楊四軍武科大教授單元二汽車及其歷史(課件)-《汽車專用英語 第三版》同步教學(xué) （人交版）

汽車商標(biāo)汽車及其歷史汽車發(fā)動機(jī)汽車底盤單元一單元二單元三單元四汽車電氣設(shè)備汽車車身汽車使用說明書及維修手冊汽車檢測與維修設(shè)備單元五單元六單元七單元八汽車維護(hù)汽車檢測與維修新能源汽車概述汽車商務(wù)接待單元九單元十單元十一單元十二

單元二

活塞連桿組故障診斷與修復(fù)汽車及其歷史

學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

完成本學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)后，你應(yīng)該能：1.了解汽車的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其發(fā)展史；2.掌握汽車結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)語的英文表達(dá)；3.對相關(guān)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行閱讀和翻譯；4.對汽車實(shí)物上英文單詞或詞匯進(jìn)行辨認(rèn)；5.正確完成課后練習(xí)。建議學(xué)時4

學(xué)時Text

Theautomobileindustryisafastdevelopingindustry.Sofarithasalreadyover100yearsofhistory.Fromthelater18thcentury，whenthefirstautomobilewasputonroad，thisindustryhasdevelopedtremendously.Todayitcanbesaidthatwheelsruntheworld.Formostofpeople，anautomobileisthefastestandmostconvenientmeanoftransportation.Withoutautomobile，it'smaybeunthinkable.Thereareabout7,000differentpartsandcomponentsinanautomobile.Someofthemdesignedtomakethecarmorecomfortableorbeautiful,butmostofthemaretomakeitrun.Anautomobileisgenerallycomposedoffourbasiccomponents：engine，chassis，bodyandelectricalequipment.Thefollowingistheoverallstructureofanautomobile(Fig.2-1).FundamentalsofanAutomobileText

FundamentalsofanAutomobileFig.2-1TheOverallStructureofanAutomobileText

Theengineactsasthepowerunitofanautomobile.Itsfunctionistoconvertthefuelenergyintomechanicalpower，andthentransferitspowerthroughchassistransmissionactuationwheel.Aninternalcombustionenginepowersourmoderncar.Therearetwotypesofengine：gasolineanddiesel.Thegasolineengineoverallstructure(Fig.2-2)mainlycomprisesthecrankshaftandconnectingrodgear，thevalvemechanism，thefuelsupplysystem，thecoolingsystem，thelubricatingsystem，theignitionsystemandthestartingsystem.Thedieselengine'signitionwayisthecompressionignitiontype，thereforeithasnoignitionsystem.FundamentalsofanAutomobileText

FundamentalsofanAutomobileFig.2-2GasolineEngineOverallStructureText

Thechassissupportsandinstallstheengine，variousofotherpartsandtheunit，formstheoverallmodel.Itcarriespowerfromtheenginecrankshafttothewheels，thenwheelsrotateandautomobilemoves.Theautomobilechassis(Fig.2-3)includesfourparts：thetransmissionsystem，thesuspensionsystem，thesteeringsystemandthebrakingsystem.Thetransmissionsystemcomprisestheclutch，gearbox，propellershaft(shafts，universaljoints)，differentialanddrivenaxle.Thesuspensionsystemcomprisestheframe，axles，wheelsandsuspensions.Ithelpstokeeptheautomobiledrivingnormally.Thesteeringsystemisusedtochangeormaintainthedirectionofdriving.Thebrakingsystemonaautomobilehasthreemainfunctions：Itmustbeabletoreducethespeedoftheautomobilewhennecessary；itmustbeabletostopthecarinadistanceasshortaspossible；itmustbeabletoholdtheautomobilestationary.FundamentalsofanAutomobileText

FundamentalsofanAutomobileFig.2-3AutomobileChassisText

Theautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows，doorsandahood.Itisinstalledonthechassisframetoprovideaprotectivecoveringfortheengine，passengersandcargo.Itprovidesshelter，comfortandprotectionforpassengers.Thepassengerautomobilebodyisgenerallyaoverallconstruction，thefreightvehiclebodyisgenerallysharedbythecabandtheluggagecontainer.Anautomobilebody(Fig.2-4)canbegenerallydividedintofoursections：thefront，theupperortop，therearandthebottom.Thesesectionsarefurtherdividedintosmallunitswhichcalledassemblies.Idealbodydesignmaynotonlymakepassengerssafeandcomfortable，butalsoprovideanattractive，colorful，modernappearanceforanautomobile.Theshapeofautomobilehaschangedmanytimessincethefirst“horselesscarriages”weremade.Inthefuture，therewillbemorechangesonit.FundamentalsofanAutomobileText

FundamentalsofanAutomobileFig.2-4AutomobileBody參考譯文汽車工業(yè)是一個快速發(fā)展的行業(yè)。到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)有著一百多年的歷史。從18世紀(jì)晚期第一輛汽車駛?cè)牍?，汽車業(yè)就以驚人的速度發(fā)展著?？梢哉f，現(xiàn)在是汽車運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的時代。對于大多數(shù)人來說，汽車是最快捷、最便利的交通工具，沒有汽車，我們的生活將無法想象。一輛汽車大約有7000多個不同的零配件，有些是為了讓汽車更舒適或更美觀，但大多數(shù)零件是使汽車能行駛。汽車一般由發(fā)動機(jī)、底盤、車身和電氣設(shè)備4個部分組成。以下是汽車的總體構(gòu)造圖（圖2-1）。汽車的基本構(gòu)造參考譯文

汽車的基本構(gòu)造圖2-1汽車總體構(gòu)造圖參考譯文汽車發(fā)動機(jī)是汽車的動力裝置。其作用是使燃料燃燒將熱能轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能，然后通過底盤傳動系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動車輪使汽車行駛。汽車由內(nèi)燃機(jī)驅(qū)動，內(nèi)燃機(jī)主要有汽油機(jī)和柴油機(jī)兩種。汽油發(fā)動機(jī)總體構(gòu)造（圖2-2）包括曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)、配氣機(jī)構(gòu)、燃料供給系統(tǒng)、冷卻系統(tǒng)、潤滑系統(tǒng)、點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、起動系統(tǒng)。柴油發(fā)動機(jī)的點(diǎn)火方式為壓燃式，所以無點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。汽車的基本構(gòu)造參考譯文

汽車的基本構(gòu)造圖2-2汽油發(fā)動機(jī)總體構(gòu)造參考譯文汽車底盤的作用是支承、安裝汽車發(fā)動機(jī)及其各部件、總成，形成汽車的整體造型，并接受發(fā)動機(jī)的動力，使汽車產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動，保證正常行駛。汽車底盤（圖2-3）包括傳動系統(tǒng)、行駛系統(tǒng)、轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動系統(tǒng)4部分。傳動系統(tǒng)一般由離合器、變速器、傳動軸、后軸和差速器及從動輪組成；行駛系統(tǒng)包括車架、軸、輪及懸架裝置等，以幫助汽車正常行駛；轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)用以改變和維持行駛方向；制動系統(tǒng)有3個主要功能：第一，需要時能讓汽車減速；第二，能使汽車在盡可能短的距離內(nèi)停??；第三，能駐車。汽車的基本構(gòu)造參考譯文

汽車的基本構(gòu)造圖2-3汽車底盤參考譯文汽車車身是一個帶有窗戶、門和車罩的金屬殼體，安裝在底盤的車架上，用以駕駛員、旅客乘坐或裝載貨物。其作用是為乘客提供安全和保護(hù)，使其乘坐舒適。轎車、客車的車身一般是整體結(jié)構(gòu)，貨車車身一般是由駕駛室和貨箱兩部分組成。汽車車身（圖2-4）一般分為4個部分：前部、上部或頂部、后部和底部，這些部分進(jìn)一步分成小的單元，稱為組件。理想的車身設(shè)計(jì)既讓乘客感到安全和舒適，又使汽車具有迷人、鮮艷、現(xiàn)代的特色。自從“無馬的馬車”出現(xiàn)以后，汽車的形狀已改變了許多次，將來一定還會有更多的變化。電氣設(shè)備由電源和用電設(shè)備兩大部分組成。電源包括蓄電池和發(fā)電機(jī)。用電設(shè)備包括發(fā)動機(jī)的起動系統(tǒng)、汽油機(jī)的點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)和其他用電裝置。汽車的基本構(gòu)造參考譯文

汽車的基本構(gòu)造圖2-4汽車車身ReadingMaterial

Thehistoryoftheautomobileactuallybeganabout4，000yearsagowhenthefirstwheelwasusedfortransportationinIndia.In1335，GuidodaVigevano，aItalianman，designedwinddrivenvehicles.LaterLeonardodaVincidesignedclockwork-driventricyclewithadifferentialmechanismbetweentherearwheels.ACatholicpriestnamedFatherFerdinanVerbiestiscreditedtohavebuiltasteam-poweredvehiclefortheChineseEmperorinabout1678.JamesWattdidn'tinventthesteamengineuntil1705.HowAutomobileEmergesReadingMaterial

Althoughbythemid-15thcenturytheideaofanauto-drivevehiclehadbeenputintopracticewiththedevelopmentofexperimentalvehiclespoweredbymeansofsprings，clockworks，andthewind，Nicolas-JosephCugnotofFranceisconsideredtohavebuiltthefirsttrueautomobilein1769.Cugnot'sthreewheeledsteam-poweredvehiclecarriedfourpersons.Ithadatopspeedofalittlemorethan3.2km/h(2mph).CarlBenzandGottliebDaimler，bothGermans，sharethecreditofchangingthetransporthabitsoftheworld，fortheireffortslaidthefoundationofthegreatmotorindustryasweknowittoday.First，CarlBenzinventedthepetrolengineandBenzcar(Fig.2-5)in1885andayearlaterDaimlermadeacardrivenbymotorofhisowndesign.HowAutomobileEmergesReadingMaterial

HowAutomobileEmergesFig.2-5BenzCarReadingMaterial

Formanyyearsaftertheintroductionofautomobiles，threekindsofpowersourceswereincommonuse：steamengines，gasolineorpetrolengines，andelectricmotors.Overtenyearsfromtheinventionofthepetrolengine，themotorcarhadevolveditselfintoamazingdesignsandshapes.In1908，HenryFordrevolutionizedthemanufactureofautomobileswithhisassembly.linestyleofproductionandbroughtouttheModelT.TheintroductionoftheModelTtransformedtheautomobilefromaplaythingoftherichtoanitemthatevenpeopleofmodestincomecouldafford.Bythelate1920sthecarwascommonplaceinmodernindustrialnations.HowAutomobileEmergesReadingMaterial

AfterWorldWarⅡ，thenewrichintheUnitedStatesmadeagreaterdevelopmentofautomobilemanufacturing.Sincethemid-1970s，therisingcostoffuelhasincreasedthedemandforsmallercars，manyofwhichhavebeenproducedinJapanaswellasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.

HowAutomobileEmergesReadingMaterial

Inthe1980s,theautomobilegraduallysteppedintotheelectronicandintelligentperiod.Theemergingelectronictechnologyreplacedthesimpleelectromechanicalandhydrauliccontrolsystemofautomobiletomeettheincreasinglystrictrequirementsonautomobilesafety,emissionandenergysaving.Initially,therewereelectronicallycontrolledfuelinjection,ignition,emissions,anti-lockbraking,drivingforceanti-skid,lighting,faultdiagnosisandalarmsystems,etc.Afterthe1990s,intelligentenginecontrol,automatictransmission,powersteering,electronicstabilityprogram,activesuspension,seatposition,airconditioning,wiper,safetybelt,airbag,anticollision,anti-theft,cruisedriving,globalpositioningsatelliteandotherintelligentautomaticcontrolsystemwerelistedoneafteranother.Therewerealsovehicle-mountedaudio,videodigitalmultimediaentertainmentsystem,wirelessnetworkandintelligenttransportationandothervehicleauxiliaryinformationsystems.HowAutomobileEmergesReadingMaterial

Comingtothe21stcentury,theintelligenttechnologyofautomobilehasbeengraduallyapplied.AppleannouncedthelaunchofCarplayonMarch3,2014,whichisaseamlessintegrationofusers'iOSdevicesandiOSexperiencewiththedashboardsystem.IfthecarisequippedwithCarPlay,userscanbeconnectedtodevicesliketheiPhoneandinteractwithitusingthecar'sbuilt-indisplayandcontrolkeys,orSiri'svision-freefeature.Userscaneasilyandsafelymakephonecalls,listentomusic,sendorreceiveinformation,usenavigation,etc.whichalsoreignitedusers’enthusiasmforvehicle-mountedintelligence.HowAutomobileEmerges參考譯文汽車的歷史實(shí)際上可以追溯到大約4000年前的印度——第一只輪子被用于運(yùn)輸開始。1335年意大利人伽多·達(dá)瓦杰維諾(GuidodaVigevano)設(shè)計(jì)了風(fēng)力驅(qū)動汽車。后來，雷奧納多·達(dá)·芬奇(LeonardodaVinci)設(shè)計(jì)了發(fā)條裝置驅(qū)動的三輪車，車的后輪之間裝有差速器。大約1678年，一個名叫弗迪南·沃比斯特(FerdinanVerbiest)神父的天主教牧師為中國清朝皇帝造出了一臺蒸汽動力汽車。直到1705年，詹姆斯·瓦特（JamesWatt）才發(fā)明了蒸汽機(jī)。雖然到15世紀(jì)中期，隨著利用彈簧、發(fā)條裝置、風(fēng)能驅(qū)動的實(shí)驗(yàn)車的發(fā)