智能樓宇自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)PAGEPAGE8中英文外文翻譯智能樓宇自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)

樓宇自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)也叫建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)(BuildingAutomationSystem簡(jiǎn)稱BAS)，是智能建筑不可缺少的一部分，其任務(wù)是對(duì)建筑物內(nèi)的能源使用、環(huán)境、交通及安全設(shè)施進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)、控制等，以提供一個(gè)既安全可靠，又節(jié)約能源，而且舒適宜人的工作或居住環(huán)境。2

樓宇自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的組成與基本功能建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)通常包括暖通空調(diào)、給排水、供配電、照明、電梯、消防、安全防范等子系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)我國(guó)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，BAS又可分為設(shè)備運(yùn)行管理與監(jiān)控子系統(tǒng)和消防與安全防范子系統(tǒng)，如圖所示。一般情況下，這兩個(gè)子系統(tǒng)宜一同納入BAS考慮，如將消防與安全防范子系統(tǒng)獨(dú)立設(shè)置，也應(yīng)與BAS監(jiān)控中心建立通信聯(lián)系以便災(zāi)情發(fā)生時(shí)，能夠按照約定實(shí)現(xiàn)操作權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移，進(jìn)行一體化的協(xié)調(diào)控制。建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的基本功能可以歸納如下：(1)自動(dòng)監(jiān)視并控制各種機(jī)電設(shè)備的起、停，顯示或打印當(dāng)前運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)。(2)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)、顯示、打印各種機(jī)電設(shè)備的運(yùn)行參數(shù)及其變化趨勢(shì)或歷史數(shù)據(jù)。(3)根據(jù)外界條件、環(huán)境因素、負(fù)載變化情況自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)各種設(shè)備，使之始終運(yùn)行于最佳狀態(tài)。(4)監(jiān)測(cè)并及時(shí)處理各種意外、突發(fā)事件。(5)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)大樓內(nèi)各種機(jī)電設(shè)備的統(tǒng)一管理、協(xié)調(diào)控制。(6)能源管理：水、電、氣等的計(jì)量收費(fèi)、實(shí)現(xiàn)能源管理自動(dòng)化。(7)設(shè)備管理：包括設(shè)備檔案、設(shè)備運(yùn)行報(bào)表和設(shè)備維修管理等。3

樓宇自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)的原理樓控系統(tǒng)采用的是基于現(xiàn)代控制理論的集散型計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)，也稱分布式控制系統(tǒng)(Distributedcontrol

systems簡(jiǎn)稱DCS)。它的特征是“集中管理分散控制”，即用分布在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)被控設(shè)備處的微型計(jì)算機(jī)控制裝置(DDC)完成被控\o"設(shè)備"設(shè)備的實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)和控制任務(wù)，克服了計(jì)算機(jī)集中控制帶來的危險(xiǎn)性高度集中的不足和常規(guī)儀表控制功能單一的局限性。安裝于中央控制室的\o"中央"中央管理計(jì)算機(jī)具有CRT顯示、打印輸出、豐富的軟件管理和很強(qiáng)的數(shù)字通信功能，能完成集中操作、顯示、報(bào)警、打印與優(yōu)化控制等任務(wù)，避免了常規(guī)儀表控制分散后人機(jī)聯(lián)系困難、無法統(tǒng)一管理的缺點(diǎn)，保證設(shè)備在最佳狀態(tài)下運(yùn)行。以下介紹與分布控制系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的幾個(gè)概念。3.l

直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)(DDC)直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)(Direct

Digital

Control簡(jiǎn)稱DDC)如圖2所示。計(jì)算機(jī)通過模擬量輸入通道(AI)和開關(guān)量輸入通道(DI)采集實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，然后按照一定的規(guī)律進(jìn)行計(jì)算，最后發(fā)出控制信號(hào)，并通過模擬量輸出通道(AO)和開關(guān)量輸出通道(DO)直接控制生產(chǎn)過程。因此DDC系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)，是計(jì)算機(jī)在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中最普遍的一種應(yīng)用方式。DDC系統(tǒng)中的計(jì)算機(jī)直接承擔(dān)控制任務(wù)，因而要求實(shí)時(shí)性好、可靠性高和適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。3．1．1

直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)的組成直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)主要由過程輸入通道、過程控制計(jì)算機(jī)、過程輸出通道三部分組成。過程輸入通道由模擬量輸入和數(shù)字量輸入兩部分組成。模擬量輸入通道由變送器、采樣開關(guān)、放大器、A／D轉(zhuǎn)換器和接口電路組成。其中變送器的作用是將非電量信號(hào)變換成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電信號(hào)，可將溫度、壓力、流量變換成0-10mA或4-20mA的直流電信號(hào)，它是通過A／D轉(zhuǎn)換器來實(shí)現(xiàn)的?！獢?shù)字量輸入通道由開關(guān)觸點(diǎn)、光電耦合器和接口電路組成，反映生產(chǎn)過程的通／斷狀態(tài)的觸點(diǎn)信號(hào)，經(jīng)過光電耦合器和接口電路變換成數(shù)字信號(hào)送給計(jì)算機(jī)。過程控制計(jì)算機(jī)直接承擔(dān)運(yùn)算和控制任務(wù)，首先通過過程輸入通道采集被控對(duì)象的各種參數(shù)信號(hào)，再根據(jù)預(yù)定的控制規(guī)律(如PID)進(jìn)行運(yùn)算，然后向被控對(duì)象發(fā)出控制信號(hào)，再通過輸出通道直接控制調(diào)節(jié)閥等執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。過程輸出通道由模擬量輸出和數(shù)字量輸出兩部分組成。前者把計(jì)算機(jī)輸出的數(shù)字控制信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成模擬電壓或電流信號(hào)，再經(jīng)過放大器去驅(qū)動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)閥等執(zhí)行器實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)過程的控制。這一部分由接口電路、D／A轉(zhuǎn)換器，放大器和執(zhí)行器組成。后者把計(jì)算機(jī)輸出的開關(guān)信號(hào)，經(jīng)放大器去驅(qū)動(dòng)電磁閥和繼電器執(zhí)行器，它由接口電器、光電耦合器、放大器和執(zhí)行器組成。3．1．2

直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)的基本算法按照偏差的比例(P)、積分(I)和微分(D)進(jìn)行控制，是連續(xù)系統(tǒng)中技術(shù)成熟、應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種基本規(guī)律，將PID控制規(guī)律離散化并在計(jì)算機(jī)上實(shí)現(xiàn)，可以方便地利用已積累的成熟技術(shù)，而且可以在被控對(duì)象的數(shù)學(xué)模型或參數(shù)不很清楚的情況下，經(jīng)過在線整定達(dá)到滿意的效果。因此，將模擬調(diào)節(jié)規(guī)律離散化的數(shù)字PID算法，已被工業(yè)過程計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)普遍采用，成為DDC系統(tǒng)的基本算法。數(shù)字PID控制算法，模擬量調(diào)節(jié)器的理想PID算式為

式中e(t)——偏差(設(shè)定值與實(shí)際輸出值之差)u(t)——控制量Kp——比例放大系數(shù)Ti一積分時(shí)間常數(shù)Td——微分時(shí)間常數(shù)寫成傳遞函數(shù)形式為了能在計(jì)算機(jī)上實(shí)現(xiàn)，必須將連續(xù)形式的微分方程化為離散形式的差分方程。設(shè)了為采樣周期(與系統(tǒng)時(shí)間常數(shù)相比，T足夠小)，k為采樣序號(hào)(k=0，1，2，……)，可用矩形法計(jì)算而積以差分代替微分式中e(k)——第k次采樣所得偏差值e(k-1)——第(k-1)次采樣所得偏差值u(k)——第k時(shí)刻的控制量上式中的采樣周期T越小(與系統(tǒng)時(shí)間常數(shù)比較而言)，則被控過程與連續(xù)控制過程越接近，又稱為“準(zhǔn)連續(xù)控制”。3．2

分布式控制系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)分布式控制系統(tǒng)(Distributed

Control

Systems簡(jiǎn)稱DCS)20世紀(jì)于70年代中期出現(xiàn)并迅速發(fā)展起來，它將計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、圖形顯示技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)匯集于一體，可對(duì)分散在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的設(shè)備進(jìn)行控制，又可方便地集中管理、操作，與以往的控制系統(tǒng)相比，既避免了單臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)集中控制的不足，又克服了常規(guī)儀表人機(jī)交互困難的缺點(diǎn)。分布式控制系統(tǒng)的多臺(tái)微型計(jì)算機(jī)取代了集中控制系統(tǒng)的單臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，從體系結(jié)構(gòu)上分散了危險(xiǎn)性，提高了可靠性。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)功能如圖3所示，圖中現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制站、數(shù)據(jù)采集站、工程師站、操作員站、監(jiān)控計(jì)算機(jī)和管理計(jì)算機(jī)通過數(shù)據(jù)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)被有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來，組成分級(jí)分布控制系統(tǒng)。3．2．1

分布式控制系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)是分布式控制系統(tǒng)的支柱。整個(gè)分布式控制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)質(zhì)上是一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制站、數(shù)據(jù)采集站、工程師站、操作員站、監(jiān)控計(jì)算機(jī)等都是這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的“節(jié)點(diǎn)”，都含有CPU和網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口，它們都有自己特定的網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址(節(jié)點(diǎn)號(hào))，可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)送和接收數(shù)據(jù)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的各節(jié)點(diǎn)處于平等地位，既能共享資源，又不相互依賴，形成既有統(tǒng)一指揮，又使危險(xiǎn)分散的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的架構(gòu)區(qū)具有極大的伸縮性，可擴(kuò)性很強(qiáng)，可以滿足分布式控制系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)充與升級(jí)的需要，十分靈活、方便。(1)控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)特點(diǎn)

分布式控制系統(tǒng)的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)不同于通用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，與一般的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)比較，它有如下特殊要求：①有高可靠性和安全性，要求傳遞的信息絕對(duì)準(zhǔn)確、可靠，為此常采用冗余技術(shù)、后備措施和自診斷功能。如：控制站采用雙CPU板，雙I／0板等。②具有良好的實(shí)時(shí)性。③對(duì)環(huán)境適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。(2)網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)

建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)常用的有總線網(wǎng)和環(huán)網(wǎng)，在兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中任意兩節(jié)點(diǎn)通信可直接通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行，各節(jié)點(diǎn)處于平等地位。(3)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議

組成建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)，必須有一種大家都能接受并且共同遵守的工作語言來實(shí)現(xiàn)相互之間的對(duì)話，這就是數(shù)據(jù)通信協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。用于建筑自動(dòng)化控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)的BACnet協(xié)議由物理層、數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層、網(wǎng)絡(luò)層和應(yīng)用層組成，或相當(dāng)于開放系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)參考模型(OSI)的第一、二、三、七層協(xié)議其中：ARCnet為令牌總線網(wǎng)，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率為2．5-20bit／s，有良好的實(shí)時(shí)性。MS／TP是一種主／從令牌傳遞數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層技術(shù)，允許使用EIA-485硬件。BACnet實(shí)現(xiàn)了不同生產(chǎn)廠家自控系統(tǒng)之間進(jìn)行通信的技術(shù)，即從一個(gè)“島”到另一個(gè)“島”之間進(jìn)行相互聯(lián)系的技術(shù)。5

結(jié)束語

樓宇自動(dòng)化控制技術(shù)在我國(guó)還是一個(gè)新興的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，隨著更多智能建筑的出現(xiàn)，將有更加先進(jìn)的技術(shù)補(bǔ)充到這一領(lǐng)域中，使這一技術(shù)更加成熟、完善。

IntelligentBuildingTheoryofBuildingAutomationSystemAbstract:Thispaperdescribesthebuildingautomationsystemcomponents,functions,andprinciplesofsoftwareandhardwaretechnology,history,andrelatedproductsarebrieflyintroducedthereaderofthissystemhasacomprehensiveunderstandingofrelevantprofessionaldesignersfortheprogramdesignedtoprovideatheoreticalframeofreference.Keywords:buildingautomationsystem,thecoreprincipleofthebasicfunctionsofhardwareandsoftwaretechnologies1IntroductiontoBuildingAutomationSystem,alsoknownasbuildingautomationsystem(BuildingAutomationSystemreferredtoasBAS),isanintegralpartofintelligentbuilding,itstaskisthebuilding'senergyuse,environmental,trafficandsafetymonitoring,control,etc.,toprovideasafeandreliable,butalsosaveenergy,andcomfortableworkorlivingenvironment2.buildingautomationsystemcomponentsandbasicfunctionsofbuildingautomationsystemsoftenincludeairconditioning,watersupplyanddrainage,powersupply,lighting,elevators,firesafetyandpreventionandothersubsystems.Accordingtoourindustrystandards,BAScanbedividedintoequipmentoperationmanagementandmonitoringsubsystemandfirepreventionandsafetysubsystems,asshown.Ingeneral,thesetwosubsystemstogetherintoBASconsidershould,ifthefireandsafetyprecautionsZijiTongindependentsetting,controlcentershouldbeestablishedcommunicationwiththeBAScontactYipiandisasterFasheng,canachievetheagreedoperatingQuanZhuanYiAnZhao,JinXingYiTihuacoordinationandcontro.Buildingautomationsystem'sbasicfunctionscanbesummarizedasfollows:(1)automaticmonitoringandcontrolofvariouselectricalandmechanicalequipment,thestop,displayorprintthecurrentoperatingstate.(2)automaticdetection,display,printavarietyofelectricalandmechanicalequipmentoperatingparametersandchangesintrendsorhistoricaldata.(3)Accordingtoexternalconditions,environmentalfactors,thechangeautomaticallyadjusttheloadofequipment,sothatisalwaysrunningintopcondition.(4)monitoringandtimelyprocessingofallaccidentemergencies(5)toachieveavarietyofelectricalandmechanicalequipmentonbuildingaunifiedmanagement,coordinationandcontrol.(6)Energymanagement:water,electricity,gasmeteringandcharging,etc.,toachieveenergymanagementautomation.(7)EquipmentManagement:includingdevicefiles,equipmentoperationandequipmentmaintenancemanagementreports.3,theprincipleofbuildingautomationcontrolsystemBuildingcontrolsystemusedisbasedonmoderncontroltheory,distributedcomputercontrolsystem,alsoknownasdistributedcontrolsystem(DistributedcontrolsystemsreferredtoasDCS).Itischaracterizedbya"centralizedmanagementdecentralizedcontrol,"thatischargedwithdistributionofequipmentinthefieldofficeofthemicro-computercontrol(DDC)tocompletedevicechargedwiththetaskofreal-timedetectionandcontrol,centralizedcontrolofcomputertoovercometherisksofhighlackofcentralizedcontrolandconventionalsingleinstrumentlimitations.InstalledinthecentralcontrolroomofthecentralmanagementcomputerwithCRTdisplay,printoutput,extensivesoftwaremanagementandastrongdigitalcommunicationscapabilitiestocompletethecentralizedoperation,display,alarm,taskssuchasprintingandoptimalcontrol,avoidingChangguiinstrumentcontrolisdistributeddifficultiesaftertheman-machinecontact,nounifiedmanagementshortcomings,ensurethatequipmentrunningintopform.Herearedistributedcontrolsystemswithseveralconcepts.3.ldirectdigitalcontrolsystem(DDC)directdigitalcontrolsystem(DirectDigitalControlreferredtoasDDC)showninFigure2.Computerthroughtheanaloginputchannels(AI)anddigitalinputchannels(DI)real-timedatacollection,andthencalculatedaccordingtocertainrules,andfinallythecontrolsignals,andthroughtheanalogoutputchannels(AO)andtheswitchoutputchannel(DO)directcontroloftheproductionprocess.SoDDCsystemisaclosedloopcontrolsystem,acomputerintheindustrialproductionofthemostpopularwayofanapplicationDDCsystemcontrolcomputertoundertaketasks,whichrequiredreal-time,highreliabilityandadaptability.3.1.1CompositionofdirectdigitalcontrolsystemDirectdigitalcontrolsystemconsistsoftheprocessinputchannel,processcontrolcomputer,theprocessofoutputchannelsofthreeparts.Processinputchannelsfromtheanaloginputanddigitalinputoftwoparts.Analoginputchannelsfromthetransmitter,thesamplingswitch,amplifier,A/Dconverterandinterfacecircuit.Oneistheroleofthetransmittersignalwillbeconvertedintothestandardnon-powerelectricalsignal，Canbetemperature,pressure,flowtransformedinto0-10mAor4-20mADCsignal,itisthroughtheA/Dconvertertoachieve.-Digitalinputchannelsfromtheswitchcontacts,photoelectriccouplerandinterfacecircuit,reflectingtheproductionprocesson/offstateofthecontactsignal,throughtheoptocouplerandtheinterfacecircuittransformationintoadigitalsignalsenttothecomputerDirectcommitmenttotheprocesscontrolcomputeroperationsandcontroltasks,firstofallinputchannelsthroughtheprocessofcollectingtheparametersoftheobjectandsignals,thenthescheduledcontrollaw(suchasPID)foroperation,andthensendcontrolsignalstothecontrolledobject,thentheoutputchanneldirectcontrolofthecontrolvalveactuatorProcessoutputchannelfromtheanalogoutputanddigitaloutputoftwoparts.Theformercontrolofthecomputeroutputofdigitalsignalsintoanalogvoltageorcurrentsignals,throughtheamplifiertodrivetheactuatorcontrolvalvetoachievecontroloftheproductionprocess.Thispartoftheinterfacecircuit,D/Aconverter,amplifierandactuatorcomponent.Whichthecomputeroutputoftheswitchsignalbyamplifiertodrivesolenoidvalveandrelayactuator,whichconsistsofelectricalinterfaces,opticalcoupler,amplifierandactuatorcomponent。3.1.2DirectDigitalControlSysteminaccordancewiththedeviationoftheratioofthebasicalgorithm(P),integral(I)anddifferential(D)control,acontinuoussystemtechnologyismature,themostwidelyusedasabasiclaw,thePIDcontrolGuilvdiscreteimplementationofandmakecomputer,caneasilybeaccumulatedtousethisproventechnology,butalsotheallegedtargetofthemathematicalmodelorparameterisnotveryclearunderthecircumstances,JingGuo-linetuningofXiaoguosatisfactory.Therefore,thelawregulatingdiscreteanalogdigitalPIDalgorithm,computercontrolofindustrialprocesseshavebeenwidelyadoptedsystem,aDDCsystem,thebasicalgorithmDigitalPIDcontrolalgorithm,analogPIDcontrolleridealformulaforthetypeofe(t)-deviation(setvalueandtheactualoutputvalueoftheerror)u(t)-controltheamountofKp-TiascalingfactorIntegraltimeconstantTd-differentialtimeconstanttransferfunctionwrittenintheformofacomputerinordertoachieve,mustbeacontinuousformofdifferentialequationsintodiscreteformofdifferentialequations.Setforthesamplingperiod(comparedwiththesystemtimeconstant,Tissmallenough),kissamplingnumber(k=0,1,2,......),canbecalculatedandrectangularplottoreplacethedifferentialdifferenceTypeine(k)-k-thsamplefromthedeviatione(k-1)-s(k-1)sub-samplefromthedeviationofu(k)-k-timecontroloftrafficonthetypeofThesmallerthesamplingperiodT(comparisonwiththesystemtimeconstant),waschargedwiththeprocessandthecontinuouscontrolprocessapproached,alsoknownas"quasi-continuouscontrol"3.2Thearchitectureofdistributedcontrolsystemdistributedcontrolsystem(DistributedControlSystemsreferredtoasDCS)20centuryinthemid70sandquicklydeveloped,itwillcomputertechnology,controltechnology,graphicsandcommunicationtechnologiestogetherinone,canspreadoverthesceneoftheequipmentcontrol,butalsoconvenienttocentralizedmanagement,operation,andthepast,thecontrolsystem,bothtoavoidLesinglecentralizedcomputercontroloftheinadequacyofOvercomeconventionalhuman-computerinteractiondifficultiestheshortcomingsinstrument.Distributedcontrolsystemofmultiplemicro-computersystemtoreplacethecentralizedcontrolofasinglecomputer,fromthearchitectureoftheriskofdispersion,improvedreliability,.ThebasicstructureandfunctionshowninFigure3,thefigurescenecontrollers,dataacquisitionstation,engineerstation,operatorstation,monitorandmanagecomputerdatacommunicationthroughcomputernetworksareorganicallycombinedtoformthehierarchicaldistributedcontrolsystem3.2.1AdistributedcontrolsystemdatacommunicationsnetworkDatacommunicationnetworkisapillarofthedistributedcontrolsystem.Thestructureofthedistributedcontrolsystem,whichisanetworkstructure,thecontrolstation,dataacquisitionstation,engineers,operatorstations,monitoringstationisthecomputeronthenetwork"node",containtheCPUandnetworkinterface,theyallhavetheirownspecialnetworkaddress(nodes),cansendandreceivedatathroughthenetwork,thenetworkofeachnodeinequalstatus,canshareresourcesandinterdependent,formaunifiedcommand,andhasthefunctionofthedispersedrisk,networkarchitectureareaisofgreatflexibility,scalability,cansatisfythedistributedcontrolsystemwiththeneedtoupgrade,theexpansionisflexibleandconvenient(1)controlnetworkcharacteristicsofdistributedcontrolsystemisdifferentfromthegeneralcomputernetworkcommunicationnetwork,andgeneralcommunicationnetwork,itisasfollows:(1)havespecialrequirements,highreliabilityandsafetyrequirementsofinformationtransmission,thereforeabsolutelyaccurate,reliableandoftenUSESredundanttechnology,backupanddiagnosis