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教師:小1知第一節(jié)原電池人教版高中化學(xué)選修4(高二)第四章電化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)CONTENTS目錄01課文導(dǎo)入02課堂演示03拓展延伸04課堂小結(jié)01課文導(dǎo)入學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)1.以銅鋅電池為例,熟悉原電池的工作原理。2.會(huì)正確判斷原電池的正極和負(fù)極。3.掌握原電池電極反應(yīng)式的書(shū)寫(xiě)和方法。復(fù)習(xí)判斷下列裝置是否構(gòu)成原電池?ADF02課堂演示構(gòu)成原電池的條件電極兩個(gè)活潑性不同的電極溶液電解質(zhì)溶液回路形成閉合回路或兩級(jí)直接接觸反應(yīng)自發(fā)進(jìn)行的氧化還原反應(yīng)原電池工作原理硫酸銅CuZnAe-e-Zn-2e-=Zn2+還原劑(Zn)失去電子,發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)氧化劑(Cu2+)在銅極上得到電子,發(fā)生還原反應(yīng)Cu2++2e-=CuCu2+SO42-負(fù)極正極總反應(yīng):Zn+Cu2+=Zn2++Cu1、原電池是___________________________的裝置。原電池反應(yīng)的本質(zhì)是_________________________反應(yīng)。2、如右圖所示,組成的原電池:(1)當(dāng)電解質(zhì)溶液為稀H2SO4時(shí):Zn電極是____(填“正”或“負(fù)”)極,其電極反應(yīng)為_(kāi)_________________,該反應(yīng)是_______(填“氧化”或“還原”,下同)反應(yīng);Cu電極是___極,其電極反應(yīng)為_(kāi)_______________,該反應(yīng)是________反應(yīng)。(2)當(dāng)電解質(zhì)溶液為CuSO4溶液時(shí):Zn電極是______極,其電極反應(yīng)為_(kāi)_______________,該反應(yīng)是_______反應(yīng);Cu電極是____極,其電極反應(yīng)為_(kāi)________________,該反應(yīng)_______反應(yīng).負(fù)Zn-2e-=Zn2+氧化正2H++2e-=H2↑還原負(fù)Zn-2e-=Zn2+氧化正Cu2++2e-=Cu還原將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能氧化還原反應(yīng)原電池工作原理原電池工作原理裝置

電極名稱(chēng)__________3.有鹽橋的原電池的工作原理(以鋅銅原電池為例):負(fù)極正極原電池工作原理電極材料Zn電極Cu電極實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象Zn棒逐漸_____Cu棒逐漸_____電流表指針發(fā)生偏轉(zhuǎn)得失電子____________________電子流向__________電流方向__________溶液離子________________________________________電極反應(yīng)式____________________________總反應(yīng)_________________變細(xì)變粗失電子得電子流出流入流入流出陰離子移向負(fù)極陽(yáng)離子移向正極Zn-2e-=Zn2+Cu2++2e-=CuZn+Cu2+=Zn2++Cu原電池工作原理鹽橋的作用:(1)成分:含有___________________的瓊脂。(2)離子移動(dòng)方向:Cl-移向______________________(負(fù)極區(qū)),K+移向____________________(正極區(qū))。(3)作用:使兩個(gè)半電池形成通路,并保持兩溶液的電中性。KCl飽和溶液ZnSO4溶液CuSO4溶液例題利用反應(yīng)原理Cu+2Ag+=Cu2++2Ag設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)能得到穩(wěn)定電流的原電池裝置,畫(huà)出裝置簡(jiǎn)圖,并標(biāo)注電極及電解質(zhì)溶液Ag例題判斷下列電極名稱(chēng)內(nèi)容原電池電子流入的一極溶液中陽(yáng)離子移向的一極發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)銅-鋅-稀硫酸原電池有氣泡放出電極質(zhì)量減輕正極正極負(fù)極正極負(fù)極例題控制適合的條件,將反應(yīng)2Fe3++2I-2Fe2++I(xiàn)2設(shè)計(jì)成如圖所示的原電池.下列判斷不正確的是()A.反應(yīng)開(kāi)始時(shí),乙中石墨電極上發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)B.反應(yīng)開(kāi)始時(shí),甲中石墨電極上Fe3+被還原C.電流計(jì)讀數(shù)為零時(shí),反應(yīng)達(dá)到化學(xué)平衡狀態(tài)D.電流計(jì)讀數(shù)為零后,在甲中溶入FeCl2固體乙中的石墨電極為負(fù)極D原電池原理的應(yīng)用1.加快化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率:構(gòu)成原電池的反應(yīng)速率比直接接觸的反應(yīng)速率_____。如實(shí)驗(yàn)室制H2時(shí),粗鋅比純鋅與稀硫酸反應(yīng)快,或向溶液中滴入幾滴CuSO4溶液,反應(yīng)加快???.比較金屬的活動(dòng)性強(qiáng)弱:對(duì)于酸性電解質(zhì),一般是作負(fù)極的金屬活動(dòng)性_____,作正極的金屬活動(dòng)性較_____。強(qiáng)弱原電池原理的應(yīng)用3.設(shè)計(jì)原電池:(1)理論上:自發(fā)進(jìn)行的_______________反應(yīng),可以設(shè)計(jì)成原電池。(2)外電路。負(fù)極—________性較強(qiáng)的物質(zhì)被________;正極—________性較強(qiáng)的物質(zhì)被________氧化還原還原氧化氧化還原e—03拓展延伸歸納總結(jié)定電極標(biāo)得失按照負(fù)極發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng),正極發(fā)生還原反應(yīng),判斷出電極反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物,找出得失電子的數(shù)量看環(huán)境配守恒電極產(chǎn)物在電解質(zhì)溶液的環(huán)境中應(yīng)能穩(wěn)定存在,如堿性介質(zhì)中生成的H+應(yīng)讓其結(jié)合OH-生成水。電極反應(yīng)式要依據(jù)電荷守恒和質(zhì)量守恒、得失電子守恒等加以配平。兩式加驗(yàn)總式兩電極反應(yīng)式相加,與總反應(yīng)方程式對(duì)照驗(yàn)證1、一般電極反應(yīng)式的書(shū)寫(xiě)方法歸納總結(jié)2、已知總反應(yīng)式,書(shū)寫(xiě)電極反應(yīng)式01分析化合價(jià),確定正極、負(fù)極的反應(yīng)物與產(chǎn)物02在電極反應(yīng)式的左邊寫(xiě)出得失電子數(shù),使得失電子守恒03根據(jù)質(zhì)量守恒配平電極反應(yīng)式04復(fù)雜電極反應(yīng)式=總反應(yīng)式-簡(jiǎn)單的電極反應(yīng)式歸納總結(jié)3、原電池的設(shè)計(jì)從理論上講,任何一個(gè)自發(fā)的氧化還原反應(yīng)都可以設(shè)計(jì)成原電池。關(guān)鍵是選擇合適的電解質(zhì)溶液和兩個(gè)電極。(1)電解質(zhì)溶液:一般能與__

反應(yīng),或者溶解在溶液中的物質(zhì)(如O2)與

_______反應(yīng)。(2)電極材料:一般較活潑的金屬作

__,較不活潑的金屬或非金屬導(dǎo)體作

__。負(fù)極

負(fù)極

負(fù)極

正極

04課堂小結(jié)練習(xí)1.關(guān)于原電池的敘述中正確的是(

)A.構(gòu)成原電池的兩極必須是兩種不同金屬B.原電池是將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的裝置C.原電池工作時(shí)總是負(fù)極溶解,正極上有物質(zhì)析出D.原電池的正極是還原劑,總是溶液中的陽(yáng)離子在此被還原B

練習(xí)2.下圖是鋅、銅和稀硫酸形成的原電池,某實(shí)驗(yàn)興趣小組同學(xué)做完實(shí)驗(yàn)后,在讀書(shū)卡片上記錄如下:卡片上的描述合理的是(

)A.①②③B.③④⑤C.①⑤⑥D(zhuǎn).②③④

B

感謝觀(guān)看人教版高中化學(xué)選修4(高二)第四章電化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)教師:小1知40頁(yè)簡(jiǎn)約商務(wù)可視化圖表集BatteryChartInfographicsSaturniscomposedofhydrogenandheliumandit’stheringedoneVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunMarsisactuallyacoldplace.ThisplanetisfullofironoxidedustMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestone03020104BatteryChartInfographicsIt’sthesmallestplanetintheSolarSystemVenushasaverypoisonousatmosphereJupiteristhebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’scomposedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumNeptuneistheeighthandfarthestplanetfromtheSunMarsisacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustMercuryVenusJupiterSaturnNeptuneMarsBatteryChartInfographicsMercuryVenusVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSun.It’shotandhasaverypoisonousatmosphereMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneintheSolarSystem—it’sonlyabitlargerthantheMoon60%30%JupiterisagasgiantandalsothebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’stheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneintheSolarSystemSaturnisagasgiant,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunDespitebeingred,MarsisactuallyacoldplacefullofironoxidedustBatteryChartInfographicsBatteryChartInfographicsMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandsmallestoneintheSolarSystemJupiterisagasgiantandactuallyalsothebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemSaturnisagasgiantintheSolarSystem,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumIthasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunintheSolarSystem12341243CBatteryChartInfographicsABCVenus,thesecondplanetfromtheSun,hasabeautifulname,butalsoextremelyhightemperaturesandapoisonousatmosphereDespitebeingred,Marsisactuallyacoldplace.Itisfullofironoxidedust,givingtheplanetitscharacteristicreddishcastMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneintheSolarSystem.ItwasnamedaftertheRomanmessengergodBatteryChartInfographicsAAAAACADespitebeingred,Marsisactuallyacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustSaturnisagasgiant,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemBatteryChartInfographicsMercuryisthesmallestplanetintheSolarSystemNeptuneisthefourth-largestintheSolarSystemDespitebeingred,MarsisactuallyacoldplaceSaturniscomposedofhydrogenandheliumIthasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetJupiteristhebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemMercuryNeptuneMarsSaturnVenusJupiter100%85%70%55%40%25%BatteryChartInfographicsMercuryVenusJupiterIt’sthesmallestplanetintheSolarSystemVenushasaverypoisonousatmosphereIt’sthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemSaturnNeptuneMarsIt’scomposedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumIt’sthefarthestplanetfromtheSunIt’sacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustBatteryChartInfographicsDespitebeingred,MarsisacoldplaceVenushasaverypoisonousatmosphereJupiteristhebiggestplanetofthemallSaturnisthebiggestplanetofthemallNeptuneisthefarthestplanetfromtheSun12345MarsVenusJupiterSaturnNeptuneBatteryChartInfographicsJupiterMarsSaturnVenusDespitebeingred,Marsisactuallyacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustSaturnisagasgiant,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystem1234BatteryChartInfographicsIt’sthesmallestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’sthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemVenushasaverypoisonousatmosphereEarthistheplanetwhereweallliveonIt’scomposedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumNeptuneisthefarthestplanetfromtheSunIt’sacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustCeresislocatedinthemainasteroidbelt12345678BatteryChartInfographicsJupiterMarsSaturnVenusDespitebeingred,Marsisacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustSaturnisagasgiant,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumIthasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystem01020403BatteryChartInfographicsIt’sthesmallestplanetintheSolarSystemVenushasapoisonousatmosphereIt’sthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’scomposedofhydrogenandheliumIt’sacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustMercuryJupiterSaturnMarsVenusBatteryChartInfographicsVenus,thesecondplanetfromtheSun,hasabeautifulname,butalsoextremelyhightemperaturesandapoisonousatmosphereDespitebeingred,Marsisactuallyacoldplace.Itisfullofironoxidedust,givingtheplanetitscharacteristicreddishcastMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneintheSolarSystem.ItwasnamedaftertheRomanmessengergod12350%80%30%BatteryChartInfographicsJupiterMarsSaturnVenusDespitebeingred,Marsisactuallyacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustSaturnisagasgiant,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneintheSolarSystem—it’sonlyabitlargerthantheMoonVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSun.It’shotandhasaverypoisonousatmosphereSaturn,theringedplanetinourwonderfulSolarSystem,iscomposedmostlyofhydrogenandalsoheliumJupiterisagasgiant,thebiggestplanetintheentireSolarSystemandalsothefourth-brightestobjectinthenightskyBatteryChartInfographicsBatteryChartInfographics214365VenushasaverypoisonousatmosphereIt’sthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’scomposedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumIt’sthefarthestplanetfromtheSunIt’sacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustPlutoisnowconsideredadwarfplanetVenusJupiterSaturnNeptuneMarsPlutoBatteryChartInfographicsJupiterisagasgiantandalsothebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’stheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneintheSolarSystemSaturnisagasgiant,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunDespitebeingred,MarsisactuallyacoldplacefullofironoxidedustMarsSaturnMercuryVenusJupiterBatteryChartInfographicsIt’sthesmallestplanetintheSolarSystemVenushasaverypoisonousatmosphereIt’sthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’scomposedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumIt’sacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedust57%85%95%70%45%VenusMarsSaturnJupiterMercury10080604020001008060402000BatteryChartInfographicsMercuryVenusJupiterIt’sthesmallestplanetintheSolarSystemVenushasaverypoisonousatmosphereIt’sthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemSaturnNeptuneMarsIt’scomposedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumIt’sthefarthestplanetfromtheSunIt’sacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustEDCBAA+BatteryChartInfographicsMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneVenushasabeautifulnameandit’sthesecondplanetfromtheSunMarsisactuallyacoldplace.ThisplanetisfullofironoxidedustJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemABCD450km350km290km150kmABCDBatteryChartInfographicsJupiterisagasgiantandalsothebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’stheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneintheSolarSystemSaturnisagasgiant,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSunDespitebeingred,Marsisactuallyacoldplacefullofironoxidedust20%22%11%26%21%wBatteryChartInfographicsMercuryVenusVenushasabeautifulnameandisthesecondplanetfromtheSun.It’shotandhasaverypoisonousatmosphereMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneintheSolarSystem—it’sonlyabitlargerthantheMoonVSBatteryChartInfographics$15It’sagasgiantcomposedofhydrogenandalsoheliumSATURN$18It’sagasgiantandalsothebiggestplanetinSolarSystemJUPITER$23Ithasabeautifulname,butit’shot,morethanMercuryVENUS$28Marsisactuallyacoldplace.It’saplanetfullofironoxidedustMARSBatteryChartInfographicsMarsisactuallyacoldplace.It’saplanetfullofironoxidedustMercuryisthesmallestplanetinourwonderfulSolarSystemVenushasabeautifulname,butit’shot,evenhotterthanMercuryJupiterisagasgiantandalsothebiggestplanetintheSolarSystem50%90%25%75%BatteryChartInfographicsDespitebeingred,Marsisactuallyacoldplace.It’sfullofironoxidedustIt’sagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemSaturnisagasgiant,composedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumMarsJupiterSaturnBatteryChartInfographicsIt’sagasgiantandalsothebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemIt’sthesmallestandclosestplanettotheSunintheSolarSystemMarsisactuallyacoldplace.It’saplanetfullofironoxidedustIthasabeautifulname,butit’sterriblyhot,evenmorethanMercuryJupiterMercuryMarsVenusBatteryChartInfographicsMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneVenushasabeautifulname,butitisterriblyhotandpoisonousMarsisactuallyacoldplace.ThisoneisfullofironoxidedustJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemACBDGeometricInfographicsMercuryisthesmallestplanetintheSolarSystemMercuryNeptuneisthefarthestplanetfromtheSunNeptuneDespitebeingred,MarsisactuallyacoldplaceMarsSaturnisagasgiantmadeofhydrogenandheliumSaturnJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetJupiterVenusisthesecondplanetfromtheSunVenusGeometricInfographicsVenusVenushasabeautifulnameandhightemperaturesJupiterJupiteristhefourthandthebiggestplanetofallthemSaturnSaturniscomposedofhydrogenandalsoheliumMarsDespitebeingred,MarsisacoldplaceofironoxidedustGeometricInfographicsMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneMercuryMarsDespitebeingred,MarsisacoldplacefullofironoxidedustNeptuneNeptuneisthefarthestplanetfromtheSunandthefourth-largestoneEarthIt’sthethirdplanetfromtheSunandtheonlyonethatharborslifeGeometricInfographicsDespitebeingred,MarsisacoldplacefullofironoxidedustMarsSaturnisagasgiantcomposedmostlyofhydrogenandheliumSaturnJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemJupiterMercuryisthesmallestplanetin

theSolarSystemMercuryVenushasabeautifulname,butalsoveryhightemperaturesVenusGeometricInfographicsIt’sthethirdplanetfromtheSunandtheonlyonethatharborslifeEarthDespitebeingred,MarsisacoldplacefullofironoxidedustMarsMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunandthesmallestoneMercuryJupiterisagasgiantandthebiggestplanetintheSolarSystemJupiterNeptuneisthefarthestplanetfromtheSunandthefourth-largestNeptuneGeometricInfographicsMercuryistheclosestplanettotheSunMercuryDespitebeingred,MarsisacoldplaceMarsNeptu

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