2023年考研外語提分沖刺試卷12

考研外語提分沖刺試卷12

一、UseofEnglish

1、Nowadays,morepeoplearelivingclosertogether,andthey

usemachinestoproduceleisure.Asaresult,theyfindthat

theirleisure,andeventheirworkinghours,become(1)

byabyproductoftheirmachines,(2)noise.Noiseisin

thenews;ithasacquiredpolitical(3),andpublic

opinionisdemanding,moreandmore(4),thatsomething

(5)aboutit.

Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuch(6)(Annoyancearises

oftenfrom,(7)ofcommoncourtesy),asenseofproportion

(Thereisusuallya(8)ofinterestifanoiseistobe

stopped),the(9)ofmoney(anditisfarmoreeconomical

todothisearly(10)thanlate),and,finally,technical

knowledge.

Thoughthe(11)carefornoiseistostopitatitssource,

thismayinmany(12)beimpossible.Thenext(13)

istoabsorbitonitswaytotheear.Domesticnoisesmaybe

controlledbyforethoughtand(14),andindustrialnoises

bygoodplanningandtechnical(15)Butifwearegoing

to(16)fastmotor-cyclesandheavy(17)lorriesto

passcontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusiness(18),

thecommunitymustdecide(19)thecontrolitneedsto

(20)forinthelongrunithasgottopayforit.

A.damaged

B.spoilt

C.destroyed

D.interfered

2、(2)

A.unexpectedly

B.namely

C.ideally

D.swiftly

3、⑶

A.standard

B.status

C.position

D.situation

4、(4)

A.persistently

B.permanently

C.insistently

D.stubbornly

5、⑸

A.bedone

B.tobedone

C.isdone

D.beingdone

6、(6)

A.self-confidence

B.self-reliance

C.self-discipline

D.self-respect.

7、(7)

A.reason

B.lack

C.virtue

D.deficiency

8、(8)

A.controversy

B.contrast

C.contradiction

D.conflict

9、(9)

3

A.accumulation

B.expenditure

C.depreciation

D.distribution

10、(10)

A.other

B.more

C.rather

D.better

IK(11)

A.hopeful

B.definite

C.ideal

D.expected

12、(12)

A.cases

B.conditions

C.presentations

D.circumstances

13、(13)

A.remedy

B.solution

4

C.method

D.procedure

14、(14)

A.courtesy

B.meditation

C.politeness

D.precaution

15、(15)

A.perfection

B.improvement

C.investigation

D.adoption

16、(16)

A.allow

B.let

C.prohibit

D.approve

17、(17)

A.diesel

B.decent

C.decibel

D.datum

5

18、(18)

A.districts

B.regions

C.zones

D.territories

19、(19)

A.for

B.at

C.with

D.on

20、(20)

A.practice

B.exercise

C.obtain

D.acquire

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,

theinformationage,theknowledgesociety.Itisall

translatedtoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Already

we'vepartlybeenthere.Thepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheir

livingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWestern

World.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan

(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areinthe

serviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.Morewomenare

intheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemoreparttime

jobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthofthe

economictransformationcan'tbemeasuredbynumbersalone,

becauseitisalsogivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinking

aboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobs

andcareers,theskillsneededtosucceed,eventherelation

betweenindividualsandemployers一al1thesearebeingchanged.

Wehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmay

lieaheadNoonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhave

foreseenthewaysinwhichdsingleinvention,thechip(芯片)，

wouldtransform,ourworldthankstoitsapplicationsin

personalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.

Tomorrow'sachievementsinbiotechnology,artificial

Intelligenceorevensomesti11unimaginedtechnologycould

produceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingis

certain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,

andthepeoplewhopossessit,whethertheyworkin

manufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproduce

thewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasica

requirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilityto

solveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperforming

routinetaskswillbeaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead

10years,informationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbe

thewayyoudoyourjob.

Acharacteristicoftheinformationageisthat

A.theserviceindustryisrelyingmoreandmoreonthefemale

workforce

B.manufacturingindustriesaresteadilyincreasing

C.peoplefindithardertoearna1ivingbyworkingin

factories

D.mostofthejobopportunitiescannowbefoundinservice

industry

2、

OneofthegreatchangesbroughtaboutbytheknowledgeSociety

isthat

A.thedifferencebetweentheemployeeandtheemployerhas

becomeinsignificant

B.people'straditionalconceptsaboutworknolongerhold

true

C.mostpeoplehavetotakepart-timejobs

D.peoplehavetochangetheirjobsfromtimetotime

3、

Byreferringtocomputersandotherinventions,theauthor

meanstosaythat

A.peopleshouldbeabletorespondquicklytotheadvancement

oftechnology

B.futureachievementsintechnologywillbringabout

inconceivabledramaticchanges

C.theimportanceofhightechnologyhasbeenoverlooked

D.computersciencewillplayaleadingroleinthefuture

informationservices

4、

Thefuturewillprobablybelongtothosewho

A.possessandknowhowtomakeuseofinformation

B.givefullplaytotheirbrainpotential

C.involvethemselvesinthe,serviceindustry

D.casttheirmindsaheadinsteadoflookingback

5、

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthe

passage?

A.ComputersandtheKnowledgeSociety

B.ServiceIndustriesinModemSociety

C.FeaturesandImplicationsoftheNewEra

D.RapidAdvancementofInformationTechnology

6、Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychology,andmany

observershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnectionwithrobots

andcomputers:someoftheoldworriesaboutAl(artificial

intelligence)werecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhether)

computerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputers,

capableofrapid(ifoftenunreliable)computationandlittle

ornocreativeactivity,weresoonnamed''electronicbrains”.

Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthem

intheirplace,computerswerecalled''high-speedidiots”,an

efforttoprotecthumanvanity.Butnoteveryonerealizedthe

implicationsoftheexpression:"high-speedidiot”.Ithasnot

beenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisone

ofthemostintelligentlifeformsontheearth.Iftheearly

computerswereeventhatintelligent,itwasalreadya

remarkablestateofaffairs.

Oneconsequencefromstudyingthepossibilityofcomputer

thoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcarethe

ideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecameclearthatwewere

notsurewhatwemeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.

Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthink,somemorethanothers,

thoughweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreams

causeaproblem,partlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideour

control.Theyareobviouslysometypesofmentalexperience,

butaretheyatypeofthinking?Andthequestionofnonhuman

lifeformsaddsfurtherproblems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthat

someofthehigheranimals—dogs,cats,apes,andsoon—are

capableofatleastbasicthought,butwhataboutfishand

insects?Itiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshow

complexbrainactivitywhentestedwiththeappropriate

equipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectrical

activityinthebrain,thenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableof

thought.Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthought

isinbiologicalcreatures,itwillbeeasiertodiscussthe

questionofthoughtinartificialmachines.Oneofthegreat

benefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtoexamine

morecloselytheworkingofthehumanmind.

Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormental

abilitiestomanylifeforms.Notreecanplaychessaswell

aseventhesimplestcomputer;norcanfrogsrepaircarbodies

aswellasrobots.Itseemsthat,viewedintermsofintellect,

thecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.

Onlythehigher，animalscancompetewithcomputerswithregard

tointellect.

Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerswere

A.slowandreliable

B.creativeandaccurate

C.largeandfast

D.onlycapableofadditions

7、

Bycallingtheseearlycomputers''high-speedidiots”,people

werereallyimplyingthatcomputers

A.wouldneverbecapableofthinking

B.werealreadysomewhatintelligent

C.canneverworkasrapidlyaspeople

D.wouldbeascleverasnormalhumanbeings

8、

Wemaybelievethatsuchwordsasthoughtandthinking

A.aretermsthatarenotclearandwillneverbeexactly

defined

B.mightcometobebetterunderstoodbecauseofresearchinto

Al

C.haveprecisebiologicalmeaningsthatreferonlytohuman

mentalprocesses

D.shouldnotbeusedtodescribecomputers

9、

Itseemsthatmentalactivitiesarecharacteristicof

A.allplantsandanimals

B.someinsects

C.humanbeings

D.somemachines

10、

Theword"idiot”(Para.1)probablymeans

A.aprofoundperson

B.amentalpatient

C.amentaldisturbedperson

D.afoolishorstupidperson

11、Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkof

theprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveral

booksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooks,

aswellasseveralchapters,mainlyin,butnot1imitedto,

journalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtexts,

stressthe"flowto〃aspectsofjournalisticinterviewing

ratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterview,its

context,andimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialis

basedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Aswe

know,injournalismasinotherfields,muchcanbelearnedfrom

thesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudy

bringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralized

principlescanbedeveloped.

Thereis,ashasbeensuggested,agrowingbodyofresearch

literatureinjournalismandbroadcasting,butverylittle

significantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyofthe

interviewitself.Ontheotherhand,manygeneraltextsaswell

asnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsother

thanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksand

articlespresentthetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsofthe

interviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.

Unhappily,thisplentifulgeneralliteratureabout

interviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalistic

interview,whichseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.First,

itseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesare

morefamiliar,atleastinapositivemanner,withjournalistic

interviewingthananyotherform,ofinterviewing.Mostofus

areprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterview,

suchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.In

thesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorintervieweris

interestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosis

andtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliar

situationisthejobinterview.

However,veryfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewed

personallybythemassmedia,particularlybytelevision.And

yet,wehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalistic

interviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders,listeners,and

viewers.Evenso,theunderstandingofthejournalistic

interview,especiallytelevisioninterviews,requires

thoughtfulanalysesandevenstudy,asthisbookindicates.

Thekeypointofthefirstparagraphisthat

A.generalizedprinciplesforjournalisticinterviewsarethe

chiefconcernforwritersonjournalism

B.importanceshouldbeattachedtothesystematicstudyof

journalisticinterviewing

C.conceptsandcontextualimplicationsareofsecondary

importancetojournalisticinterviewing

D.personalexperiencesandgeneralimpressionsshouldbe

excludedfromjournalisticinterviews

12、

Muchresearchhasbeendoneoninterviewsingeneral

A.sothetrainingofjournalisticinterviewershaslikewise

beenstrengthened

B.thoughthestudyoftheinterviewingtechniqueshasn，t

receivedmuchattention

C.butjournalisticinterviewingasaspecificfieldhas

unfortunatelybeenneglected

D.personalexperiencesandgeneralimpressionsshouldbe

excludedfromjournalisticinterviews

13、

Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalistic

interview,

A.butmostofthemwishtostayawayfromit

B.andmanyofthemhopetobeinterviewedsomeday

C.andmanyofthemwouldliketoacquireatrueunderstanding

ofit

D.butmostofthemmaynothavebeeninterviewedinperson

14、

Whoistheintervieweeinaclinicalinterview?

A.Thepatient

B.Thephysician

C.Thejournalist

D.Thepsychologist

15、

Thearticleismostlikelyapartof

A.anewsarticle

B.ajournalisticinterview

C.aresearchreport

D.apreface

16、ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatesto

therisksofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.More

than80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercarsorlight

trucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11,000

mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivers

haveabloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)of0.1percentor

higher.Fortheaverageadult,overfiveouncesof80proof

spiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftime

toattaintheselevels.Onethirdofdriverswhohavebeen

drinking,butfewerthan4percentofalldrivers,demonstrate

theselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriveswithBACs

of0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashed,the

probabilityoftheirinvolvementsis27timeshigherthanfor

thosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.Thereareanumberof

differentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichdrinking

playsarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessive

consumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionof

thecountry，spopulation,ithasbeensuggestedthathigher

taxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkers

wou1dbetaxedthemost,anyonewhodrinksatallwouldbe

punishedbythisapproach.

Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproach

directedonlyatdrinkingdrivers.Insomestates,thelaw

empowerspolicetorequestbreathtestsofdriverscommitting

anytrafficoffenseandhigherBACcanbebasisforarrest.The

NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimates,

however,thatevenwithincreasedarrests,thereareabout700

violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittle

evidencethatlawsareeffectivewaystoreducedrunkdriving.

InBritain,motorvehicleaccidentsfell25percentimmediately

followingimplementationofheRoadSafetyActin1967.As

Britishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkand

notbestopped,theeffectivenessdeclined,althoughinthe

followingthreeyearsthedeath-rateseldomreachedthat

observedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct.

WhetherpenaltiesfordrivingwithahighBACorexcessive

taxationonconsumptionofalcoholicdrinkwilldeterthe

excessivedrinkerresponsibleformostaccidentsisunclear.

Onethingisclear,however,unlesswedealwithautomobileand

highwaysafetyandreduceaccidentsinwhichalcoholicdrinking

playsarole,manywillcontinuetodie.

Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

A.interpretingtheresultsofsurveysontrafficaccidents

B.reviewingtheeffectivenessofattemptstoreducedrank

driving

C.analyzingthecausesofthelargenumberofannualtraffic

deaths

D.makinganinternationalcomparisonofexperiencewith

drankdriving

17、

Itcanbeinferredthatthe1967RoadSafetyActin

Britain

A.changeanexistinglawtolowertheBAClevelwhichdefined

drankdriving

B.madeitillegalforthedrunkdrivertodrive

C.increasedthenumberofdrunkdrivingarrests

D.placedataxonthesaleofalcoholicdrinks

18、

TheauthorimpliesthataBACof0.1percent

A.isunreasonablyhighasadefinitionofdrunkdriving

B.penalizesthemoderatedrinkerwhileallowingtheheavy

drinkertoconsumewithoutlimit

C.iswellbelowtheBAGofmostdriverswhoareinvolvedin

fatalcrashes

D.provesthatadriverhasconsumedfiveouncesof80proof

spiritsoverashorttime

19、

TheauthorcitestheBritishexampleinorderto

A.showthattheproblemofdrankdrivingisworseinBritain

thanintheU.S.

B.provethatstricterlawsagainstdrinkingdriverswould

reducetrafficdeaths

C.provethataslightincreaseinthenumberofarrestsof

drankdriverswillnotdeterdrunkdriving

D.suggestthattaxationofalcoholconsumptionmaybemore

effectivethancriminallaws

20、

Theword“deter“inthelastparagraphprobablymeans

A.prevent

B.encourage

C.punish

D.threaten

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E>F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Scienceiscommittedtotheuniversal.Asignofthisisthat

themoresuccessfulasciencebecomes,thebroaderthe

agreementaboutitsbasicconcepts:thereisnotaseparate

ChineseorAmericanorSovietthermodynamics(熱力學(xué))，for

example,thereissimplythermodynamics(41).

(42).Thisiswhythespreadoftechnologymakestheworld

lookevermorehomogeneous.Architecturalstyles,dressstyles,

musicalstyles,eveneatingstyles,tendincreasinglytobe

worldstyles.Theworldlooksmorehomogeneousbecauseitis

morehomogeneous.Childrenwhogrowupinthisworldtherefore

experienceitasasamenessratherthanadiversity,andbecause

theiridentitiesareshapedbythissameness,theirsenseof

differencesamongculturesandindividualsdiminishes.

(43).

Theautomobileillustratesthepointwithgreatclarity.A

technologicalinnovation1ikestreamliningoral1-weldedbody

constructionmayberejectedinitially,butifitisimportant

totheefficiencyoreconomicsofautomobiles,itwillreappear

indifferentwaysuntilitisnotonlyacceptedbutuniversally

regardedasanasset.(44).

Ifmancreatesmachines,machinesinturnshapetheircreators.

Astheautomobileisuniversalized,ituniversalizesthosewho

useit.LiketheWorldCarhedrives,modemmanisbecoming

universal.Nolongerquiteanindividual,nolongerquitethe

productofauniquegeographyandculture,hemovesfromone

climate-controlledshoppingmalltoanother,oneairporttothe

next,fromoneHolidayInntoitssuccessorthreehundredmiles

downtheroad;butsomehowhislocationneverchanges.Heis

cosmopolitan(四海為家者).Thepricehepaysisthatheno

longerhasahomeinthetraditionalsenseoftheworld.

(45).

Theuniversalizing,imperativeoftechnologyisirresistible.

Barringthecatastropheofnuclearwar,itwillcontinueto

shapebothmodemcultureandtheconsciousnessofthosewho

inhabitthatculture.

A.Thermodynamicsbelongstophysicsthatdealswiththe

relationshipsbetweenheatandotherformsofenergy.

B.Asthecorollary(必定結(jié)果)ofscience,technologyalso

exhibitstheuniversalizingtendency.

C.Today'sautomobileisnolongeruniquetoagivencompany

oreventoagivennationalculture,itsbasicfeaturesare

found,withvariations,inautomobilesingeneral,nomatter

whomakesthem.

D.Geneticsisthebranchofbiologythatdealswithheredity,

especiallythemechanismsofhereditarytransmissionandthe

variationofinheritedcharacteristicsamongsimilaror

relatedorganisms.

E.Asbuildingsbecomemorealike,thepeoplewhoinhabitthe

buildingsbecomemorealike.Theresultisdescribedprecisely

inaphrasethatisalreadyfamiliar:thedisappearanceof

history.

F.Forseveraldecadesofthetwentiethcenturytherewasa

WesternandaSovietgenetics(遺傳學(xué))，thelatterassociated

withLysenko'stheorythatenvironmentalstresscanproduce

geneticmutations(變化).TodayLysenko,stheoryisdiscredited,

andthereisnowonlyonegenetics.

G.Thebenefitisthathebeginstosuspecthomeinthe

traditionalsenseisanothernameforlimitations,andthat

homeinthemodemsenseiseverywhereandalwayssurroundedby

neighbors.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Myeldestdaughter1anInternetconsultant,isonly30,but

shehasalreadylivedinfivedifferenthousesinfivedifferent

placesandhashadaboutsixdifferentjobs.EverytimeIvisit

her,Inoticehowmanynewthingsthereareinherhouse,and

howmanythingslieunused,outofdate.Whatisevenmore

striking