2015年專升本英語考試-寫作講解

2015年專升本英語考試-寫作講解TOC\o"1-3"\h\u一、寫作要求 41.評分標準 41）評分原則 42）作文等級 42.寫作技能要求 41）思想表達 42）篇章組織 43）語言運用 44）寫作格式 53.得分要點及高分原則 51）得分要點 52）5C高分原則 5二、英語句子寫作 51.何謂英語句子 5(1)寫作中常見錯誤句型分析 5(2)對英語句子的認識 62.句子的完整（句子的分類） 71)五種基本簡單句型 72)并列句 83)復合句 83.句子的連貫 94.句子的簡潔 9(1)文字簡潔 9(2)避免使用同義詞重復 9三、段落的設計 101.主題句 10（1）主題句要明確 10（2）主題句要概括 102.擴展句 11列舉法(listing) 12因果關系法(causeandeffect) 12舉例法(exemplification) 123.結(jié)論句 134.段落演練 14四、作文命題類型 151.段首句/主題句作文寫作要求： 152.提綱作文寫作要求： 163.圖表作文寫作要求： 174.信函作文（事務信函）寫作要求 18五、作文萬能句型 191.主題句 192.因果關系句 203.舉例說明句 204.結(jié)論句 20

一、寫作要求1.評分標準1）評分原則按總體印象給分，不按語言點錯誤數(shù)目扣分；內(nèi)容和語言兩方面綜合評判；是否切題、充分表達思想、語言錯誤造成理解障礙。2）作文等級0分——白卷，作文與題目毫不相關，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想。3分——條理不清，思路混亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴重錯誤。7分——基本切題，表達思想不夠清楚，連貫性差，有較多的嚴重錯誤。11分——基本切題，表達思想清楚，文字連貫，語言錯誤較多。15分——切題，表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。19分——切題，表達思想清楚，文字通順，基本無語言錯誤。閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標準，對照樣卷評分，若認為與某一分數(shù)檔次相似，即定為該分數(shù)；若認為稍優(yōu)于或劣于該檔次，則可加一分或減一分，但不加減半分。字數(shù)不足則酌情扣分。2.寫作技能要求1）思想表達（1）表達中心思想（2）表達重要或特定信息（3）表達觀點、態(tài)度等2）篇章組織（1）圍繞所給的題目敘述、議論或描述，突出重點（2）連貫地組句成段，組段成篇3）語言運用（1）運用恰當?shù)脑~匯（2）運用正確的語法（3）運用合適的句子結(jié)構（4）使用正確的標點符號（5）運用銜接手段表達句間關系（如對比、原因、結(jié)果、程度、目的等）4）寫作格式運用正確的符合英語表達習慣的寫作格式3.得分要點及高分原則1）得分要點寫作得分是綜合分數(shù)，評分內(nèi)容主要體現(xiàn)在：總體印象、語言表達、文章結(jié)構、思想內(nèi)容四個方面，各方面又有一些具體的細節(jié)內(nèi)容。見下表：2）5C高分原則字跡清楚、段落明朗（clear）內(nèi)容完整、緊扣提綱（complete）首保正確、力求閃光（correct）先總后分、連詞用上（coherent）語言簡練、論據(jù)得當（concise）二、英語句子寫作1.何謂英語句子(1)寫作中常見錯誤句型分析Beijingisabeautifulcity,Ienjoylivinghere.Therearemanypeopleagreetokeeppetsathome.Althoughpetsmaypollutetheenvironment.Thenewhouseislarge,beautifulandhasenoughroomsforpeopletolivein.Thereisagreatdifferencebetweendiningoutandtohaveasnackathome.Weallagainstallkindsofterroristactivities.Don’tworry.Yourbodywillgetwellsoon.Thefilmhadbegunfor5minuteswhenIgottothetheatre.Thewesternpartofthecityrainedheavilyyesterdayevening.Ourschoolhavetakenplacegreatchanges.(2)對英語句子的認識意義：英語的句式與中文的不同，我們在學習英語的時候要注意到這一點。有同學對英語句子沒有足夠的認識，常常受中文的干擾，在寫作中不能寫出正確的句子。什么是句子？無論字數(shù)多少，只要有主語和謂語（動詞），而且能表達完整意義的一句話就是一個句子。如：Iamtired.Pressingone’spalmtogetherandrestingone’sheadonthebackofone’shandwhileclosingtheeyesasifsleepingmeans“Iamtired.”（雙手合攏，閉上眼，把頭靠在手背上像睡覺的樣子，意思是說“我累了”。）這兩個句子都具備了主語和謂語，都是完整的句子。要記?。涸谟⒄Z中，一個句子有且只能有一個謂語。1）一個句子不能同時有兩個謂語。典型錯誤：（1）Theoldmanlikestakeawalkinthevillageaftersupper.Theoldmanlikestotakeawalkinthevillageaftersupper.（2)Ienjoytalkwithhimoveracupofcoffee.Ienjoytalkingwithhimoveracupofcoffee.（3)Theboyrantohismothercry.Theboyrantohismothercrying.（4)Afterwritethenotice,heputituponthewall.Afterwritingthenotice,heputituponthewall.Afterhewrotethenotice,heputituponthewall.2）不要把從句的謂語當成句子的謂語,或把主句的謂語當成從句的謂語。如果是一個復合句，主句和從句都應該分別有自己的主語和謂語。典型錯誤：（1）Thosewhoeattoomuchwilleasilyill.Thosewhoeattoomuchwilleasilygetill.（2)Whenhewalkinginthepark,hefeltalittletired.Whenhewaswalkinginthepark,hefeltalittletired.（3）WhenIatschool,Istudiedveryhard.WhenIwasatschool,Istudiedveryhard.練習:判斷以下是否是句子。(1)Birdscanfly.是(2)ThebirdsinthecagewhichIboughtyesterday.不是(3)Waitformeatthestation.是(4)Ifyouknowhowtoplaywithwordstomakepeoplelaugh.不是(5)Awayofsaying“I’msorry”.不是(6)Pattingthestomachbeforeameal.不是(7)Thebreadmymothermakesismuchbetterthanwhatyoucanbuyatthestore.是(8)Tomakefriendsintheschoolwhichwasnotfarfrommynewhome.不是(9)Ifyouwanttoknowwhatitfeelsliketofallthroughtheair,takeoffinarocket,flyahelicopterorfightaliencreaturesinouterspace.不是2.句子的完整（句子的分類）簡單句:只包含一個主謂結(jié)構的句子并列句:主謂結(jié)構+連詞(and,but,so,or…)+主謂結(jié)構(或更多的主謂結(jié)構)復合句:引導詞+主謂結(jié)構,主謂結(jié)構(從句+主句)1)五種基本簡單句型(1)主語+不及物動詞Birdsfly.Busesrunfromdawntillmidnight.Wearestudyinghard.(2)主語+及物動詞+賓語Wehavereadmanybooks.Theydoshoppingattheweekend.WearelearningEnglish.(3)主語+系動詞+表語常見的系動詞有：be,seem,appear,become,go,get,grow,turn,look,sound,feel,taste,smellWearestudents./Hebecameascientist./Thatsoundsgood.Hebecamenervouswhenthinkingofstealing.Itisimpossibletofindashopthatisopenafter5p.m.inthisarea.It’smuchcheapertocampthantostayinahotel.Igotcaughtinthetraffic.Justthen,thetrafficlightturnedred.Heseemedtohavemisunderstoodyou.(4)主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語HegaveTomapresent.Heofferedmeajob.(5)主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語Wemadehimourmonitor.Themanagerthinkstheplanpractical.Hewillhavehisbikerepaired.Iwon’thaveyouspeakingtoyourmotherlikethat.改錯練習：(1)Pleasespeakloudersothateverybodycanlistenyou.(2)Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.(3)Listen!Someoneknockingatthedoor.(4)Hetoldmedon’tcallhimbefore9o’clock.(5)Doesyourparentsallowyoumakeyourowndecision?(6)AlthoughitisonlyAugust,buttheweatherisgettingworsedaily.(7)Becausetheprofessorhadfallenill,sohewasnotabletobepresentattheconference.(8)InJapan,apersonseesthe“OK”gesturemaythinkitmeansmoney.(9)WhenIpasthisroom,IheardhimsinginganEnglishsong.2)并列句(1)用連詞/副詞(and,but,so,for,or,notonly…butalso,either…or,neither…nor,while,both…and,however,therefore…)連接LiMingis18yearsoldandheisastudentinNo.1MiddleSchool.Hurryuporyou’llbelateforschool.Imustgonow,formysisteriswaitingforme.(2)用“;”連接Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchanything.Lilydoeswellinstudy;alltheteachersthinkhighlyofher.（3）用“;+adv”連接Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchanything.Thecarwasalmostnew;besides,itwasinexcellentcondition.3)復合句復合句里包含兩個或更多的主謂結(jié)構,其中有一個主謂結(jié)構為句子的主體稱為主句，另一個/其他主謂結(jié)構為從句，它（們）只能充當句子的某一（些）成分，如:主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語、狀語等。根據(jù)從句在句子中的功能分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句、狀語從句等。練習：判斷下面句子屬于哪種復合句（1)Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetingisstillaquestion.主語從句（2)ThelettersaysthattheyareleavingonFriday.賓語從句（3)That’swhattheyshoulddo.表語從句（4)WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcomeandvisitChinaagain.同位語從句（5)ThisistheverydictionarythatIamlookingfor.定語從句（6)Astimewenton,Einstein’stheoryprovedtobecorrect.狀語從句練習:改正下面句子,使之成為正確的一句話（1）Therearefortyfivestudentsinourclass,onethirdofthemarefromnearbycountries.Therearefortyfivestudentsinourclass,andonethirdofthemarefromnearbycountries.Therearefortyfivestudentsinourclass;onethirdofthemarefromnearbycountries.Therearefortyfivestudentsinourclass,onethirdofwhomarefromnearbycountries.（2）Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefield.Itwasraininghard；theycouldnotworkinthefield.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefield.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefield.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldbecauseitwasraininghard.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefield.（3）Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,hecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomandhecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom;hecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessor,whocarriedabagofbooks,walkedintotheclassroom.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,carryingabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroomwithabagofbooks.3.句子的連貫連貫性的要求：句子前后之間要有照應、有銜接，前后結(jié)構要一致、對等、平衡；思想的表達應該清楚有序。句子與句子之間的過渡要符合邏輯，不能造成歧義或矛盾。改錯練習：（1）Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.（2）Theideahementionedatfirstsoundedgood.Theideahefirstmentionedsoundedgood.Theideahementionedsoundedgoodatfirst.4.句子的簡潔(1)文字簡潔。如下面這些短語均可用括號中的單詞代替:fromtimetotime(often),drawaconclusion(conclude),withanger(angrily),Itisclearthat…(clearly)試比較下列改寫的句子：Doyouknowthemanwhoisspeakingatthemeeting?Doyouknowthemanspeakingatthemeeting?Lookoutforcarswhileyouarecrossingthestreet.Lookoutforcarswhilecrossingthestreet.(2)避免使用同義詞重復。如下面的這些句子,畫線部分重復,應刪掉。Heisblindinbotheyes.——Heisblindinthelefteye.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.Thedeskisroundinshapeandredincolor.Ishallaccompanymymotherbygoingwithhertothemarket.練習：改寫下列句子,使其更簡潔(1)Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.(2)TheGreatWall,whichhasahistoryofmorethan2000years,isoneoftheworldheritages.TheGreatWallwithahistoryofmorethan2000yearsisoneoftheworldheritages.(3)Heattendedthepartythoughhewasbadlyill.Heattendedthepartyinspiteofhisillness.(4)Hesuggestedthathebesenttotendthesick.Hesuggestedbeingsenttotendthesick.(5)Tomysurprise,IwassurprisedtofindnoonetherewhenIgotthere.IwassurprisedtofindnoonetherewhenIarrived.(6)Ateacherwhohasexperienceshouldhaveanideaaboutwhatheshoulddoinsuchacondition.Anexperiencedteachershouldknowwhattodoinsuchacondition.(7)Doyouknowthegirlwhoisdressedinred?Doyouknowthegirlinred?(8)Wedidn’tknowhertelephonenumber,sowecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Notknowinghertelephonenumber,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.(9)JohnsonlookedlikeamanwhowaswantedinLosAngelesforrobbery.JohnsonlookedlikeamanwantedinLosAngelesforrobbery.(10)Wefinallyreachedhomeat10p.m.,andweweretiredandhungry.Wefinallyreachedhomeat10p.m.,tiredandhungry.三、段落的設計一般說來,一個段落由三部分組成:主題句、擴展句和結(jié)論句。主題句提出論述的主題,擴展句利用必要的細節(jié)對主題加以論證說明,結(jié)論句總結(jié)全文,在論證的基礎上得出結(jié)論。這三者是段落的必要成分,他們相輔相成,構成一個完整的段落。有些段落還有過渡句,以實現(xiàn)句與句、段與段之間的順利過渡。1.主題句寫好主題句應遵循的兩條原則：（1）主題句要明確。句中須有一個詞、詞組或從句讓讀者一目了然本段的確切主題,明確本段的重點或作者的觀點。主題句不能太具體，以致無法發(fā)揮，但也不能太籠統(tǒng)，以致觀點不明確。例如:Thisparagraphwilltalkaboutbirds.這句作為主題句就太籠統(tǒng),不確切。試比較以下幾句,下列幾個主題句就確切地闡明了段落的主題:a.Birdshaveagreatsenseofdirection.b.Petownersprefercertainspeciesofbirds.c.Inmyopinion,abirdmakesabetterpetthanacatdoes.d.Birdsaresufferingfromairpollution.（2）主題句要概括。句中陳述你要說明的重點和觀點,并且必須包含可擴展主題的詞、詞組或從句，應該是你將進一步表明態(tài)度和看法的概括。例如:TheyounggirlstudiedChineseHistory.該主題句未能概括主題的要點,則不利于下面的擴展，最好增添一個詞或一個短語概括出主題事物的特點,以便順利地展開論述或描寫。例如:a.TheyounggirleagerlystudiedChineseHistory.b.TheyounggirlstudiedChineseHistoryunderafamoushistorian.c.TheyounggirlfoundthreereasonsforstudyingChineseHistory.練習：請為下列段落選擇合適的主題句（1).Forexample，teacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.Thoughitmaybepossibletomeasurethevalueofmaterialgoodsintermsofmoney,itisverydifficulttocalculatethetruevalueofserviceswhichpeopleperformforus.Theconditionsofsocietyaresuchthatskillshavetobepaidforinthesamewaythatgoodsarepaidforatshop.Everyonehassomethingtosell.A.Sellingbecomesanimportantskill.B.Everyonelivesbysellingsomething.C.Ateacherhassomethingtosell.D.Sellingisnotnecessarilyagoodthing.（2).BeforeenteringahouseinJapan,itisagoodmannertotakeoffyourshoes.InEuropeancountrieseventhoughshoessometimesbecomeverymuddy,thisisnotdone.AguestinaChinesehouseneverfinishesadrink.Heleavesalittletoshowthathehashadenough.InaMalaysianhouse,too,aguestleavesalittlefood.InEngland,aguestalwaysfinishesadrinktoshowthathehasenjoyedit.Itseemsthatmannersindifferentcountriesareneverthesame.A.Itisimportanttoknowdifferentmannersindifferentcountries.B.ChinesemannerisdifferentfromthatofEngland.C.Differentcountriesanddifferentraceshavedifferentmanners.D.Mannersindifferentcountriesseemthesame.（3).Firecanheatwater,cook,giveoutlightandkeepyourhousewarm.Sometimes,however,bigfirescanburndownhousesandforests.Forexample,YuanmingPalace,afamouspalaceinQingDynasty,wasruinedbyabigfirecompletely.Sowemustbeverycarefulwithmatches,burningcigarettes,faultyelectricappliancesorunquenched(未撲滅的)fires.A.Fireisalwaysgoodtousinourlives.B.Weshouldbecarefulaboutfire.C.Sometimesbigfireisverydangerous.D.Becarefulwithfirebecauseitdoesnotalwaysdousgood.2.擴展句擴展句的作用是豐富、支持、擴展主題句的內(nèi)涵，他們是段落的血和肉。擴展句的表達形式多種多樣,可以按時間或空間順序展開，也可以采用從整體到局部或從局部到整體的方法敘述、描寫、說明或議論,也可用對比、比喻、推導、歸納、演繹的手段來展現(xiàn)。擴展句的要求有兩個:單一性和連貫性。單一性:一個段落只說明一個問題,講述一件事,擴展句必須緊緊地圍繞著主題句,不偏離中心思想。連貫性:段落中各擴展句前后銜接,條理清楚,合乎邏輯,使讀者很容易抓住段落的中心思想。英語段落中常用一些連詞、副詞或短語連接各擴展句。例如，在議論文中,常會用“首先,其次,然后,最后”等詞來銜接各論據(jù)，以增強段落的條理性與連貫性。段落擴展句寫法共有三種：列舉法(listing)列舉法是通過列舉一系列論據(jù)對主題句的論點進行廣泛全面陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點內(nèi)容重要性、時間、空間等進行。擴展句中可列舉現(xiàn)象、原因、結(jié)果、意義、措施等。列舉法常用詞語有：(1)兩項列舉①Ononehand,…Ontheotherhand,…②Foronething,…Foranother,…③Tobeginwith,…Andwhat’smore,…(2)三項列舉①Foronething，…Foranother,…Andfinally/lastly,…②Tobeginwith,…Inaddition,…Andfinally/lastly,…③Firstandforemost,…Furthermore/Moreover/Inaddition,…Lastbutnotleast,…因果關系法(causeandeffect)因果分析用于闡述現(xiàn)象段落，以解釋這種現(xiàn)象的成因。這種段落的一般結(jié)構為：一果多因，先果后因；原因?qū)懛椋合葍?nèi)因后外因，先主觀后客觀。舉例法(exemplification)用具體生動的事例論證主題，展示主題句中尚未展開的內(nèi)容和細節(jié)。如：Onecanhaveplentyofmoney,andatthesametimeheisnothappybecauseheisneversatisfiedorheistroubledbyvariouskindsofproblems.舉例法寫作要求：(1）所寫例句的完整性：①句子完整②意義完整(2）所舉例子的典型性：①針對性強②眾所周知練習：(1)找出一個違背單一性的擴展句。①Chinahasmadegreatprogressinreducingitspopulationgrowth.②Chinahasalreadycutitsrateofpopulationgrowthbyaboutonehalfsince1970.③Itiswrongofthewesterngovernmentstofindfaultwithitspoliciesofeliminationofpoverty.④Chinanowurgeseachfamilytohavenomorethanonechild.⑤Andithopestoreachzeropopulationgrowth,thenumberofbirthequalingthenumberofdeath,bytheyear2000.(2)根據(jù)所給的主題句和提示,寫段落的擴展句。主題句:Howexcitedwewerewhenwelearnedthatweweregoingtohaveaspringtour.①after—discussion—agree—climb—outofthecity②we—oftenpassby—mountain—thefirsttime—thinkof—climbit③setout—early—morning④about—anhour—begin—tired—stillalongway—go⑤shortbreak—goon—climb⑥lunchtime—gettothetop—mountain⑦ourbeautifulcity—belowus—happy—verytired結(jié)尾句:Itprovesthatmanythingsarejustlikeclimbingamountain;theylookattractive,buttheyarenoteasytodo.參考答案:Afteraheateddiscussionweagreedtoclimbthemountainoutsidethecity.Wehadpassedbythemountainwhenweweretakingabusoutofthecity,butitwasthefirsttimewehadthoughtofclimbingit.Westartedearlyinthemorning.Aboutanhourlater,webegantofeeltired,buttherewasstillalongwaytogo.Wetookashortbreakandthenwentonclimbing.Notuntillunchtimedidwegettothetopofthemountain.Atsightofourbeautifulcitybelowus，wefelthappythoughweweretiredout.(3)根據(jù)所給的主題句提示,寫段落的擴展句。主題句:Hewaskindandshybeforeagroupofnaughtygirls,buthewasverystrictinhisteachingandwithourstudents.①teachus—alotinknowledge—aswellasinmorality②Iremember—myfinalexam③Haveanidea—lookupdictionary—secretly④Unfortunately—discover—savemyface⑤Afterexam—call—tohisoffice—myheart—beatfast⑥Insteadofscolding—saykindly—advise—dogood—moved—tears⑦18years—pass—keep—remindme—studyhard—honest參考答案:Hetaughtusalotinknowledgeaswellasinmorality.Irememberthetimeofmyfinalexamination.Ihadtheideaoflookingupmydictionarysecretly.Unfortunately,mysecretwasdiscoveredbyhimandhesaidnothingtosavemyface.Aftertheexamination,Iwascalledtohisoffice.Myheartwasbeatingfast.Insteadofscolding,hetalkedkindlytomeandadvisedmetodogood.Iwasmovedtotears.Eighteenyearshaspassed,butthelessonremainsdeepinmymemoryandalwaysremindsmetostudyhardandkeephonest.3.結(jié)論句結(jié)論句并非必不可少,但它能起到以下作用:①表示段落的結(jié)束；②總結(jié)要點,與主題句相呼應；③使讀者就本段落的主要內(nèi)容和見解有更深刻的印象。結(jié)論句:(推薦)（1）主題句:Lifeislimited,butknowledgeisboundless.結(jié)尾句:Howimportantitistoreadgoodbooks!感嘆句（2）主題句:Booksarefullofknowledgeandwisdom.結(jié)尾句:Whyshouldn’twereadmorebookstosearchmoreandusethemtodevelopoursplendidfuture？疑問句（3）主題句:WhenIwasalittlegirl,Ilivedwithmygrandparentsinafarawayvillage.結(jié)尾句:Timewasgonewiththewind.Butmychildhoodislikeamber(琥珀),glitteringinmylife.比喻（4）主題句:FromMondaytoFridaywegotoschool,andwehavetodohomeworkonSaturdayandSunday.Ourrightsofenjoyingourweekendshavebeentakenawaybythosewhowishustodowellinourlessons.結(jié)尾句:Inshort,foryoungpeople,notonlyareweeagerforknowledgebutalsowearethirstyforcolorfullives.Let’sbecometherealmastersofweekends.概括總結(jié)（5）主題句:Successcomeswithhardwork.結(jié)尾句:So,asTomasEdisononcesaid,geniusisonepercentinspirationandninetyninepercentperspiration.引用名言4.段落演練段落演練1結(jié)構：①健康的重要性（主題句）②正面論述主題（擴展句1）③反面論述主題（擴展句2）④結(jié)論句(1)主題句Itisimportantforeveryoneofustokeephealthyinourdailylives.(2)擴展句1Peoplewithgoodhealthwillworkwithconfidenceandtheirprogressinworkinturncontributestotheirhealthandhappiness.(3)擴展句2Asickpersonisusuallynotinterestedineverythingaroundhimandthereforelosesmanyopportunitiestobesuccessful.(4)結(jié)論句Thereisnodoubtthathealthisofgreatimportancetous.段落演練2結(jié)構：①采取措施解決環(huán)保問題（主題句）②措施一（擴展句1）③措施二（擴展句2）④結(jié)論句(1)主題句Effective/Strictmeasuresmustbetakentosolvetheproblemofenvironmentpollution./Inviewoftheseriousnessoftheproblem,effectivemeasuresmustbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.(2)措施一（擴展句1）Foronething,weshouldbeawareoftheseriousnessofenvironmentalproblemandsetagoodexampletoprotectthesurroundingsaroundus.(3)措施二（擴展句2）Foranother,itishightimethatlawsandregulationswereworkedouttopreventourenvironmentfromanypollution.(4)結(jié)論句Onlyinthisway,canwehaveacleanerandsaferlifeforourselvesandforourfuturegenerations./Onlythroughthesemeasures,willweexpectanationwithcleanerandsaferlife.段落演練3結(jié)構：①移動電話給我們的生活帶來便利（主題句）②便利一（擴展句1）③便利二（擴展句2）④結(jié)論句(1）主題句Themobilephoneshortensthedistancebetweenpeopleandmakesourlifemoreconvenient.(2)便利一Ithasmadeiteasierforustocontactorbereachedbyotherpeopleanytimeandanywhere.(3)便利二Wewillnevermissanyimportantmeetings,arrangedappointmentsoradmirableopportunitieswithmobilephones.(4)結(jié)論句Thereisnodenyingthatthemobilephonehasbecomeanecessityformostpeople.段落演練4結(jié)構：①素質(zhì)教育的好處（主題句）②好處一（擴展句1）③好處二（擴展句2)④好處三（擴展句3）(1)主題句ItisuniversallyacknowledgedthatQualityEducationisbeneficialtostudents.(2)好處一Foronething/Inthefirstplace,itwill,tosomeextent,freethemfromhomeworkandtests.(3)好處二Inthesecondplace,/Foranother,itcanbroadenthestudents’visionandraisetheircapacities.（4）好處三Andfinally,itvaluesabilitymorethanmemory,sostudentswilldeveloptheirallroundabilities.四、作文命題類型1.段首句/主題句作文寫作要求：審清題意理解段首句找準核心詞確定方向與細節(jié)例1PleasuresinReading(1)Ienjoyreadingverymuch.(2)Inthefirstplace,readingcandisperseloneliness.(3)Furthermore,readingcanaddfullnesstomylife.參考范文①Ienjoyreadingverymuch.②QuiteoftenIamsoabsorbedinagoodbookthatIforgetmysurroundingsandevenmyself.③Ithinkreadingcanoffermecertainpleasures.④Inthefirstplace,readingcandisperseloneliness.⑤InthepagesofbooksIcantalkwiththewiseandwalkinalllandsandalltimes.⑥ThepeopleImeetinbooksarealwaysreadytogivemefriendshipandencouragement.⑦Furthermore,readingcanaddfullnesstomylife.⑧ByreadingIcantravelaroundthewholeworld,andleadvariedlives.⑨Throughbooksthebeautiesofnatureandtheenjoymentoflivesareallopentomywonderandappreciation.⑩Itcanbesaidthosewhocannotenjoyreadingarepoormenandthosewhoenjoyreadingcanobtainthegreatestpleasurefromit.例2CrazeforCivilServiceExaminations(1)Manypeopletakecivilserviceexamsinthehopeofbecominggovernmentemployees.(2)Thisgrowingtrendismainlyattributabletotwofactors—ambitionsandcomforts.(3)Personally,thedesiretobeagovernmentofficialisbeyondreproach（非議）.參考范文①Manypeopletakepartincivilserviceexamsinthehopeofbecominggovernmentemployees.②Amongthem,collegegraduatesareafastgrowingforcethatcan’tbeignored.③Thecrazeforbeingacivilservantisnotlimitedtoliteralartsmajors,asit’salsogainingpopularityamongscienceandengineeringstudents.④Thisgrowingtrendismainlyattributabletotwofactors—ambitionsandcomforts.⑤Ononehand,collegegraduatesviewtheseexamsasasteptoahighersocialstatus,greaterpowerandprestige.⑥Ontheotherhand,itisquiteanappealingcareeroptiontomanypeople,asbeingacivilservantmeansstableincome,enviablehealthcareandpensionprogrammes.⑦Personally,thedesiretobeagovernmentofficialisbeyondreproach.⑧Thenationneedsaninjectionofnewbloodintothecivilservicesectors.⑨However,therearenotenoughpositionsforsomanyapplicants.⑩Thisphenomenonmustbethoughtoverbythepolicymakers.2.提綱作文寫作要求：緊扣題目遵守提綱確定主題構思段落例1MyViewonJobhopping（1）有些人喜歡始終從事一種工作，因為……（2）有些人喜歡經(jīng)常換工作，因為……（3）我的看法。參考范文：MyViewonJobhopping①Somepeopletendtosticktotheirpositionsallthetime.②Theythinkthelongeroneworksinafield，themoreskillfulonewillbeatit.③Suchpeoplelovetheirworkandturnouttobespecialistsintheirownfields．④Theyareusuallyhighachievers．⑤Othersareinthehabitofjobhopping.⑥Theyneverseemcontentwiththeirpresentsituations．⑦Theyliketomeetmorepeopleandmakemoremoney，sotheyhopfromjobtojob．⑧AsfarasIamconcerned，Iamnotinfavorofconstantjobhopping.⑨Iwanttobeprofessionallystrong．⑩AndIrespectthosewhodevotethemselvestotheirfavoritejobsthroughouttheirlife.例2CanMoneyBuyHappiness(1)有人認為金錢是幸福之本（sourceofhappiness）;(2)也有人認為金錢是萬惡之源（rootofallevil）;(3)我的看法。參考范文CanMoneyBuyHappiness①Somepeoplethinkthatmoneyisthesourceofhappiness.②Intheirminds,moneycanbringcomfortandsecurity.③Money,astheythink,isthesourceofhappiness.④However,therearestillalotofotherswhothinkthatmoneyistherootofallevil.⑤Moneydrivespeopletobreakthelaw.⑥Alotofpeoplebecamecriminalsjustbecausetheywereinsearchofmoney.⑦Manypeoplelosetheirownlivesbecauseofmoney.⑧Ithinkthateventhoughmoneyisnecessarytolife,itcan’tbuyhappiness.⑨Onecanhaveplentyofmoney,andatthesametimeheisnothappybecauseheisneversatisfiedorheistroubledbyvariouskindsofproblems.⑩Happinessisastateofmindandcannotbemeasuredbymoney.3.圖表作文寫作要求：把握主題做分析描述圖表寫趨勢分析圖表找原因解決辦法給建議例1Writeacompositionabout120wordsonthetopicCellPhonesaccordingtotheoutline:（1）描述圖中所示手機用戶數(shù)的變化情況；（2）出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因；（3）對此現(xiàn)象做出評價。參考范文CellPhones①Asisshowninthechart,cellphonesarebecomingincreasinglypopularinChina.②In1999,thenumberofcellphonesinusewasonly2million,butin2002,thenumberreaches5million.③Andintheyear2005,thenumberhassuddenlysoaredto9million.④Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothistrend.⑤Foronething,acellphonecanbecarriedeverywhereeasily.⑥Foranother,itissomethingwonderfulthatwecanhavefunwithnews,games,musicandchatthroughsendingshortmessages.⑦Andfinally,thedropinpriceandfunctionimprovementhavemadeitpossibleforustouse.⑧Cellphonesarewidelyusedeverywhereinourcountry.⑨Thefunctionshavemadepeoplereluctanttoseparatethemselvesfromtheircellphone.⑩Theyarebecomingmoreandmoreindispensableinourdailylives.例2Writeacompositionabout120wordsonthetopicChangesinPeople’sDailyExpensesaccordingtothetableandtheinformation.(1)描述圖表中人們每天開支變化情況;(2)請說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因;(3)結(jié)合圖表對未來做出合理的預測。參考范文ChangesinPeople’sDailyExpenses①Thetableindicatesthatdramaticchangeshavetakenplaceinthepeople’sdailyexpensesfrom1995to1999.②Theexpensesonfoodhavedeclinedby30%whilethoseonclothingandrecreationhaveincreasedby16%.③Thestatisticsofriseandfallarecloselyrelatedtooneanother.④Therearetwofactorsaccountingforthesechanges.⑤Ononehand,Theincreasedincomeplaysanimportantpartinthelessexpenseonfood.⑥Ontheotherhand,Peoplearechangingtheirlifestylebyspendingmoreonclothingandrecreation.⑦Asaresultofsuchashift,peoplearelivingmorecomfortablythanbefore.⑧Wemaycometotheconclusionthatpeople’slivingstandardshavebeenconstantlyimprovedinthefiveyears.⑨Chinesepeoplebenefitalotfromthecountry’sreformandopeninguppolicy.⑩Withthefurthergrowthineconomyandmorechangesinlifestyle,thetendencywillcontinueinthebetterdirection.圖表作文常用詞語:上升：increase，rise,goup,climb,mount下降:decrease,fall,drop,decline,reduce平穩(wěn):stable,steady,remainthesameas波動:fluctuate,riseandfall,upanddown占:occupy,takeup,accountfor相比:bycontrast,onthecontrary,comparedwith趨勢:tendency,trend,inclination4.信函作文（事務信函）寫作要求首段尾段要簡短中間段落有結(jié)構內(nèi)容表達合邏輯信函格式不出錯事務信函(BusinessLetters)事務信函的目的各不相同，包括求職信、申請信、詢問信、投訴信、邀請信、感謝信等。要求按固定格式，有一定的語言駕馭能力。例1ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus假設你是李明，請你就本校食堂的狀況給校長寫一封信，內(nèi)容應涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價格、環(huán)境、服務等，可以是表揚，可以是批評建議，也可以兼而有之。參考范文June7th,2013DearMr.President,①I’mathirdyearstudentoftheuniversity.②I’mwritingtocomplai