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NATIONAL
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCERESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIC
PLAN2023
UPDATEA
Report
by
theSELECTCOMMITTEEONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEof
theNATIONALSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYCOUNCILMay
2023AbouttheOfficeofScienceand
TechnologyPolicyThe
Office
of
Science
and
Technology
Policy
(OSTP)
was
established
by
the
National
Science
and
Technology
Policy,
Organization,
andPriorities
Act
of
1976
to
provide
the
President
and
others
within
the
Executive
Office
of
the
President
with
advice
on
the
scientific,engineering,
and
technological
aspects
of
the
economy,
national
security,
health,
foreign
relations,
the
environment,
and
the
technologicalrecovery
and
use
of
resources,
among
other
topics.
OSTP
leads
interagency
science
and
technology
policy
coordination
efforts,
assists
theOffice
of
Management
and
Budget
with
an
annual
review
and
analysis
of
federal
research
and
development
in
budgets,
and
serves
as
a
sourceofscientificandtechnologicalanalysisandjudgmentforthePresidentwithrespecttomajorpolicies,plans,andprogramsofthefederalgovernment.Moreinformationisavailableat/ostp.AbouttheNational
Scienceand
TechnologyCouncilThe
National
Science
and
Technology
Council
(NSTC)
is
the
principal
means
by
which
the
Executive
Branch
coordinates
science
and
technologypolicy
across
the
diverse
entities
that
make
up
the
federal
research
and
development
enterprise.
A
primary
objective
of
the
NSTC
is
to
ensurethatscienceandtechnologypolicydecisionsandprogramsareconsistentwiththePresident’sstatedgoals.TheNSTCpreparesresearchanddevelopment
strategies
that
are
coordinated
across
federal
agencies
aimed
at
accomplishing
multiple
national
goals.
The
work
of
the
NSTCis
organized
under
committees
that
oversee
subcommittees
and
working
groups
focused
on
different
aspects
of
science
and
technology.Moreinformationisavailableat
/ostp/nstc.AbouttheSelectCommitteeonArtificial
IntelligenceThe
Select
Committee
on
Artificial
Intelligence
advises
and
assists
the
NSTC
to
improve
the
overall
effectiveness
and
productivity
of
federalefforts
related
to
artificial
intelligence
(AI)
to
ensure
continued
U.S.
leadership
in
this
field.
It
addresses
national
and
international
policymatters
that
cut
across
agency
boundaries,
and
it
provides
formal
mechanisms
for
interagency
policy
coordination
and
development
forfederal
AI
activities.
It
also
advises
the
Executive
Office
of
the
President
on
interagency
AI
priorities;
works
to
create
balanced
andcomprehensive
AI
R&D
programs
and
partnerships;
leverages
federal
data
and
computational
resources
across
department
and
agencymissions;
and
supports
a
national
technical
AI
workforce.
The
National
Artificial
Intelligence
Initiative
Office
provides
technical
andadministrativesupportfortheSelectCommitteeonAI.AbouttheSubcommitteeonMachineLearningandArtificial
IntelligenceTheMachine
LearningandArtificialIntelligence(MLAI)
Subcommittee(MLAI-SC)
monitorsthestateofthe
art
inmachinelearning(ML)
andAI
within
the
federal
government,
in
the
private
sector,
and
internationally
to
watch
for
the
arrivalof
important
technology
milestones
in
thedevelopment
of
AI,
to
coordinate
the
use
of
and
foster
the
sharing
of
knowledge
and
best
practices
about
ML
and
AI
by
the
federalgovernment,andtoconsult
in
thedevelopmentoffederalMLAIR&Dpriorities.
TheMLAI-SCreportstotheNSTCCommitteeonTechnologyandtheSelectCommitteeonAI.AbouttheSubcommitteeonNetworking&
InformationTechnologyResearch&
DevelopmentThe
Networking
and
InformationTechnology
Research
and
Development
(NITRD)
Program
hasbeenthe
Nation’s
primary
source
of
federallyfunded
work
on
pioneering
information
technologies
(IT)
in
computing,
networking,
and
software
since
it
was
first
established
as
the
High-Performance
Computing
and
Communications
Program
following
passage
of
the
High-Performance
Computing
Act
of
1991.
The
NITRDSubcommittee
of
the
NSTC
guides
the
multiagency
NITRD
Program
in
its
work
to
provide
the
R&D
foundations
for
ensuring
continued
U.S.technological
leadership
and
for
meeting
the
Nation’s
needs
for
advanced
IT.
The
National
Coordination
Office
(NCO)
supports
the
NITRDSubcommitteeanditsInteragencyWorkingGroups(IWGs)(/about/).AbouttheNITRD
Artificial
IntelligenceR&D
InteragencyWorkingGroupThe
AIR&D
Interagency
WorkingGroup
(IWG)
coordinatesfederal
AIR&D
andsupportsactivities
taskedbyboththeNSTCSelect
Committeeon
AI
and
the
Subcommittee
on
Machine
Learning
and
Artificial
Intelligence.
This
vital
work
promotes
U.S.
leadership
and
globalcompetitivenessin
AIR&Danditsapplications.TheAIR&DIWGreportsinvestmentstotheAIR&D
ProgramComponentArea.AboutThis
DocumentThis
document
includes
relevant
text
from
the
2016
and
2019
national
AIR&D
strategicplans,alongwith
updates
prepared
in
2023based
onAdministrationandinteragency
evaluation
of
theNational
AIR&DStrategic
Plan:
2019
Update
as
well
ascommunity
responses
toaRequestforInformationonupdating
thePlan.
The2019
strategies
were
broadly
determinedto
be
validgoingforward.
The2023
update
addsa
newStrategy9,whichestablishesa
principledandcoordinatedapproachtointernationalcollaborationin
AIresearch.CopyrightThisdocumentis
aworkoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentandis
in
the
publicdomain(see17
U.S.C.
§105).Asacourtesy,weask
that
copiesanddistributionsincludean
acknowledgmenttoOSTP.Publishedin
theUnitedStatesofAmerica,2023.Note:
Any
mention
in
the
text
of
commercial,
non-profit,
academic
partners,
or
their
products,
or
references
is
for
information
only;
itdoesnotimply
endorsementorrecommendationbyanyU.S.governmentagency.-ii-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanNATIONALSCIENCEAND
TECHNOLOGY
COUNCILChairActingExecutiveDirectorKeiKoizumi,PrincipalDeputy
DirectorforAratiPrabhakar,Director,OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy
(OSTP),AssistanttothePresidentforScienceandTechnologyPolicy,OSTPSELECT
COMMITTEE
ON
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCEChairRotatingCo-ChairsLaurieLocascio,UndersecretaryofCommerceforStandardsandTechnology,DepartmentofCommerceAratiPrabhakar,Director,OSTP,AssistanttothePresidentforScienceandTechnologySethuramanPanchanathan,Director,NationalScienceFoundation(NSF)GeraldineRichmond,UnderSecretaryforScienceandInnovation,DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)SUBCOMMITTEE
ON
MACHINE
LEARNING
AND
ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCECo-ChairsStephenBinkley,NationalNuclearSecurityAdministration,DOEErwinGianchandani,AssistantDirectorforTechnology,InnovationandPartnerships,NSFTessdeBlanc-Knowles,Senior
PolicyAdvisor,OSTPElhamTabassi,AssociateDirectorforEmergingTechnology,InformationTechnologyLaboratory,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)ExecutiveSecretaryFaisalD’Souza,NITRDNationalCoordinationOffice(NCO)SUBCOMMITTEE
ON
NETWORKING
ANDINFORMATION
TECHNOLOGYRESEARCH
ANDDEVELOPMENT
(NITRD)Co-ChairCo-ChairMargaretMartonosi,AssistantDirectorforComputerandInformationScienceandEngineering,NSFKathleen(Kamie)Roberts,NITRDNCOExecutiveSecretaryNekeiaButler,NITRDNCOARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
RESEARCH
ANDDEVELOPMENTINTERAGENCY
WORKING
GROUPCo-ChairsStevenL.Lee,OfficeofAdvancedScientificComputingResearch,OfficeofScience,DOEMichaelL.Littman,DirectorateforComputerandInformationScienceandEngineering,DivisionofInformationandIntelligentSystems,NSFCraigI.Schlenoff,IntelligentSystemsDivision,EngineeringLaboratory,NISTTechnicalCoordinatorFaisalD’Souza,NITRDNCO-iii-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanWritingTeamGilAlterovitz,VARobertHickernell,NISTAaronMannes,DHSAnnStapleton,USDAElhamTabassi,NISTMaryTheofanos,NISTStevenThomson,USDAJayVietas,NIOSHFaisalD’Souza,NITRDNCO
JonnieBradley,DOE/AITO
NikunjOza,NASAAllisonDennis,NIHKyleFox,NIJCraigGreenberg,NISTWilliamHarrison,NISTDavidKuehn,DOTStevenLee,DOE/SCMichaelLittman,NSFZhiyongLu,NIHRichardPaladino,MDAPavel
Piliptchak,NISTCraigI.Schlenoff,NISTAdriaSchwarber,StateRamD.Sriram,NISTJamesWarren,NISTMeganZimmerman,NISTJillianMammino,State-iv-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanTable
of
ContentsExecutiveSummary
viiIntroductiontotheNationalAIR&DStrategicPlan:2023Update
1AIasaNationalPriority1Strategy1:MakeLong-TermInvestmentsin
Fundamental
andResponsibleAIResearch
3AdvancingData-FocusedMethodologiesforKnowledgeDiscovery3Fostering
FederatedMLApproaches
4UnderstandingTheoreticalCapabilitiesandLimitationsofAI
4PursuingResearchonScalableGeneral-PurposeAISystems5DevelopingAISystemsandSimulationsAcrossRealandVirtualEnvironments
5EnhancingthePerceptualCapabilitiesofAI
Systems5DevelopingMoreCapableandReliableRobots6AdvancingHardwareforImprovedAI6CreatingAIforImprovedHardware7EmbracingSustainableAIandComputingSystems
8Strategy2:DevelopEffectiveMethodsforHuman-AICollaboration
9DevelopingtheScienceof
Human-AITeaming
9SeekingImprovedModelsandMetricsof
Performance10CultivatingTrustinHuman-AI
Interactions10PursuingGreaterUnderstandingofHuman-AISystems10DevelopingNewParadigmsforAIInteractionsandCollaborations
10Strategy3:UnderstandandAddresstheEthical,Legal,andSocietalImplicationsofAI
12MakingInvestmentsinFundamentalResearchtoAdvanceCoreValuesThroughSociotechnicalSystemsDesignandontheEthical,Legal,andSocietalImplicationsof
AI12UnderstandingandMitigating
SocialandEthicalRisksofAI
13UsingAItoAddressEthical,Legal,andSocietalIssues
14UnderstandingtheBroaderImpactsofAI15Strategy4:EnsuretheSafetyandSecurityofAISystems
16BuildingSafeAI16SecuringAI17Strategy5:DevelopSharedPublicDatasetsandEnvironmentsforAITrainingandTesting
18DevelopingandMakingAccessibleDatasetstoMeettheNeedsofaDiverseSpectrumofAIApplications18DevelopingSharedLarge-ScaleandSpecializedAdvancedComputingandHardwareResources20MakingTestingResourcesResponsivetoCommercialandPublicInterests
21DevelopingOpen-SourceSoftwareLibrariesandToolkits21Strategy6:MeasureandEvaluateAISystemsthroughStandardsandBenchmarks
22DevelopingaBroadSpectrumofAIStandards
22EstablishingAITechnologyBenchmarks
24IncreasingtheAvailabilityofAITestbeds25EngagingtheAICommunityin
StandardsandBenchmarks
25DevelopingStandardsforAuditingandMonitoringofAISystems26-v-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanStrategy7:BetterUnderstandtheNationalAIR&DWorkforceNeeds
27DescribingandEvaluatingtheAIWorkforce27DevelopingStrategiesforAIInstructionalMaterialatAllLevels28SupportingAIHigherEducationStaff28Training/RetrainingtheWorkforce28ExploringtheImpactofDiverseandMultidisciplinaryExpertise29IdentifyingandAttractingtheWorld’sBestTalent29DevelopingRegionalAIExpertise29InvestigatingOptionstoStrengthentheFederalAIWorkforce30IncorporatingEthical,Legal,andSocietalImplicationsintoAIEducationandTraining30CommunicatingFederalWorkforcePrioritiestoExternalStakeholders30Strategy8:ExpandPublic-PrivatePartnershipstoAccelerateAdvancesin
AI
31AchievingMorefromPublic-PrivatePartnershipSynergies
31ExpandingPartnershipstoMoreDiverseStakeholders32Improving,Enlarging,andCreatingMechanismsfor
R&DPartnerships32Strategy9:EstablishaPrincipledandCoordinatedApproachtoInternationalCollaborationin
AIResearch
34CultivatingaGlobalCultureofDevelopingandUsing
TrustworthyAI34SupportingDevelopmentofGlobalAISystems,Standards,andFrameworks35FacilitatingInternationalExchangeofIdeasandExpertise36EncouragingAIDevelopment
forGlobalBenefit36EvaluatingFederalAgencies’ImplementationoftheNAIIAandStrategicPlan
38ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms
39EndnotesError!Bookmarknotdefined.-vi-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanExecutive
SummaryArtificial
intelligence
(AI)1
is
one
of
the
most
powerful
technologies
of
our
time.
In
order
to
seize
theopportunities
that
AI
presents,
the
Nation
must
first
work
to
manage
its
risks.
The
federal
governmentplays
a
critical
role
in
this
effort,
including
through
smart
investments
in
research
and
development
(R&D)that
promote
responsible
innovation
and
advance
solutions
to
the
challenges
that
other
sectors
will
notaddress
on
their
own.
This
includes
R&D
to
leverage
AI
to
tackle
large
societal
challenges
and
develop
newapproaches
to
mitigate
AI
risks.
The
federal
government
must
place
people
and
communities
at
the
centerby
investing
in
responsible
R&D
that
serves
the
public
good,
protects
people’s
rights
and
safety,
andadvances
democratic
values.
This
update
to
the
National
AI
R&D
Strategic
Plan
is
a
roadmap
for
drivingprogresstowardthatgoal.Thisplandefinesthe
major
research
challengesinAI
tocoordinateand
focusfederalR&Dinvestments.Itwillensure
continued
U.S.leadershipin
thedevelopmentand
useof
trustworthy
AIsystems,
preparethecurrent
and
future
U.S.
workforce
for
the
integration
of
AI
systems
across
all
sectors,
and
coordinateongoingAIactivitiesacrossallfederal
agencies.2This
plan,
which
follows
national
AI
R&D
strategic
plans
issued
in
2016
and
2019,
reaffirms
eight
strategiesand
adds
a
ninth
tounderscore
a
principled
and
coordinated
approach
tointernational
collaboration
in
AIresearch:Strategy1:
Make
long-term
investments
in
fundamental
and
responsible
AI
research.
Prioritizeinvestments
in
the
next
generation
of
AI
to
drive
responsible
innovation
that
will
serve
the
public
goodand
enable
the
United
States
to
remain
a
world
leader
in
AI.
This
includes
advancing
foundational
AIcapabilities
such
asperception,
representation,learning,
and
reasoning,
aswellas
focused
effortstomakeAIeasiertouseand
morereliableandtomeasureand
managerisksassociated
with
generativeAI.Strategy2:
Develop
effective
methods
for
human-AI
collaboration.
Increase
understanding
of
howto
create
AI
systems
that
effectively
complement
and
augment
human
capabilities.
Open
researchareas
include
the
attributes
and
requirements
of
successful
human-AI
teams;
methods
to
measurethe
efficiency,
effectiveness,
and
performance
of
AI-teaming
applications;
and
mitigating
the
risk
ofhumanmisuseofAI-enabledapplicationsthatleadtoharmfuloutcomes.Strategy3:
Understand
and
address
the
ethical,
legal,
and
societal
implications
of
AI.
Developapproaches
to
understand
and
mitigate
the
ethical,
legal,
and
social
risks
posed
by
AI
to
ensure
thatAI
systems
reflectour
Nation’svaluesand
promoteequity.
Thisincludes
interdisciplinary
researchtoprotect
and
supportvaluesthrough
technical
processes
and
design,
aswell
astoadvance
areas
suchas
AI
explainability
and
privacy-preserving
design
and
analysis.
Efforts
to
develop
metrics
andframeworksforverifiableaccountability,fairness,privacy,andbiasarealsoessential.Strategy4:
Ensure
the
safety
and
security
of
AI
systems.
Advance
knowledge
of
how
to
design
AIsystems
that
are
trustworthy,
reliable,
dependable,
and
safe.
This
includes
research
to
advance
theabilitytotest,
validate,
and
verifythefunctionality
and
accuracy
of
AI
systems,andsecure
AI
systemsfromcybersecurityanddatavulnerabilities.Strategy5:
Develop
shared
public
datasets
and
environments
for
AI
training
and
testing.
Developand
enable
access
to
high-quality
datasets
and
environments,
as
well
as
to
testing
and
trainingresources.
Abroader,morediversecommunity
engaging
withthebestdataand
toolsforconductingAIresearch
increasesthe
potentialfor
moreinnovativeandequitableresults.-vii
-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanStrategy6:
Measure
and
evaluate
AI
systems
through
standards
and
benchmarks.
Develop
a
broadspectrum
of
evaluative
techniques
for
AI,
including
technical
standards
and
benchmarks,
informed
bytheAdministration’sBlueprintforan
AIBillofRights
andAIRiskManagementFramework
(RMF).Strategy7:
Better
understand
the
national
AI
R&D
workforce
needs.
Improve
opportunities
forR&Dworkforce
development
to
strategically
foster
an
AI-ready
workforce
in
America.
This
includes
R&Dto
improve
understanding
ofthe
limits
and
possibilities
ofAI
and
AI-related
work,
and
the
educationandfluencyneededtoeffectivelyinteractwithAI
systems.Strategy8:
Expand
public-privatepartnerships
toaccelerate
advances
inAI.Promoteopportunitiesfor
sustained
investment
in
responsible
AI
R&D
and
for
transitioning
advances
into
practicalcapabilities,
in
collaboration
with
academia,
industry,
international
partners,
and
other
non-federalentities.Strategy9:
Establish
a
principled
and
coordinated
approach
to
international
collaboration
in
AIresearch.
Prioritize
international
collaborations
in
AI
R&D
to
address
global
challenges,
such
asenvironmental
sustainability,
healthcare,
and
manufacturing.
Strategic
international
partnerships
willhelp
support
responsible
progress
in
AI
R&D
and
the
development
and
implementation
ofinternational
guidelinesandstandardsfor
AI.The
federal
government
plays
a
critical
role
in
ensuring
that
technologies
like
AI
are
developedresponsibly,
and
to
serve
the
American
people.
Federal
investments
over
many
decades
have
facilitatedmany
key
discoveries
in
AI
innovations
that
power
industry
and
society
today,
and
federally
fundedresearch
has
sustained
progress
in
AI
throughout
the
field’s
evolution.
Federal
investments
in
basic
andapplied
research3
havedriven
breakthroughs
enabledby
emerging
technologieslike
AI
acrosstheboard,including
in
climate,
agriculture,
energy,
public
health,
and
healthcare.
Strategic
federal
investments
inresponsible
AI
R&D
will
advance
a
comprehensive
approach
to
AI-related
risks
and
opportunities
insupportofthepublicgood.-viii
-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanIntroduction
to
the
National
AI
R&D
StrategicPlan:
2023UpdateAdvances
in
generating,
collecting,
processing,
and
storing
data
have
enabled
innovation
in
AI,
allowingthis
technology
to
become
ubiquitous
in
modern
life
and
touch
nearly
every
facet
of
daily
activities,directly
or
indirectly.
Besides
the
AI-enabled
applications
in
smartphones
and
personal
computers,applications
of
AI
have
streamlined
logistics,
accelerated
scientific
discovery,
enabled
more
efficientdesignandmanufacturing,andaidedindetecting
financialfraud.However,realizingAI’spotentialsocialand
economic
benefits
and
aligning
it
with
American
values
requires
considerable
research
investments,pursuedinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofscientificintegrity.In
February
2022,
the
Office
of
Science
and
Technology
Policy
(OSTP)
issued
a
Request
for
Information(RFI)4
requesting
input
from
all
interested
parties
on
the
development
of
this
plan.
Over
60
responsesweresubmittedby
researchers,research
organizations,professionalsocieties,civilsocietyorganizations,andindividuals;theseresponsesareavailableonline.5Many
of
the
RFI
responses
reaffirmed
the
analysis,
organization,
and
approach
originally
outlined
in
the2016
and2019strategicplans.Itis
noteworthy
that
a
majority
of
the
RFI
responsesreferred
to
aspects
ofethical,
legal,
andsocietalimplicationsofAI(Strategy
3)orsafety
andsecurity
of
AI
systems
(Strategy4).These
responses
underscore
a
heightened
priority
across
academia,
industry,
and
the
public
fordeveloping
and
deploying
AI
systems
that
are
safe,
transparent,
and
improve
equity,
and
that
do
notviolate
privacy.
Responses
to
the
RFI
also
emphasized
the
importance
of
supporting
AI
R&D
that
willdevelop
systems
capable
of
helping
to
addresssome
of
the
foremost
challenges
and
opportunities
beforethe
Nation
today,
including
advancing
personalized
medicine;
improving
cybersecurity;
addressinginequities;
bringing
efficiencies
to
manufacturing,
transportation,
and
other
critical
sectors
of
theeconomy;
ensuring
environmental
sustainability;
and
enabling
the
scientific
discovery
and
innovation
thatwillpowerthenextgenerationoftechnologicalbreakthroughs.AIas
aNationalPriorityThe
Biden-Harris
Administration
is
committed
to
advancing
responsible
AI
systems
that
are
ethical,trustworthy,
and
safe,
and
serve
the
public
good.
The
fiscal
year
(FY)
2023
President’s
Budget
Requestincluded
substantial
and
specific
funding
requests
for
AI
R&D,
as
part
of
a
broad
expansion
of
federallyfunded
R&D
to
advancekey
technologies
and
addresssocietal
challenges.6
The
CHIPS
and
Science
Act
of20227
and
Consolidated
Appropriations
Act,
20238
reflect
Administration
and
Congressional
support
foranexpansion
offederally
fundedR&D,
includingAIR&D.9The
memorandum
on
Multi-Agency
Research
and
Development
Priorities
for
the
FY2024
Budget10issuedjointly
by
the
Office
of
Management
and
Budget
and
OSTP
likewise
calls
for
agencies
to
prioritize
R&Dfunding
toward
advancingnational
security
and
technologicalcompetitiveness,
including
trustworthy
AI,among
other
critical
and
emerging
technologies
of
national
interest.
This
planpursues
the
advancementof
fundamental
and
translational
AI
research
to
make
AI
trustworthy,
equitable,
and
both
rights-
andprivacy-preserving.The
National
AI
Initiative
Act
(NAIIA)
of
2020
established
the
National
AI
Initiative
Office
(NAIIO)
tocoordinatekeyAI
activities
across
thefederalgovernment.
Thisoffice,based
in
theWhiteHouseOSTP,isthecentral
pointof
contact
fortechnical
and
programmaticinformation
exchangeon
activitiesrelated
tothe
National
AI
Initiative
across
the
federal
government,
academia,
industry,
nonprofit
organizations,professional
societies,
civil
society,
and
state,
local,
and
tribal
governments.
In
addition,
the
NAIIO
helpsadvanceprogress
on
thepriorities
outlined
in
thisplan
and
implementsacomprehensiveapproach
toAI-relatedrisksand
opportunitiesinsupportofthe
publicgood.-1-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanWhile
R&D
activities
and
outputs
inform
governance
and
regulatory
approaches,
this
plan
leavesdiscussionsof
regulation
or
governancetootherfederaldocuments,such
asthe
BlueprintforanAI
Bill
ofRights
and
the
AI
Risk
Management
Framework.
In
addition,
issues
related
to
scientific
integrity
and
publicaccess,whiledirectlyrelevanttoAIR&D,arelargelylefttootherfederalgovernmentdocumentsaswell.-2-TheNationalArtificialIntelligence
R&DStrategicPlanStrategy
1:
Make
Long-Term
Investments
in
Fundamental
andResponsible
AI
ResearchThe
United
States
has
maintained
its
leadership
in
AI
in
large
part
because
of
continued
and
consistentinvestment
in
long-term,
fundamental
AI
research.
For
example,
many
of
today’s
AI-enabled
products
andservices
have
their
roots
in
federally
funded
fundamental
research
dating
back
decades.
This
trend
hascontinued
since
the
release
of
the
2019
Strategic
Plan,
with
a
notable
increas
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