.whatever

D.because

19、(19)

A.open

B.related

C.close

D.devoted

20、(20)

A.warmth

B.severity

C.tension

D.fever

二、ReadingComprehension

1>PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransform,notonly

oursciencebutalsoourreligions,ourbeliefsystemsandour

entireworld-view.Forinasense,thesearchfor

extraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves—whowe

areandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos.

Contrarytopopularbelief,speculationthatwearenotalone

intheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.Theessential

stepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryofthe

ancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisone

thing,fillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Although

astronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmay

beabundantintheuniverse,thechemicalstepsleadingtolife

remainlargelymysterious.

Traditionally,biologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak—the

resultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationof

molecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappening

againelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpoint

derivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamics,whichpredicts

thattheuniverseisdying—slowlyandinexorablydegenerating

towardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningapplies

toevolution.Accordingtotheorthodoxview,Darwinian

selectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransition

frommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismof

ourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthrough

therealmofpossibilities.

Ifthisisright,therecanbenodirectionality,noinnate

driveforward;inparticular,nopushtowardconsciousnessand

intelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroid,destroying

allhigherlife-forms,intelligentbeingswouldalmost

certainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereis,however,a

contraryview—onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectly

challengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemerge

spontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.If

matterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyand

channelorganizedcomplexity,theoddsagainsttheformation

oflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbe

drasticallyshortened.

Historically,BertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseundera

deathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrendered

humanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievements,al1our

struggles,“allthenoondaybrightnessofhumangenius”,ashe

putit,would,inthefinalanalysis,countfornothingifthe

verycosmositselfisdoomed.Butwhatif,inspiteofthesecond

lawofthermodynamics,therecanbesystematicprogress

alongsidedecay?Forthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningor

purposebeneathphysicalexistence,thepresenceof

extraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboost,

implyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegetting

betterandbetterratherthanworseandworse.

Thewriterorganizeshisideasinthetextmainlyby.

A.justifyingpopularbeliefs.

B.makingcomparisons.

C.lookingbackonhistory.

D.posingsharpcontrasts.

2、

OnthepossibilitiesoflifebeyondEarthastronomers'and

ancientphilosophers'viewsare.

A.opposite.

B.similar.

C.divergent.

D.contrary.

3、

ItisthebeliefoforthodoxbiologythatDarwinian

evolutionism.

A.isfullybasedonillusions.

B.focusespurelyonreasoning.

C.isutterlyentitledtoworship.

D.comestoaccountfornothing.

4、

Underthelawofthermodynamics,theuniverseissupposed

A.topushforwardprogress.

B.togiverisetootherlife-forms.

C.tomakeforatotalchaos.

D.toimprovebywidemargins.

5、

Iftherewerepushtodirectorganizedcomplexity,chancesof

intelligenceevolutionwould.

A.bewrecked.

B.leveloff.

C.beshortened.

D.cropup.

6、“Myownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementto

downrightfear”,saysCarlHergenrother,23,anArizona

undergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtoward

Earthwitha230cmtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak."Itwas

scary,becausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewere

confirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhere,orsomestateor

smallcountry”.

Well,notquite.Earlylastweek,hiscelestialinterloper

whizzedbyEarth,missingtheplanetby450620km—a

hairbreadthinastronomicalterms.Perhapshalfakilometer

across,itwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthat

closetoEarth.

DuncanSteel,anAustralianastronomer,hascalculatedthatif

theasteroidhadstruckEarth,itwouldhavehitatsome93450

km/h.Theresultingexplosion,scientistsestimate,wouldhave

beeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.That,saysastronomer

EugeneShoemaker,apioneerasteroidandcomethunter,“islike

takingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweapons,puttingthem

inonepileandblowingthemallup”.

Andwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewith

Earth?ScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermore,

California,andLosAlamos,NewMexico,havedevisedanumber

ofingeniousplansthat,givenenoughwarningtime,could

protectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweapons

ofchoiceincludelong-distancemissileswithconventionalor,

morelikely,nuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudge

anasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens.

Manypeople-includingsomeastronomers一areunderstandably

nervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartipped

missilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategy,whichinsome

caseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propelling

afusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproaching

asteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEO,

explainsGregoryCanavan,aseniorscientistatLosAlamos,

“thekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergy

andblowthethingapart”.

Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparations,

citingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject'sstriking

Earthinthecomingdecades.Butattheveryleast,Shoemaker

contends,NEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated."There'sthis

thingcalledthe'gigglefactor'inCongress”,hesays,“people

inCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon'ttake

itseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It'samatterof

prudence”.

Theworld,however,stillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththe

dangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspace,despite

thespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddling

theplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobe

seenwhetherlastweek,srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds.

Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.

A.theearthnarrowlyescapedacatastrophe.

B.oneasteroidalmostdestroyedanentirecity.

C.asteroidsarecomparabletonuclearweapons.

D.theplanetearthisvulnerabletodangers.

7、

Whenmentioningthe”the3000-to-12000-megatonrange”(Para.

3),thewriteristalkingabout.

A.strikingspectacles.

B.conventionalweapons.

C.explosiveimpact.

D.defensivestrategies.

8、

ThedescriptionofCongress's"gigglefactor”(Para.6)shows

thewriter's.

A.appreciation.

B.disbelief.

C.excitement.

D.ridicule.

9、

Accordingtothetext,“nucleartippedmissiles”and

“cannonball-sizesteelspheres”(Para.5).

A.aredifferentinnature.

B.servesimilarfunctions.

C.areidenticaltoeachother.

D.poserealchallenges.

10、

Itseemsthatthewriteris.

A.activetofendoffinvadingasteroids.

B.largelyunconcernedwiththedanger.

C.interestedinmilitaryinitiatives.

D.enthusiasticaboutspottingasteroids.

11、AMERICA，Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.

Forthesecondconsecutivemeeting,theFederalOpenMarket

Committee,thecentralbank,spolicy-makingcommittee,left

short-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthat

therisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweakness

toabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshift

surprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterest

ratesaresettoriseagain——andsoon.

Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarkets,investorsarebetting

thatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyas

May,andwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendof

theyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachs,

wholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyear,

nowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyear,

startinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFed

tighteningisintheoffing.

Thereason?Afteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2022,

short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.Asthesignsof

robustrecoverymultiply,analystsexpecttheFedtotakeback

someoftherate-cutsitusedasaninsurancepolicy"after

theSeptember11thterroristattack.Theythinktherewillbe

agradualmovefromtheFed'scurrent"accommodative“monetary

stancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicy,many

argue,ultimatelyimpliesshort-terminterestratesofaround

4%.

Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroff,

particularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.

Certainly,recenteconomicindicatorshavebeen

extraordinarilystrong,unemploymentfellforthesecond

consecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionrose

inbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectoris

growingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWal1

StreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%

onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter.

Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.

Intheshortterm,thebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramatic

restockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyif

corporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstays

buoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirms

stuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofits,itishardtoseewhere

surginginvestmentwillcomefrom.And,despitefalling

unemployment,America,sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls.

Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbe

cautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Indeed,giventhehuge

pressureoncorporateprofits,theFederalReservemightbe

happytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.Inshort,whileWall

Streetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.

Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch.

Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthistextisto.

A.interpretthemessagefromthecentralbank.

B.justifytheriseofshort-terminterestrates.

C.illustratewhatisweaknessandunduegrowth.

D.contrastdifferentviewsoneconomicindices.

12、

HowdoeseveryonefeelaboutthemessagegivenbyAmerica's

centralbank?

A.Encouraged.

B.Panicked.

C.Confused.

D.Misguided.

13、

Thephrase"current'accommodative，monetarystance”(Para.

3)denotes.

A.optimal.

B.excessive.

C.logical.

D.prudent.

14、

Despitesignsofstrongeconomicrecovery,Americancompanies

arestillpressedfor.

A.tremendousdebts.

B.considerableprofits.

C.soaringinvestment.

D.excessivegrowth.

15、

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothistext?

A.Short-terminterestratesshouldbeguardedwisely.

B.Unemploymentnolongerconstitutesaproblem.

C.Asustainablerecoverydependsoncorporateprofits.

D.Toomuchcautionmightsuspendeconomicgrowth.

16、Comeon,myfellowwhitefolks,wehavesomethingto

confess.Outwithit,friends,thebiggestsecretknownto

whitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhite

program.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulation

receivingwelfare,listedas“means-testedcashassistance"by

theCensusBureau,isidentifiedaswhite,whileonly33%is

identifiedasblack.Thesenumbersnotwithstanding,the

Republicanversionof“politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus

“welfarecheat“asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincethe

earlydaysofRonaldReagan.

Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobbling

upthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit'sworse

thanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecurity,whichisanotherform,

ofwelfare,althoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividual

insuranceprogram,thenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowding

thetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapita,foran

aggregateadvantagetoourraceof$10billionayear一muchmore

thanthe$3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfrom

theirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whites

liveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericans,

meaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeand

growing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeour

confessionbringingmuchrelief.There'sareasonfor

resentment,thoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.

Whitepeoplearepoortoo,andinnumbersfarexceedinganyof

ourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyas

definedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationofthe

economicterrorthatpersistsatincomes—suchas$20,000or

even$40,000andabove—thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass.

Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbut

thatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.

Naturally,whitesintheswelling"nearpoor“categoryresent

thenotionofwho1eracessupposedlyfrolickingattheir

expense.Whites,nearpoorandmiddleclass,needhelptoo一as

dothemanyAfricanAmericans.

Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthat

welfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringour

earningstothepocketsofshiftless,dark-skinnedpeople.Or

wecanclearourthroats,blushprettilyandadmitthatweare

hurtingtoo一forcashassistancewhenwe'redownandout,for

healthinsurance,forcollegeaidandalltherest.Racial

scapegoatinghasitscharms,Iwilladmit:thesurgeof

righteousanger,eventhefun—forthoseinclined—ofwearing

sheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetter,nobler

sourcesofwhitepride,itseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywe

cantruly,deeplyblush.

WhitefolksinU.S.areatagreateradvantageinthat.

A.theyobtainmorebenefitsfromwelfare.

B.theyshowcontemptforAfricanAmericans.

C.theyblametheblacksforwelfaretheft.

D.theyhaveachoicetotheirbestinterests.

17、

Itcaninferredfromthe2ndparagraphthat.

A.blackworkersaregenerousunlesswronglyaccused.

B.whiteshavealongerlifeexpectancythanblacks.

C.blackpeoplemaycontributemuchtowelfarebudgets.

D.whitesreceivelessfinancialaidthanblacks.

18、

Theexpression“racialscapegoating，z(Para.4)bestdenotes

0----￡

i20

A.angeratthemercyoflaws.

B.anaidintermsofprejudice.

C.reliefforthesakeofclasses.

D.avictiminthenameofraces.

19、

TheauthorismostcriticaloftheWhites'.

A.confession.

B.hypocrisy.

C.arrogance.

D.hysteria.

20、

Thefunctionofthelastparagraphis.

A.toreversethepreviouslyexpressedthoughts.

B.toadvancethefinalargument.

C.toheappraisesupontheprideofthewhites.

D.toechothethesisstatement.

21、PartB(10points)

YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutGold-MedalWorkouts,

followedbyalistofexamples.Choosethebestexamplefrom

thelistA一Fforeachnumberedsubheading(41—45).Thereis

oneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.

Drawingonbiomechanicsandothersportsscience,Olympic

hopefulstargetjusttherightmusclesandmoves.Olympiansof

yesteryearsharedthesamegoal,buttheywouldhardly

recognizetoday'strainingtechniques.ToachievetoOlympian

idealof“faster,higher,stronger,，zcoachesnowrealize,

athletesdon，thavetotrainmorebuttheydohavetotrain

smarter.That'swhy,thesedays,cross-country(Nordic)skiers

kneelonskateboardsandtugonpulleystohaulthemselvesup

aramp.

Byanalyzingeverymotionthatgoesintoaskijumporaluge

run,thescienceofbiomechanicsbreaksdowneventsintotheir

componentpartsanddetermineswhichmovementsofwhichmuscles

arethekeytoasuperlativeperformance.Knowingthatis

crucialforasimplehut,tomanycoachesandtrainers,

unexpectedreason:itturnsoutthatalthoughtrainingfor

generalconditioningimprovesfitness,thebestwaytoboost

performanceisbyworkingthemusclesandpracticingthemoves

thatwillbeusedincompetition.It'scalledsport-specific

training.

(41)Waystoworktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatterns

ofmovement.

Sport-specifictrainingdoesn，thavetomeanrunningtheactual

courseorperformingtheexactevent.Thereareotherwaysto

worktherightmusclesandtraintherightpatternofmovement.

DoingsitupsonaSwissball,forinstance,developstorso

controlaswellasstrength.TheFinnishice-hockeyteam

recentlyaddedacrobaticstoitstrainingregimebecauseit

helpsplayerstobalanceontheice,saysheadcoachRaimo

Summanen.

Performance-enhancingstrategies.

Theadvancesinphysiologythathaverevolutionizedtraining

aregivingsportsscientistsabetterunder-standingofhowto

improvestrength,power,speedandbothaerobicandanaerobic

fitness:

(42)Trainingthestart-up.

Speedispartlygenetic.Astarsprinterisprobablybornwith

apreponderanceoffasttwitchmusclefibers,whichfire

repeatedlywithonlymicrosecondrestsinbetween.Speed

trainingthereforeaimstorecruitmorefast-twitchfibersand

increasethespeedofnervesignalsthatcommandmusclestomove.

(43)Strengthreflectsthepercentageofmusclefibersthebody

canrecruitforagivenmovement.

“Someonewithpurestrengthcanrecruit90percentofthese

fibers,whilesomeoneelserecruitsonly50percent”,saysthe

USOC，sDavis.

(44)Developinganaerobicfitness.

Anaerobicfitnesskeepsthemusclesmovingevenwhentheheart

can'tprovideenoughoxygen.Topostponethepointwhenacid

beginstoaccumulate,oratleasttrainthebodytotolerate

it,JimWalkerhasthespeedskatersheworkswithpush

themselvesbeyondwhattheyneedtodoincompetition.

Powerisstrengthwithspeed.

“Oneofthebiggestchangesinstrengthtrainingisthatwe're

gettingawayfrompurestrengthandemphasizingpower,or

explosivestrength,saysUSOCstrength-and-conditioning

coordinatorKevinEbel.

(45)Difficultiesunderway.

It'sstilldifficulttopersuadecoachestoletsports

scientistsmesswiththeirathletes.

Toovercomesuchresistance,theUSOC'sPeterDavishassetup

“performance-enhancingteams"wherecoachesandscientistsput

theirheadstogetherandapplythebestsciencetotraining.

ComeFebruary,theworldwillseehowsciencefaredinits

attempttomoldathleticexcellence.

A.ZachLundracesskeleton(ahead-first,belly-downsled

race),inwhichthestartiscrucial.Hehastosprintina

bent-overposition

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Anawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmight

sniffatthesuggestion,butrecentscientificresearchshows

beauty,brainsandbrawnmayinfactallbeallied,writesDr.

RajPersaud.

(46)Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothe

stereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesreveal

abouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmerican,

researchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitz,ofBrandeis

University,hasshownanassocia