版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
GlobalReport
Empathy
andEmpowerment:
theNewFrontline
Experience
ExceedingEmployeeExpectations
TableofContents
ClockedOut:FrontlineStatusQuoIsGone
3
ResearchPointstoFiveKeyExperienceMakers
4
TheFrontlineTalentCrisis
5
MeettheFrontlineLeaders
8
TheBlueprintforFrontlineExperienceExcellence
1
0
FinalWord
1
4
AbouttheResearch
1
5
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|2
Clockedout:frontlinestatusquoisgone.
Organizationsthatrelyonfrontlineandhourlyworkersarefacingatalentcrisis.
Withthemajorityreportingfrontlineturnoverabovethehistoricalnorm—andthecosttoreplaceeachemployeeanywherefrom$4,000to$66,0001—the
situationisurgent.
Marketcompetition,timepressure,andthecomplexityofmanagingafrontlineworkforceareallcompoundingtheproblem.Andmanyorganizationsdon’t
havethetools,processes,orcapabilitiestounderstandandmeetevolvingemployeeneeds.
Workerexpectationsareontheriseacrossallsectors,forcingorganizationstorethinktheiremployeeengagementstrategies.Thosethatfailtotailortheirfrontlineworkerexperiencestothenewemployeemindsetwillsuffer.
Auniquetime.
“Thisisauniquetimeandit’sclearlymorethanjustthepandemic,”saysDavidMorrell,directorofbenefitsattheAlbanyMedHealthSysteminNewYork.“Itisthis‘GreatReset.’Peoplearetakingtheopportunitytoreevaluate,andsavvyemployersareadaptingtheirworkforcepoliciesaccordingly.”
Wesurveyed504seniorexecutivesacrosshealthcare,hospitality,
manufacturing,andretailwithoversightand/orresponsibilityfordecisions
regardingtheirorganization’sfrontlineworkforce—meaninganyemployee
whomustbephysicallypresenttodotheirjob.Theresearchshowsapositivecorrelationamongamoreengagingfrontlineworkerexperience,decreasedturnover,andimprovedorganizationaloutcomes.
1Gartner:
/doc/reprints?id=1-28A1YX0G&ct=211201&st=sb
Thenewfrontline
workerexperience.
Frontlineworkerexperienceisthecombinedeffectoftheinteractionsofanyemployeewhomustbe
physicallypresenttocarryouttheirrolewithintheirorganization.
Sincethestartoftheglobal
pandemic,expectationsofthisexperiencehaveshiftedandnowincludeempathy,empowerment,andcontinuousevaluationof
workers’needs.
Employersmustadapttothis
evolvedstandardforfrontline
workerexperienceorexpecttoloseouttocompetitorsthatdo.
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|3
Researchpointstofivekeyexperiencemakers.
Asmallcohort(11%)oforganizationssurveyedhavecommittedtofrontline
workerexperienceasabusinessstrategyand,consequently,reportfrontlineturnoverthatislowerthanthehistoricalaverage.WecalltheseorganizationstheFrontlineLeaders.
Tellingly,theseFrontlineLeaders—whichspaneveryindustrywesurveyed—alsohaveagreaterunderstandingofhowdifficultthepandemichasbeenfortheirworkers.FrontlineLeadersenhancetheirfrontlineworkforceexperienceinfiveways:
56%oforganizationsaregrapplingwith
frontlineemployeeturnoverthatis
higherthanthe
historicalaverage
1Theyempowertheirfrontlineworkerswithmorecontrolandflexibility.
2Theyinvestinemployee-firsttoolsandtech.
3Theyrelyondatainsightstoinformandimproveemployeeexperience.
4Theyarefocusedonfrontlineworkers’developmentandwell-being.
5Theylistentotheirfrontlineworkers’wantsandneeds.
Bycontrast,themajorityoforganizationssurveyed(56%)aregrapplingwith
frontlineemployeeturnoverthatishigherthanthehistoricalaverage—and
halfoftheseorganizations(49%)expectevengreaterturnoverintheyear
ahead.Theyarelesslikelytoinvestinthefrontlineworkerexperienceandmore
likelytofocusontheshort-termgainoffillingpositions—oftenattheexpense
ofoverallorganizationaloutcomes.
Fortoday’sorganizationheads,thetimetoimprovethefrontlineworker
experienceisnow.
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|4
11%
33%
49%
Thefrontlinetalentcrisis.
Forthemajorityoforganizationssurveyed(56%),frontlineemployeeturnoveris
currentlyabovethehistoricalindustryaverage.Andmanyorganizations(46%
overall)believeitwillbeevengreaterinthenextyear—asentimentthatwon’t
behelpedbyhighinflationorrecessionfears.
Breakingthecycle.
Thechallenginglabormarketandresultingcompetitionfortalentisrankedthe
topbarriertoimprovingfrontlineexperience(32%—seechartonpage6),as
employersstruggletothinkbeyondimmediateemploymentgaps.
“Whenyou’restuckintheminutia,it’shardtostrategize,”saysJudeReser,vice
president,HumanResourcesatAtriumHospitality.“We’realwaysconcerned
abouthiringforthathard-to-fillposition.”
Organizationscaughtupinacostlycycleofrecruiting,hiring,onboarding,and
trainingmaystruggletofundresourcestoenhancetheemployeeexperience.
Yetmanydon’tquantifythetruecostofthiscycle—andarethereforeunable
tocompareittothecostofinvestinginmeasuressuchasextendedbenefits,
traininganddevelopment,oremployee-firstschedulingtools,whichareproven
toattractworkersandretainthemforthelonghaul.
Frontlineturnoverishighwithinthemajorityoforganizations.
47%
Turnoverisdramaticallyor
somewhatlowerthanhistorical
industryaverage
40%
Turnoverisaboutthesameashistorical industryaverage
Turnovertoday
Expectevengreaterturnoverintheyearahead
56%
Turnoverisdramaticallyor
somewhathigherthanhistorical
industryaverage
Surveyquestion:Comparedwiththehistoricalaverageforyourindustry,whichofthe
followingbestdescribesthecurrentrateofturnoverofyourfrontlineworkforce?
Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththefollowingstatementsaboutyourorganization’s
frontlineworkforceexperience?(n=504)
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|5
Competitionfortalentinchallenginglabormarket
Inabilitytoquantifythevalueofanengagedfrontlineworkforce
Inabilitytogathertherightdatatounderstandemployeeneeds
Higherpriorityplacedonoffice-basedworkerexperience
Inflexiblelegacytechnologiesandtools
Inabilitytoconnectdataacrossbusinesslines
Inabilitytotranslatedataandinsightstooutcomes
Lackofbudget/resources
Lackoftechnologyempoweringcontrol/flexibilityforworkers
Examiningthefrontlinedatagap.
Whileintuitivelyatightlabormarketsupportsinvestmentinfrontlineworker
experience,almostone-thirdoforganizations(29%—seechartbelow)sayan
inabilitytoquantifythevalueofanengagedfrontlineworkforceortogather
thedatanecessarytodosoarebarrierstoimprovingtheirfrontlineexperience.
Thiscreatesafrontlinedatagapwhereorganizationsstruggletocalculate
thevalueofthedifferentcomponentsoftheirworkforceandasaresult,
createaculturaldivideinthetreatmentofdifferentemployeegroups.Almost
one-thirdoforganizationssayahigherpriorityiscurrentlybeinggiventothe
officeworker’sexperience.
Organizationsarestrugglingtodeliveronfrontlinedemands.
32%
29%
29%
29%
27%
24%
24%
23%
22%
Surveyquestion:Which,ifany,ofthefollowingarethebiggestbarrierstoimproving
frontlineemployeeexperienceatyourorganization?(n=504;topthreeboxresponses.)
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|6
Countingthecost.
Theimpactsoffrontlineturnoverincludeincreasedcostsaroundrecruitment,training,development,andlabor.Butthereisalsothecostoflostrevenue
opportunitiestoconsider,ascustomersseekbetter,moreengagingservicefromacompetitorwithamoreconsistent,knowledgeable,orconfident
frontlineteam.
“Anengagedfrontlineworkerwillgiveenergytotherolethatadisengaged
onewillnot.Iftheygetexcitedaboutthecustomerortheywanttogoaboveandbeyondforthatcustomer,thatisabsolutelygoingtoimpactourcustomersatisfactionscores,”saysReser.
Afterrisingcosts,employeeburnoutisthefourth-greatestimpactofturnover,asthosewhoremainareforcedtotakeongreaterworkloads.
“Thefoundationalemployeesthathavebeenloyaltoushavebeen
carryingtheburdennowfortwoyears,”explainsReser.“Amanagerwhoisshort-staffedinadepartmentmayinstinctivelyaskanewhiretocompletethreejobsversustheonetheywerehiredfor.Ifthisiswhattheyencounterduringtheirfirstfewdaysonthejob,it’snosurprisethattheywillwanttorethinkworkingwithourcompany.”
Anengagedfrontlineworkerwillgiveenergytotherole
thatadisengagedonewill
not.Iftheygetexcitedaboutthecustomerortheywanttogoaboveandbeyondforthatcustomer,thatisabsolutelygoingtoimpactourcustomersatisfactionscores.”
JudeReser
VicePresident,HumanResources,AtriumHospitality
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|7
MeettheFrontlineLeaders.
WhencomparingFrontlineLeaderswithorganizationsoverall,onethingis
clear:notonlydotheytrulycareaboutthewell-beingoftheiremployees,but
theyaretakingconcretestepstohelptheirpeople.Considerthis:increased
safetyriskranksastheirhighestimpactonemployeeturnover,alongside
increasedlaborcosts(32%—seechartbelow).Butfororganizationsoverall,
thehighestimpactsarerankedasincreasedrecruitmentcosts,followedby
increasedtraininganddevelopmentcosts.
FrontlineLeadersconsiderturnoverimpactsbeyondcosts.
Overallsample
Increasedrecruitmentcosts
Increasedtrainingcosts
Increasedlaborcosts
Employeeburnout
Increasedsafetyrisk
Inabilitytoprogressstrategicinitiatives
Lowemployeeengagement
Missedrevenuetargets
Poorcustomerexperience
Declineinprofitability
Reputationaldamage
FrontlineLeaders
32%
28%
30%
28%
29%
32%
27%
28%
25%
32%
20%
18%
20%
23%
17%
18%
17%
30%
16%
28%
15%
11%
Surveyquestion:Whatarethebiggestimpactsoffrontlineemployeeturnoveronyour
organization?(n=504;topthreeboxresponses.)
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|8
TheFrontlineLeadersprioritizethefrontlineworkforce:56%valuefrontline
employeeexperienceashighlyascustomerexperience,comparedwith46%
overall.And58%valuefrontlineworkersashighlyasofficeworkers,compared
with45%overall.
Theyarealsomorelikelytoconsidertheimpactofcurrentworkingconditions
ontheirfrontlineandtheircustomers.FortheLeaders,thethird-greatest
impactofturnoverispoorcustomerexperience—30%namedthisasatop
factor,comparedwithjust17%oforganizationsoverall.
Anddespitetheirretentionsuccess,FrontlineLeadersare13%morelikelythan
theoverallsampletosaytheircustomerexperienceissufferingbecauseof
gapsinthefrontlineworkforce,and12%morelikelytoadmitthatpandemic
workinghaslefttheirfrontlineworkforceburnedoutanddissatisfied.
Arealisticoutlook.
FrontlineLeadersaremorelikelytoprioritizethefrontlineworkerexperienceas
anecessityforremainingcompetitive—andtoadmittheystillhaveworktodo.
Theyaremoreinclinedtoagreethatinthecurrentmarketplace,theymust
focusmoreontheretentionoffrontlineworkers(53%comparedwith37%of
theoverallsample),andthattheirorganizationmaynotyetfullyunderstand
thevalueofanengagedfrontlineworkforce(53%comparedwith34%overall).
Theemployeevoice.
Whenitcomestothestateofengagementforfrontlineworkers,welookedforindustry-specifictrendsinthe“StateofEngagement2022”report,basedonananalysisofde-identified
WorkdayPeakonEmployeeVoice
surveydatasubmittedbynearly2.5millionemployeesacross1,500companiesthroughout2021.Ouranalysiscomparesthemeanscoresfor
overallengagementand
individualengagementdrivers
betweenQ1andQ42021,fromnearly9millionsurveyresponses.
?Healthcare:Themajorityof
?Manufacturing:Meaningful
?Retail:Withrelativelylowrankings
engagementdriverssawadrop
improvementsweremadetoa
acrossthemajorityofengagement
inrankingsduring2021—with
numberofengagementdrivers,
drivers,themostnotableincreases
strategyandworkloadseeingthe
butthisindustrystillranks
inscoresbetweenQ1andQ42021
biggestdecline.Theonlydriver
relativelylowcomparedwithmost
wereformanagementsupport
scoretoincreaseduring2021was
othersectors.Organizationalfit,
andpeerrelationships.While
environment,whichmaybedue
peerrelationships,andrewardall
numerousaspectsoftheemployee
tobetteron-the-jobprotections
sawapositiverankingschangeas
experiencecanbeimproved,the
forworkers.
aresultofmeaningfulmeanscorechangesthroughout2021.
mostpressingrelatestoreward.
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|9
Theblueprintforfrontlineexperienceexcellence.
1.Championamorecollaborativeapproachtotime.
39%ofleadersincompanieswheredataisfullyaccessiblesaytheyarewellequippeddigitallytoensurebusinesscontinuityintimesofcrisis
Inthenewworldofwork,flexibilityisamust-haveforallemployees—andthetop-downapproachofemployeeshavingzerocontrolovertheirworkinghoursisbecomingarelic.
ForFrontlineLeaders,providingworkerswithcontrolandflexibilityovertheirschedulesisahighpriority,secondonlytosalaryincentivesasaworkforce
managementstrategy.Theyare10%morelikelytohaveintroducedgreater
schedulingcontrolforthefrontlineinthepasttwoyears(39%comparedwith29%oforganizationsoverall).
“UpuntiltheonsetofCOVID-19,manyemployershadbecomeincreasingly
aggressiveinschedulingfrontlineworkerstosuittheirforecastdemand,”
saysMarkCohen,directorofRetailStudiesatColumbiaBusinessSchool.“Butpeoplecannotbelivingona48-hourcycleofchange.Now,employersare
doingeverythingtheycanpossiblydotomakeitconvenientfortheirworkerstoremainemployed.”
Upuntiltheonsetof
COVID-19,manyemployers
hadbecomeincreasingly
aggressiveinscheduling
frontlineworkerstosuittheirforecastdemand.”
MarkCohen
DirectorofRetailStudies,
ColumbiaBusinessSchool
2.Investinemployee-firsttechtoempowerindependence.
42%ofFrontlineLeadersuseemployee-firstschedulingtoolsto
giveworkersmorecontrolandflexibility
TheFrontlineLeaderswanttoempowertheirfrontlineworkerstobemore
independentandinformed:65%sayself-servicedataforemployees—suchas
accesstopolicies,accrualofpaidtimeoff,andbenefitsportals—willimprovethe
frontlineworkerexperience,comparedwithjust45%oforganizationsoverall.
Theyarealsosignificantlymorelikelythanotherorganizationstouse
employee-firstschedulingtoolswiththeirfrontlineworkforce(42%compared
with27%overall).
“Employee-firstschedulingisoneofthebigthingsforustofocuson,”says
AlbanyMedHealthSystem’sMorrell.“WhereI’veintroduceditinthepast—
includinginhospitals—therehavebeenstunninglylow[levelsof]problems.Alot
oforganizationshavesomefearandreluctancetodoitbutthatismisplaced.”
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|10
FrontlineLeadersarealsomorelikelytohaveadedicatedemployeeportalorintranetforthefrontline(37%comparedwith24%overall).“Communicationiscritical—makingsurethateveryoneisloopedinandthatthereareenoughopportunitiesforpeopletointeract,”addsMorrell.
3.Harnessdatatoimproveexperience.
60%ofFrontlineLeaderssaydataguidestheirevaluationofthefrontlineworkerexperience
FrontlineLeadersrecognizetheimportanceofdata.Themajority(60%)saydataguidestheirevaluationofthefrontlineworkerexperience,comparedwith46%oforganizationsoverall.And65%saybetteraccesstoqualitydatainsightswillimprovetheirfrontlineworkforcemanagement,comparedwith48%overall.
Thechallengesofthepasttwoyearshavebroughtemployeeexpectationsandsentimenttotheforefront.Resersaysthat,atAtriumHospitality,thereisincreasedawarenessregardingtheimportanceofcollectingdataon
employees’experiencestomakeinformedchanges.
“Wearenowtrackingdeclinationreasons,”saysReser.“Ifweofferajobtoacandidateandtheydecline,whyisthat?Ifit’sduetowages,weneedtolookatouroffer.Now,jobdescriptionsarebeingreevaluatedconstantlybasedonthefeedback.”
4.Focusonemployeedevelopmentandwell-being.
65%ofFrontlineLeaderssaythatthepandemichasimprovedmanagers’awarenessoffrontlineworkers’mentalwell-being
Whenemployeeshaveopportunitiestobuildnewskillsandprogress,theyfeelmoreconnectedtotheirworkandtheiremployer.Almosthalf(49%)ofFrontlineLeadershaveinvestedinonlinetraininganddevelopmenttoolsforthefrontline,comparedwithjust36%oforganizationsoverall.
“There’snoquestionthatretailersaretryingtoattractskilled,ambitiouspeopletojointhematentrylevelandthenstickaround,”saysColumbiaBusiness
School’sCohen.“Trainingandvisibilityofopportunitiesareenormousissues.”
Leadersarealsomorelikelytosaythatthepandemichasboostedmanagers’awarenessoffrontlineworkers’mentalwell-being:65%agree,comparedwithastillimpressive58%oforganizationsoverall.
Communicationiscritical—makingsurethateveryoneisloopedinandthatthere
areenoughopportunitiesforpeopletointeract.”
DavidMorrell
DirectorofBenefits,
AlbanyMedHealthSystem
Ifweofferajobtoacandidateandtheydecline,whyisthat?Ifit’sduetowages,weneedtolookatouroffer.Now,
jobdescriptionsarebeing
reevaluatedconstantlybasedonthefeedback.”
JudeReser
VicePresident,HumanResources,AtriumHospitality
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|11
“It’saboutasking,‘HowcanIhelpyou?HowcanImakeacomfortable
environmentforyoutoworkin?’”saysAlbanyMedHealthSystem’sMorrell.“Youwanttohelptheemployeetobeassatisfied,comfortable,andhappyastheycanbe.Happyemployeesmakeproductiveemployees.”
5.Listentofrontlineneeds.
44%ofFrontlineLeadershaveincreasedinthepasttwoyears
pay
forfrontlineworkers
FrontlineLeadersaremorelikelytohavetakentangiblestepstoaligntheirworkplacepolicieswithfrontlineworkerneeds.Asindicatedbythesurveyresults,thetopactionsFrontlineLeadershavetakeninthepasttwoyearsrelatetothemostcommonreasonswhyemployeesquit.
Forexample,thethird-most-commonreasonwhyemployeesleaveistocareforafamilymember,andFrontlineLeadersaremorelikelytohaveintroducedextendedleaveofferingsandgreaterflexibility—givingworkersmoretimeforresponsibilitiesoutsideofwork.
It’saboutasking,‘HowcanIhelpyou?HowcanImakeacomfortableenvironmentforyoutoworkin?’”
DavidMorrell
DirectorofBenefits,
AlbanyMedHealthSystem
FrontlineLeadersareintunewithworkerneeds.
Topreasonsemployersreportwhyfrontlineworkersleavetheirjobs:
?Seekinghigherpay(33%)
?Seekingbetterincentives(28%)
?Tocareforfamilymember(26%)
TopactionsFrontlineLeadershavetakentoretainworkers:
?Increasedpay(44%)
?Greaterschedulingflexibilityandcontrol(39%)
?Extendedleaveofferings(37%)
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|12
28%
30%
25%
26%
24%
25%
FrontlineLeadershavebroughtinmoremeasurestoimprovefrontline
experienceinthepasttwoyears.
Overallsample
FrontlineLeaders
29%
39%
Greaterscheduling
flexibilityandcontrol
Resourcestosupport
mentalwell-being
25%
37%
Extendedleaveofferings
Supportcaringfor
familymembers
Expandedhealth
andsafetyprotocols
23%
44%
Increasedpay
22%
28%
Aclearprocessto
reportdiscrimination
Surveyquestion:Tothebestofyourknowledge,whichofthefollowinghasyour
organizationimplementedtoimprovethefrontlineworkerexperienceinthelasttwo
years?(n=504,frontlineleaders=57;topthreeboxresponses.)
EmpathyandEmpowerment:theNewFrontlineExperience|13
Finalword.
Employeesarereassessingtheirrelationshipswithworkandtheiremployers.Thefrontlineworkforceisnoexception.
Organizationsthatignorethisfundamentalshiftwillcontinuetoloseouttothosethattakeamoredata-drivenandempatheticapproachtothefrontlineworkerexperience.
“Thepandemichasledsomanypeopletothinkdeeplyaboutwhatismost
importanttothem—and,formany,it’sthedesiretomakeadifferenceatworkandathome.Thereisahugestrategicadvantagetonurturethatbalance,
too—employerswillsavemoney,improvemorale,andincreasetheirabilitytorecruitandretain,”saysAlbanyMedHealthSystem’sMorrell.
OurFrontlineLeadersofferablueprintforsuccessthatothersshouldfollow;however,eventheypredicthigherturnoverinthenextyearas
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 北京化工大學(xué)實驗室安全教育與在線考試題庫A卷
- 小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)二年級整十整百整千數(shù)加減法口算練習(xí)990道
- 《如何玩轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)介營銷》課件
- 《抽樣檢驗相關(guān)知識》課件
- 金融行業(yè)采購標(biāo)書撰寫技巧
- 旅游行業(yè)服務(wù)員培訓(xùn)感悟
- 運輸行業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)工作總結(jié)
- 制造業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)策略
- 內(nèi)科部門全面工作總結(jié)
- 網(wǎng)絡(luò)科技企業(yè)保安工作總結(jié)
- 活動房結(jié)構(gòu)計算書
- 醫(yī)療器械經(jīng)營質(zhì)量管理體系文件(全套)
- 富氫水項目經(jīng)濟(jì)效益及投資價值分析(模板參考)
- 小流域水土保持綜合治理工程初步設(shè)計
- 增強熱塑性塑料復(fù)合管在我國的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
- 機械設(shè)計外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯
- 美標(biāo)漸開線花鍵計算程序2014.8
- 英格索蘭空壓機操作規(guī)程
- 風(fēng)動送樣手冊
- 績效考核評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
- 電力建設(shè)施工技術(shù)管理
評論
0/150
提交評論