英語詞匯學Chapter9主要英語國家詞匯特征

Chapter12英語詞匯的國別特征.

Teachingfocus:1.AmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish2.Canadian3.Australian4.Neuzeland.1.AmericanEnglishwords1.1HistoryofAmericanEnglish1607Jamestown:permanentcolony1773-1783WarofIndependence英國政府于1773年公布?茶稅法?企圖壟斷北美的茶葉生意，他們給予東印度公司在北美傾銷茶葉的專賣權。此舉激起了殖民地人民的強烈反對。12月16日夜晚，“自由之子社〞的局部成員登上三艘停泊在港口的英國運茶船，將船上343箱茶葉統(tǒng)統(tǒng)倒入大海。這就是有名的波士頓傾茶事件。１７７６年７月４日，大陸會議通過?獨立宣言?，宣告美利堅合眾國誕生。1783年9月3日，英國正式成認美國獨立。.1882NoahWebsterAmericanEnglishDictionary:AmericanlanguageTwowarsoftheworldledtothechangesofpoliticalstatusofBritainandAmerica:ThedegradationofBritonThehegemonyofAmerica霸主SirEarnestGowers:symptomsofsurrenderbytheoldercompetitortotheyoungerandmorevigorous.1.2CausesleadingtothedifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish1.2.1ThedevelopmentofEnglishAmericancolony:the17thcenturyEnglishBritainhasdeveloped.17thEnglish/AmericannowinEnglishGotten gotMad生氣的 瘋狂的rare未煮熟的 罕見的，稀罕的fall,意為“秋天〞,來源于thefallofleaves(落葉時節(jié)),而標準英語從喬叟(GeoffreyChaucer,約1346~1400年)就開始用“autumn〞一詞(來自法語)表示“秋天〞bug一詞在美國英語中泛指“蟲子〞,而現(xiàn)在在英國英語中卻專指“臭蟲〞.1.2.2TheindependentdevelopmentofAmericanEnglishAssemblyPresidentSenateCongressHarmonicaTarandfeatherTelephoneToadvocate….1.2.3AmericanEnglishwordsborrowedwordsfromothercultures:Indianlanguage:chinquapin美國栗樹,chipmunk金花鼠,hickory山核桃,hominy玉米粥,igloo園丁茅屋…French:bureau局,cache地窖,prairie,pumpkin…Spanish:abode住處,lasso套索,ranch莊園,corral畜欄,cockroach…Dutch:boss,scow敞艙駁船German:noodle,poker撥火棍,seminar,semester,hamburger,frankfurter牛肉香腸.1.2.4MutualinfluenceofBritishandAmericanEnglish:1775-1783:thepredominanceofBritishEnglishoverAmericanEnglish1861-1865:thegradualindependenceofAmericanEnglishAftertheCivilWar–todate:thepredominanceofAmericanEnglishoverBritishEnglish.1.3DifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish1.3.1InvocabularySamewords,differentmeaningsDifferentwords,samemeanings1.3.2Inspellingandpronunciation1.3.3Ingrammar.1.3.1InvocabularySamewords,differentmeaningsDifferentwords,samemeaningsWordsusedonlyinonecountry.sameword,differentmeanings英音美音vest汗衫西服背心Pants短褲褲子Publicschool私立學校公立學校Cupboard壁櫥食品柜cracker爆竹餅干billion萬億十億pressman新聞工作者印刷工人.英音美音vest汗衫西服背心Pants短褲褲子Publicschool私立學校公立學校Cupboard壁櫥食品柜cracker爆竹餅干billion萬億十億pressman新聞工作者印刷工人.Differentwordssharethesamemeaning英音美音包裹parcelpackage汽油petrolgas大轎車saloonsedan消聲器silencerMuffler酒吧pubBar垃圾rubbishgarbage律師solicitorlawyer.英音美音包裹parcelpackage汽油petrolgas大轎車saloonsedan消聲器silencerMuffler酒吧pubBar垃圾rubbishgarbage律師solicitorlawyer.影片filmMovie電梯Liftelevator汽車Motor-carAutomobile行李Luggagebaggage詢問處InquiryofficeBureauofinformation月票SeasonticketCommuntationticket寄宿lodgingboarding作業(yè)taskassignment.影片filmMovie電梯Liftelevator汽車Motor-carAutomobile行李Luggagebaggage詢問處InquiryofficeBureauofinformation月票SeasonticketCommutationticket寄宿lodgingboarding作業(yè)taskassignment.Moreexamples:AmericanEnglish900Iguessyou’reright.BritishEnglish901Isupposeyou’reright.P.350-351.WordsusedonlyinonecountryAmericacharacteristicwords：Britaincharacteristicwords：P.350.1.3.2Differenceinspellingp.352.美式拼寫使有些詞符合拼寫規(guī)那么或與讀音一致美式拼寫省略重寫輔音字母省略不發(fā)音的字母其它P.352-353.ConsistencybetweenpronunciationandspellingBritishFibreCentreRealiseDefenceFavourEnquireGasoleneCatalogueAmericanFiberCenterRealizeDefenseFavorInquireGasolineCatalog.OmissionofthesecondconsonantBritishTravellerWaggonProgrammeCigaretteWhizzAmericanTravelerWagonProgramCigaretWhiz.OmissionoftheunvoicedsoundBritishAxeGood-byePloughAmericanAxGood-byPlow.BritishPedlarScepticChequeSmoulderMediaevalDraughtFuseTsarAmericanPeddlerSkepticCheckSmolderMedievalDraftFuzeTzar.1.3.3IngrammarBritishI’vejusthadlunch.Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?AmericanIjusthadlunch.Didyoufinishyourhomeworkyet?.British

have

Haveyougotacar?Shehasgotabeautifulnewhome.Hehasn’tgotanyfriends.American

doDoyouhaveacar?Shehasabeautifulnewhome.Hedoesn’thaveanyfriends..InprepositionBritishFillinaformMeetsomebodyMondaytoFridayStayathomeAmericanFilloutaformMeetwithsomebodyMondaythroughFridayStayhome.InsubjunctivemoodBritishIinsistthatyoushouldattendthemeeting.ImovethatMr.Smithshouldbeappointedsecretary.AmericanIinsistthatyouattendthemeeting.ImovethatMr.Smithbeappointedsecretary..CanadianEnglishP.354-356.AustralianEnglishP.356-357.NewZealandEnglishP.357-360.ChinaEnglishVS.ChinglishChinaEnglish:1980年葛傳槼先生提出“中國英語〞的概念。謝之君認為“中國英語以標準英語為根底,能夠進入英語交際,其使用頻度和交際效果與使用者的水平有關〞。羅運芝簡單概括為“中國英語是載漢語語言特征的英語變體〞.科舉翰林院五四運動賽先生德先生白話文雙百方針人民公社四個現(xiàn)代化菜籃子工程imperialexaminationshanlinyuanMayFourthMovementMr.ScienceDemocracybaihuawenTwohundredpoliciespeople’scommunefourmodernizationsvegetablebasketproject.小康水平方案經(jīng)濟〞fairlycomfortablestandardoflivingplannedcommodityeconomy.ChinaEnglish第一種,按漢語習慣說出的英語與其本族語者的英語并沒有區(qū)別。如,economiccontrolsystem宏觀調(diào)控體系,acollectiveownershipemployee集體所有制員工等。這些詞是按照漢語習慣翻譯的,但也符合英語的語言習慣。.第二種,有些中國英語雖然不符合或不完全符合英語本族語者的習慣,但符合語法。如,runningdogs走狗,workunits工作單位,onecountrytwosystem一國兩制等。這些詞語英語本族語者一般不會使用,具有鮮明的中國特色,但翻譯出來也符合英語的語法,也能被英語本族語者的語言習慣。.第三種,有些中國英語雖然不符合語法,但是可能符合英語本族語者的習慣,能被接受。如,Hainanese海南人等等。這類詞都是根據(jù)英語本族語者的語言習慣創(chuàng)造出來的詞。.第四種,有些中國英語目前確實還沒有被所謂的“標準英語〞接受,但是對于英語本族語來講意思十分清楚,理解不成問題,或者一經(jīng)解釋就會明白,并且對于中國人來講學習起來不費功夫,用起來得心應手,能夠發(fā)揮語言作為工具的功能。如,peoplemountainsandpeopleseas人山人海,ironricebowl鐵飯碗,runningdogs走狗等等,這類詞往往最具中國特色,最具中國標志.geli,ungelivable(2021年中國網(wǎng)絡英語新詞匯).Chinglish中國式英語那么是指中國的英語學習和使用者由于受母語的干擾和影響,硬套漢語規(guī)那么和習慣,在英語交際中出現(xiàn)的不合標準或不合英語文化習慣的畸形英語。.你的身體很健康。張老師你吃過了嗎?好好學習，天天向上給你點顏色看看方便面人山人海YourbodyisveryhealthyTeacherZhangHaveyoueatenup?Goodgoodstudy,daydayup.

giveyousomecolortoseeseeConveniencefoodmountainpeople,seapeople..你的身體很健康.張老師你吃過了嗎?好好學習，天天向上給你點顏色看看方便面人山人海Youlookveryhealthy.Mr.ZhangHowareyou?Studyhard,andmakeprogresseveryday？FastfoodAseaofpeople.Ex.5,7,8P.365-368.Ex.5P.3641.blockofflats2.solicitor/barrister3.pram4.luggagevan5.gallery6.banknote7.grilled8.draughts9.guard10.biscuit(sweet)11.biscuit(unsweetened)12.turn-ups13.pack14.nappy15.drapery16.chips17.rubbish