楊四軍武科大教授單元十一 新能源汽車(chē)概述(課件)-《汽車(chē)專(zhuān)用英語(yǔ) 第三版》同步教學(xué) （人交版）

汽車(chē)商標(biāo)汽車(chē)及其歷史汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)汽車(chē)底盤(pán)單元一單元二單元三單元四汽車(chē)電氣設(shè)備汽車(chē)車(chē)身汽車(chē)使用說(shuō)明書(shū)及維修手冊(cè)汽車(chē)檢測(cè)與維修設(shè)備單元五單元六單元七單元八汽車(chē)維護(hù)汽車(chē)檢測(cè)與維修新能源汽車(chē)概述汽車(chē)商務(wù)接待單元九單元十單元十一單元十二

單元十一

活塞連桿組故障診斷與修復(fù)新能源汽車(chē)概述

學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

完成本學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)后，你應(yīng)該能：1.了解新能源汽車(chē)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和前景：2.明確新能源汽車(chē)的分類(lèi)及特點(diǎn)，熟悉純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成；3.掌握新能源汽車(chē)相關(guān)詞匯及專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)；4.對(duì)相關(guān)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行閱讀和翻譯；5.正確完成課后練習(xí)。建議學(xué)時(shí)4

學(xué)時(shí)Text

Newenergyvehiclesrefertothosewhichuseunconventionalvehiclefuelaspowersource(oruseconventionalvehiclefuelandnewvehiclepowerunit),integratingthelatesttechnologyofdynamicscontrolwiththatofdrivesystemandfeaturingadvancedprincipleornewtechnologyaswellasnewstructures.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesMorethan130yearsago,theemergenceofthevehiclehaschangedtheworldandacceleratedtheglobaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.Thefirstmotorvehicleintheworldiselectricvehicle,whichisoneoftheoldestvehicles.Withthedevelopmentofenergyandinternalcombustionengine,electriccars,whichwerelimitedbythetechnicallevelandsocialenvironmentatthattimeandcouldn'tadapttothelongdistancedriving,werealmoststagnatedtodevelop.However,astherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy,duetothelong-termconsumptionofalargeamountofnon-renewableenergybyinternalcombustionenginevehicles,automobileexhaustemissionsalsoposeathreattohumanhealthandlife.Newenergyvehicleswithpureenergyandzeroemissionsaregreatlyvaluedonceagainallovertheworld.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesAsearlyasin1873,theBritishRobertDavidsonbuiltelectrictricyclesoutofhorse-drawncarriages,butnotincludedinthescopeofinternationalrecognition.Andin1881,FrenchengineerGustavTruffinventedthefirstelectrictricycleoftheworld,atricyclepoweredbyalead-acidbattery.In1890,thefirstbatterycar(Fig.11-1)wasborninIowa,USA.whichsetaworldrecordofvehiclespeedwith23km/hinthosedays.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-1theFirstbatteryCarofU.S.Text

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesBetweentheearly20thcenturyand1915,Americaproduced5,000electriccarsayear(Fig.11-2)anditscarparcreachedaround50,000.Sincetheearly1920s,thesteamcarsaccountedfor40percent,electriccarsfor38percent,andcombustionenginecarsonlyfor22percent,whichshowsthatwasthefirstgoldenageofelectriccars.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-2ElectricVehiclesEarly20thCihUSAText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesTheoilshockofthe1970susheredinasecondgoldenageforelectriccars,whichhadbeengonefor50years.Inthe1970s,anAmericancompanylaunchedtheCitiCar(Fig.11-3),anelectriccarwithatopspeedof71km/handarangeof69km,whichbecamethetopsellerofelectriccarsinAmericaofthetime.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-3AmericanCitiCarModelText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesIn1997,ToyotaofficiallypushedoutthePriusModel,whichwasputintoproductionworldwidein2000.From1997to2015,Toyotabroughtinatotalof4generationsofPriusModels,thecumulativesalesexceeded10million.In2008,TeslaRoadsterlauncheditsRoadstertwo-seatelectricsportscar(Fig.11-4),whichisthefirstlarge-scalemassproductionelectricsportscarintheworld.In2012,TeslaproduceditsModelS,drivingtherapiddevelopmentofelectriccarsworldwide.Majordomesticautomobilemanufacturershavelaunchedavarietyofelectricvehicles.AndBaic,Chery,BydandJianghuaiallhavetheirmassproductioncarsappearedonthemarket.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-4TeslaRoadsterText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesAlargenumberofInternetcarsenterprisesalsoinvestallkindsoftechnologyandcapitaltotheelectriccarindustry.Countriesalsogivestrongsupportinpolicyandfunding.Thisisthebesttimeforustocatchupwiththefirst-classadvancedtechnologyinautomotivefield.Withtheadventofthethirdgoldenageofelectriccars,newenergyvehiclesarefacingnewdevelopmentopportunitiesagain.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ClassificationandCharacteristicsofNewEnergyVehiclesNewenergyvehiclesincludefivetypes:hybridelectricvehicle(HEV),batteryelectricvehicles(BEV,includingsolarcars),fuelcellelectricvehicle(FCEV),hydrogenenginecarsandothernewenergyvehicles(suchassupercapacitors,flywheelsandotherhigh-efficiencyenergystorage).ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HybridElectricVehiclesHybridelectricvehiclesreferstothosethatrunonconventionalfuelandhaveelectricmotors/enginestoimprovelow-speedpoweroutputandfuelconsumption.Accordingtothetypesoffuel,hybridvehiclescanbedividedintogasolinehybridanddieselhybrid.Inthedomesticmarket,themainstreamofthehybridelectricvehiclesisgasolinehybrid(Fig.11-5),whiledieselhybrid(Fig.11-6)modelsarealsodevelopingrapidlyintheinternationalmarket.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HybridElectricVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-5BYDQINPRODMFig.11-6AudiQ7e-tron3.0TDIquattroText

HybridElectricVehiclesAdvantages:1.Themaximumpoweroftheinternalcombustionenginecanbedeterminedaccordingtotheaveragepowerrequiredaftertheadoptionofhybridpower.Atthispoint,theenginerunsundertheoptimalconditionsoflowfuelconsumptionandlesspollution.Whenthepowerofhigh-powerinternalcombustionengineisinsufficient,thebatterytriestogivesupplement;Iftheloadissmall,thesurpluspowercanbeusedtorechargethebattery.Becausetheinternalcombustionenginecanworkcontinuouslyandthebatterycanbeconstantlycharged,itsjourneyisthesameasthatofordinarycars.2.Becauseofthebattery,itisveryconvenienttorecoverthebraking,downhill,idleenergy.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HybridElectricVehiclesAdvantages:3.Inthebustlingdowntown,canshutdownengine,poweredbybatteryalone,toachieve“zero”emissions.4.Withinternalcombustionengine,itisveryconvenienttosolvetheproblemsofhigh-energyconsumptioninairconditioning,heating,defrostingetc.pureelectricvehiclesmeets.5.Canusetheexistinggasstationtofillup,don'thavetoinvestagain.6.Cankeepthebatteryingoodworkingcondition.Nooverchargeordischargeoccurring,soastoprolongtheservicelifeandreducecosts.Disadvantages:Longdistanceandhigh-speeddrivingcanhardlybefuel-efficient.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

BatteryElectricVehiclesElectricvehicles(Fig.11-7),asthenamesuggests,aremainlydrivenbyelectricpower.Mostcarsaredirectlydrivenbyelectricmotor.Someoftheminstallelectricmotorintheenginecompartment,whilesomedirectlyusewheelsastherotorsoffourelectricmotors,thedifficultyliesintheelectricitystoragetechnology.Sinceelectricitycanbeobtainedfromavarietyofprimaryenergysuchascoal,nuclearenergy,waterpower,windpower,light,heatandsoon,peoplecanrelievetheworryofthedwindlingoilresources.Electriccarscanalsomakefulluseofthesurpluselectricityatnightwhenelectricityconsumptionislow,sothatthepowerequipmentcanbefullyuseddayandnight,whichgreatlyimprovingitseconomicbenefits.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

BatteryElectricVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-7BatteryELectricVehicleText

BatteryElectricVehiclesAdvantages:Thetechnologyisrelativelysimpleandmature,andcanberechargedwhereverpowerisavailable.Disadvantages:Thebatteryenergystorageunitweightistoolittle,alsobecauseofthedearpriceandsmalleconomicscaleofelectricvehiclebattery,thepurchasepriceismoreexpensive.Asforthecostofuse,sometrialresultsshowsmoreexpensivethanfuelcars,butsomeisonly1/3ofthefuelcar,whichmainlydependsonthebatterylifeandthepricesoflocaloilorelectricity.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

FuelCellElectricVehiclesFuelcellelectricvehicles(FCV,Fig.11-8)aremotor-drivenvehicleswhichusehydrogenormethanolasfuelandgenerateelectriccurrentthroughchemicalreaction.Theenergyofbatteriesisconvertedintoelectricitybythechemicalreactionofhydrogenandoxygenratherthanbycombustion.Thechemicareactionprocessoffuelcelldoesnotproduceharmfulproducts,sofuelcellvehiclesarepollution-freevehicles.Theenergyconversionefficiencyoffuelcellsis2to3timeshigherthanthatofinternalcombustionengines.Therefore,fuelcellvehicleisanidealvehicleintermsofenergyutilizationandenvironmentalprotection.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

FuelCellElectricVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-8HydrogenFuelCellVehicleText

FuelCellElectricVehiclesComparedwithtraditionalvehicles,fuelcellvehicleshasthefollowingadvantages:1.Zeroorapproximatezeroemissions.2.Reducedtheoilleakcausedbywaterpollution.3.Loweredtheemissionsofgreenhousegases.4.Acceleratedthefueleconomy.5.Improvedthecombustionefficiencyoftheengine6.Smoothoperationandnonoise.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HydrogenPoweredVehiclesHydrogencarisarealzeroemissionvehicle,itsemissionsarepurewater.Ithasnopollution,zeroemissions,reservesandotheradvantages.Therefore,hydrogencarsisthemostidealalternativetoconventionalcars.Hydrogencarscostatleast20percentmorethanconventionalcars.Chang'anautomobilefulfilledtheignitionofChina'sfirsthigh-efficiencyzero-emissionhydrogeninternalcombustionenginein2007,anddisplayeditsfirstself-developedhydrogen-poweredconceptsportscar"hydrogenCheng"attheBeijingautoshowin2008.(Fig.11-9).ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HydrogenPoweredVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-9Chang’anConceptportsCar“HydrogenCheng”Text

HydrogenPoweredVehiclesdvantages:Purewateremissions,nopollutantswhendriving.Disadvantages:Highcostofhydrogenfuelcells.Moreoverthestorageandtransportationofhydrogenfuelistechnicallydifficultbecausehydrogenmoleculesaresosmallthattheycaneasilyescapeoutofthestoragedeviceshell.Inaddition,themostfatalproblemisthathydrogenmustbeextractedbyelectrolysisofwaterornaturalgas,whichalsoneedtoconsumelargeamountsofenergy.Unlessitisextractedbynuclearpower,carbondioxideemissionswillnottoberadicallyreduced.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ComponentsofBatteryElectricVehiclesThecomponentsofbatteryelectricvehicle（Fig.11-10）includes:electricdriveandcontrolsystem,mechanicalsystemslikingdrivingforcetransmissiondevice,workingunitsthatperformthegiventasksetc.Electricdriveandcontrolsystems,whichgreatlydifferfrominternalcombustionenginevehicle,arethecoreofelectricvehicle.Theelectricdriveandcontrolsystemconsistsofpowersupply,drivingmotorandmotorspeedcontroldevice.Otherdevicesofelectriccarsarebasicallythesameasthoseofinternalcombustionengines.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ComponentsofBatteryElectricVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-10ComponentskfBatteryElectrivVehicleText

ThepowersupplyThepowersupplyprovideselectricenergyforthedrivingmotoroftheelectricvehicle.Theelectricmotorconvertstheelectricenergyofthepowersupplyintomechanicalenergyandtodrivethewheelsandworkingunitsdirectlyorthroughthetransmissiondevice.Leadacidbatteryisthemostwidelyusedpowersourceinelectricvehicles.However,withthedevelopmentofelectricvehicletechnology,leadacidbatteryisgraduallyreplacedbyotherbatteriesduetoitslowspecificenergy,slowchargingspeedandshortservicelife.Nowadaysthemainpowersuppliesinuseincludesodium-sulfurbatteries,nickel-cadmiumbatteries,lithiumbatteries,fuelcells,flywheelbatteriesetc.Theapplicationofthesenewpowersourcesopensupavastrangeofprospectsforthedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

DrivingmotorThepurposeofdrivingmotoristoconverttheelectricenergyofthepowersupplyintomechanicalenergy,anddrivethewheelsandworkingdevicesdirectlyorthroughthetransmissiondevice.Dcseriesmotorsarewidelyusedinelectricvehicles.Thesemotorshave“soft”mechanicalcharacteristics,whichareveryconsistentwiththedrivingcharacteristicsofcars.However,duetotheexistenceofcommutationspark,DCmotorlowspecificpower,lowefficiencyandheavymaintenanceworkload.Withthedevelopmentofmotortechnologyandmotorcontroltechnology,itisboundtobegraduallyreplacedbybrushlessDCmotor(BDCM),switchedreluctancemotor(SRM)andACasynchronousmotor.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

SpeedcontroldeviceThemotorspeedcontroldeviceissetforthespeedanddirectionchangeoftheelectricvehicle.Itsfunctionistocontrolthevoltageorcurrentofthemotorandtofulfilthecontrolofthedrivingtorqueandrotationdirectionofthemotor.Duringtherotationcontrolofthedrivingmotor,thedcmotorreliesonthecontactortochangethecurrentdirectionofthearmatureormagneticfieldtorealizetherotationchangeofthemotor,whichmakesthecontrolcircuitcomplexandreliabilityreduced.Inaddition,theapplicationsofacmotoranditsfrequencycontroltechnologymakesthebrakingenergyrecoverycontrolofelectricvehiclesmoreconvenientandthecontrolcircuitmoresimple.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

TransmissiondeviceTheroleofthetransmissiondeviceofelectricvehicleistotransferthemotordrivetorquetothedrivingshaft.Whentheelectricwheeldrive,mostpartsofthetransmissiondevicecanoftenbeignored.Becauseelectricmotorscanbestartedwithaload,electriccarsneedn'tclutchesasthatinconventionalinternal-combustionvehicles.Astherotationofthedrivingmotorcanbechangedthroughcircuitcontrol,there'snoneedforelectriccarstousereverselikeininternalcombustionenginetransmission.Whileapplyingsteplessspeedcontrolofmotor,electricvehiclescanignorethetraditionaltransmission.Whenusingtheelectricwheeldrive,theelectricvehiclecanalsoomitthedifferentialpertainingtotraditionalinternalcombustionenginevehicletransmissionsystem.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

DrivingunitThefunctionofthedrivingunitistochangethedrivingtorqueofthemotorintotheforceonthegroundthroughthewheelsanddrivethewheels.Itsstructureisthesameasthatofotherconventionalvehicles,consistingofwheels,tiresandsuspension,etc.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

SteeringapparatusThesteeringapparatusissetforrealizingtheturningofautomobile,whichiscomposedofsteeringmachine,steeringwheel,steeringmechanismandsteeringwheel.Thecontrolforceactingonthesteeringwheeldeflectsthesteeringwheeltoacertainangletoaccomplishtheautomotivesteeringthroughthesteeringgearandsteeringmechanism.Mostelectricvehiclesusefrontwheelsteering,butindustrialelectricforkliftsoftenuserearwheelsteering.Electricvehiclesteeringdevicehasmechanicalsteering,hydraulicsteering,hydraulicpowersteeringandothertypes.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

BrakemechanismThebrakingmechanismofanelectriccar,likethatofothercars,issetforthedecelerationorparkingofthecar,whichusuallyconsistsofthebrakeandcontroldevice.Inelectriccars,therearegenerallyelectromagneticbrakingdevices,whichcanusethecontrolcircuitofthedrivingmotortorealizethemotor'spowergeneration,maketheenergyfromdecelerationbrakingconvertintothechargingcurrentofthebatteryandthenberecycled.Atpresent,thebrakingdeviceofdomestichigh-powerelectricpassengercarissliding-vaneaircompressor,whichmainlyusescompressedairtobrake.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

WorkingunitTheworkingunitisspeciallysetforthepurposeofcompletingtheoperationrequirementsofindustrialelectricvehicles,suchasliftingdevice,doorframeandcargoforkofelectricforklift.Theliftingoftheforkliftandtheinclinationofthedoorframeareusuallyaccomplishedbyahydraulicsystemdrivenbyanelectricmotor.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehicles參考譯文

新能源汽車(chē)是指采用非常規(guī)的車(chē)用燃料作為動(dòng)力來(lái)源（或使用常規(guī)的車(chē)用燃料、采用新型車(chē)載動(dòng)力裝置），綜合車(chē)輛的動(dòng)力控制和驅(qū)動(dòng)方面的先進(jìn)技術(shù)，形成的技術(shù)原理先進(jìn)、具有新技術(shù)、新結(jié)構(gòu)的汽車(chē)。

新能源汽車(chē)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史130多年前，汽車(chē)的出現(xiàn)改變了世界，促進(jìn)了全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展。世界上第一輛機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)就是電動(dòng)汽車(chē)，是最古老的汽車(chē)之一。隨著能源與內(nèi)燃機(jī)的發(fā)展，電動(dòng)汽車(chē)由于受到當(dāng)時(shí)的技術(shù)水平和社會(huì)環(huán)境所限，不適應(yīng)長(zhǎng)距離行駛，其發(fā)展幾乎停滯不前。然而，隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展，由于內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)長(zhǎng)期消耗大量的不可再生能源，汽車(chē)尾氣的排放對(duì)人類(lèi)健康和生活也構(gòu)成了威脅,使用清潔能源、零排放的新能源汽車(chē)被世界各國(guó)重新重視起來(lái)。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

參考譯文

新能源汽車(chē)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史早在1873年，英國(guó)人羅伯特·戴維森在馬車(chē)的基礎(chǔ)上制造出電動(dòng)三輪車(chē)，但并沒(méi)有列入國(guó)際的確認(rèn)范圍。而在1881年，法國(guó)工程師古斯塔夫·特魯夫發(fā)明了世界上第一輛電動(dòng)三輪車(chē)，這是一輛用鉛酸電池為動(dòng)力的三輪車(chē)。1890年，在美國(guó)衣阿華州誕生了美國(guó)第一輛蓄電池汽車(chē)（圖11-1），車(chē)速達(dá)到23km/h，創(chuàng)造了當(dāng)時(shí)汽車(chē)時(shí)速的世界紀(jì)錄。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-1美國(guó)第一輛蓄電池汽車(chē)參考譯文

新能源汽車(chē)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史從20世紀(jì)初到1915年，美國(guó)的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)（圖11-2）年產(chǎn)量5000輛，保有量達(dá)到5萬(wàn)輛。20世紀(jì)20年代初以來(lái)，蒸汽汽車(chē)占40%，電動(dòng)汽車(chē)占38%，內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)只占22%，可見(jiàn)這是電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的第一個(gè)黃金時(shí)代。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-220世紀(jì)初美國(guó)的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)參考譯文

新能源汽車(chē)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史20世紀(jì)70年代的石油危機(jī)，使得曾經(jīng)消失了50年的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)迎來(lái)了自己的第二個(gè)黃金時(shí)代。20世紀(jì)70年代一家美國(guó)公司推出了CitiCar車(chē)型（圖11-3），這一款電動(dòng)車(chē)最高時(shí)速71公里，續(xù)航里程69公里，成為當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的銷(xiāo)售冠軍。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-3美國(guó)Citicar車(chē)型參考譯文

新能源汽車(chē)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史1997年，豐田公司正式推出普銳斯車(chē)型，在2000年面向全球投產(chǎn)。從1997年到2015年，豐田共推出4代普銳斯車(chē)型，累計(jì)銷(xiāo)量超過(guò)1000萬(wàn)輛。2008年，特斯拉推出Roadster雙座電動(dòng)跑車(chē)（圖11-4），是世界上第一款大規(guī)模量產(chǎn)的電動(dòng)跑車(chē)。2012年特拉斯推出ModelS，帶動(dòng)全球電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的高速發(fā)展。國(guó)內(nèi)各大車(chē)場(chǎng)都有推出各種電動(dòng)汽車(chē)，北汽、奇瑞、比亞迪、江淮都有量產(chǎn)車(chē)上市。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-4特斯拉Roadster參考譯文

新能源汽車(chē)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史一大波互聯(lián)網(wǎng)造車(chē)企業(yè)也把各種技術(shù)和資金投入到電動(dòng)汽車(chē)行業(yè)，國(guó)家也在政策和資金方面給予大力的支持，這是我國(guó)汽車(chē)領(lǐng)域趕超世界先進(jìn)水平的最好時(shí)機(jī)。電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的第三個(gè)黃金時(shí)代來(lái)臨，新能源汽車(chē)又迎來(lái)了新的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。

新能源汽車(chē)的分類(lèi)及特點(diǎn)新能源汽車(chē)包括五大類(lèi)型:混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車(chē)(HEV)、純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)(BEV，包括太陽(yáng)能汽車(chē))、燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)(FCEV)、氫動(dòng)力汽車(chē)和其他新能源汽車(chē)(如超級(jí)電容器、飛輪等高效儲(chǔ)能器)。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

參考譯文

混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車(chē)混合動(dòng)力是指采用傳統(tǒng)燃料的，同時(shí)配以電動(dòng)機(jī)/發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)改善低速動(dòng)力輸出和燃油消耗的車(chē)型。按照燃料種類(lèi)的不同，主要又可以分為汽油混合動(dòng)力和柴油混合動(dòng)力兩種。國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上，混合動(dòng)力車(chē)輛的主流是汽油混合動(dòng)力（圖11-5），而國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上柴油混合動(dòng)力車(chē)型發(fā)展也很快（圖11-6）。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-5比亞迪秦PRODM圖11-6奧迪Q7etron3.0TDIquattro參考譯文

混合動(dòng)力電動(dòng)汽車(chē)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1.采用混合動(dòng)力后可按平均需用的功率來(lái)確定內(nèi)燃機(jī)的最大功率，此時(shí)處于油耗低、污染少的最優(yōu)工況下工作。需要大功率內(nèi)燃機(jī)功率不足時(shí)，由電池來(lái)補(bǔ)充；負(fù)荷少時(shí)，富余的功率可發(fā)電給電池充電。由于內(nèi)燃機(jī)可持續(xù)工作，電池又可以不斷得到充電，故其行程和普通汽車(chē)一樣。2.因?yàn)橛辛穗姵?，可以十分方便地回收制?dòng)、下坡、怠速時(shí)的能量。3.在繁華市區(qū)，可關(guān)停內(nèi)燃機(jī)，由電池單獨(dú)驅(qū)動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)"零"排放。4.有了內(nèi)燃機(jī)就可以十分方便地解決耗能大的空調(diào)、取暖、除霜等純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)遇到的難題。5.可以利用現(xiàn)有的加油站加油，不必再投資。6.可讓電池保持在良好的工作狀態(tài)，不發(fā)生過(guò)充、過(guò)放，延長(zhǎng)其使用壽命，降低成本。缺點(diǎn)：長(zhǎng)距離高速行駛基本不能省油。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)(圖11-7)顧名思義就是主要采用電力驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車(chē)，大部分車(chē)輛直接采用電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，有一部分車(chē)輛把電動(dòng)機(jī)裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙內(nèi)，也有一部分直接以車(chē)輪作為四臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)子，其難點(diǎn)在于電力儲(chǔ)存技術(shù)。由于電力可以從多種一次能源獲得，如煤、核能、水力、風(fēng)力、光、熱等，解除了人們對(duì)石油資源日見(jiàn)枯竭的擔(dān)心。電動(dòng)汽車(chē)還可以充分利用晚間用電低谷時(shí)富余的電力充電V，使發(fā)電設(shè)備日夜都能充分利用，大大提高其經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-7純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)參考譯文

純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：技術(shù)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單成熟，只要有電力供應(yīng)的地方都能夠充電。缺點(diǎn)：蓄電池單位質(zhì)量?jī)?chǔ)存的能量太少，還因電動(dòng)車(chē)的電池較貴，又沒(méi)形成經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模，故購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)格較貴。至于使用成本，有些試用結(jié)果比汽車(chē)貴，有些結(jié)果僅為汽車(chē)的1/3，這主要取決于電池的壽命及當(dāng)?shù)氐挠?、電價(jià)格。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)（圖11-8）是指以氫氣、甲醇等為燃料，通過(guò)化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生電流，依靠電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車(chē)。其電池的能量是通過(guò)氫氣和氧氣的化學(xué)作用，而不是經(jīng)過(guò)燃燒，直接變成電能的。燃料電池的化學(xué)反應(yīng)過(guò)程不會(huì)產(chǎn)生有害產(chǎn)物，因此燃料電池車(chē)輛是無(wú)污染汽車(chē)。燃料電池的能量轉(zhuǎn)換效率比內(nèi)燃機(jī)要高2～3倍，因此從能源的利用和環(huán)境保護(hù)方面，燃料電池汽車(chē)是一種理想的車(chē)輛。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-8氫燃料電池汽車(chē)參考譯文

燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)與傳統(tǒng)汽車(chē)相比，燃料電池汽車(chē)具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1.零排放或近似零排放。2.減少了機(jī)油泄露帶來(lái)的水污染。3.降低了溫室氣體的排放。4.改善了燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。5.提高了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃燒效率。6.運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)、無(wú)噪聲。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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氫動(dòng)力汽車(chē)動(dòng)力汽車(chē)是一種真正實(shí)現(xiàn)零排放的交通工具，排放出的是純凈水，其具有無(wú)污染、零排放、儲(chǔ)量豐富等優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此，氫動(dòng)力汽車(chē)是傳統(tǒng)汽車(chē)最理想的替代方案。與傳統(tǒng)動(dòng)力汽車(chē)相比，氫動(dòng)力汽車(chē)成本至少高出20%。中國(guó)長(zhǎng)安汽車(chē)在2007年完成了中國(guó)第一臺(tái)高效零排放氫內(nèi)燃機(jī)點(diǎn)火，并在2008年北京車(chē)展上展出了自主研發(fā)的中國(guó)首款氫動(dòng)力概念跑車(chē)"氫程"（圖11-9）。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-9概念跑車(chē)“氫程”參考譯文

氫動(dòng)力汽車(chē)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：排放物是純水，行駛時(shí)不產(chǎn)生任何污染物。缺點(diǎn)：氫燃料電池成本過(guò)高，而且氫燃料的存儲(chǔ)和運(yùn)輸按照技術(shù)條件來(lái)說(shuō)非常困難,因?yàn)闅浞肿臃浅Ｐ?，極易透過(guò)儲(chǔ)藏裝置的外殼逃逸。另外最致命的問(wèn)題就是，氫氣的提取需要通過(guò)電解水或者利用天然氣，如此一來(lái)同樣需要消耗大量能源。除非使用核電來(lái)提取，否則無(wú)法從根本上降低二氧化碳排放。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的組成純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)（圖11-10）的組成包括：電力驅(qū)動(dòng)及控制系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)等機(jī)械系統(tǒng)、完成既定任務(wù)的工作裝置等。電力驅(qū)動(dòng)及控制系統(tǒng)是電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的核心，也是區(qū)別于內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)的最大不同點(diǎn)。電力驅(qū)動(dòng)及控制系統(tǒng)由電源、驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)和電動(dòng)機(jī)的調(diào)速控制裝置等組成。電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的其他裝置基本與內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)相同。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

圖11-10純電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)組成參考譯文

電源電源為電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)提供電能，電動(dòng)機(jī)將電源的電能轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能，通過(guò)傳動(dòng)裝置或直接驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輪和工作裝置。電動(dòng)汽車(chē)上應(yīng)用最廣泛的電源是鉛酸蓄電池，但隨著電動(dòng)汽車(chē)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，鉛酸蓄電池由于比能量較低，充電速度較慢，壽命較短，逐漸被其他蓄電池所取代。正在發(fā)展的電源主要有鈉硫電池、鎳鎘電池、鋰電池、燃料電池、飛輪電池等，這些新型電源的應(yīng)用，為電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了廣闊的前景。驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的作用是將電源的電能轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能，通過(guò)傳動(dòng)裝置或直接驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輪和工作裝置。電動(dòng)汽車(chē)上廣泛采用直流串激電動(dòng)機(jī)，這種電機(jī)具有"軟"的機(jī)械特性，與汽車(chē)的行駛特性非常相符。但直流電動(dòng)機(jī)由于存在換向火花，比功率較小、效率較低，維護(hù)工作量大，隨著電動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)和電動(dòng)機(jī)控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展，勢(shì)必逐漸被直流無(wú)刷電動(dòng)機(jī)(BDCM)、開(kāi)關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)(SRM)和交流異步電動(dòng)機(jī)所取代。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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調(diào)速控制裝置電動(dòng)機(jī)調(diào)速控制裝置是為電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的變速和方向變換等設(shè)置的，其作用是控制電動(dòng)機(jī)的電壓或電流，完成電動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩和旋轉(zhuǎn)方向的控制。在驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的旋向變換控制中，直流電動(dòng)機(jī)依靠接觸器改變電樞或磁場(chǎng)的電流方向，實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的旋向變換，這使得控制電路復(fù)雜、可靠性降低。當(dāng)采用交流異步電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)，電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)向的改變只需變換磁場(chǎng)三相電流的相序即可，可使控制電路簡(jiǎn)化。此外，采用交流電動(dòng)機(jī)及其變頻調(diào)速控制技術(shù)，使電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的制動(dòng)能量回收控制更加方便，控制電路更加簡(jiǎn)單。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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傳動(dòng)裝置電動(dòng)汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)裝置的作用是將電動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩傳給汽車(chē)的驅(qū)動(dòng)軸，當(dāng)采用電動(dòng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)，傳動(dòng)裝置的多數(shù)部件常?？梢院雎?。由于電動(dòng)機(jī)可以帶負(fù)載起動(dòng)，所以電動(dòng)汽車(chē)上無(wú)需傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)的離合器。因?yàn)轵?qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的旋向可以通過(guò)電路控制實(shí)現(xiàn)變換，所以電動(dòng)汽車(chē)無(wú)需內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)變速器中的倒擋。當(dāng)采用電動(dòng)機(jī)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速控制時(shí)，電動(dòng)汽車(chē)可以忽略傳統(tǒng)汽車(chē)的變速器。在采用電動(dòng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)，電動(dòng)汽車(chē)也可以省略傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的差速器。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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行駛裝置行駛裝置的作用是將電動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩通過(guò)車(chē)輪變成對(duì)地面的作用力，驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輪行走。它同其他汽車(chē)的構(gòu)成是相同的，由車(chē)輪、輪胎和懸架等組成。

轉(zhuǎn)向裝置轉(zhuǎn)向裝置是為實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車(chē)的轉(zhuǎn)彎而設(shè)置的，由轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)、轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)、轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)和轉(zhuǎn)向輪等組成。作用在方向盤(pán)上的控制力，通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)和轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)使轉(zhuǎn)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn)一定的角度，實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車(chē)的轉(zhuǎn)向。多數(shù)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)為前輪轉(zhuǎn)向，工業(yè)中用的電動(dòng)叉車(chē)常常采用后輪轉(zhuǎn)向。電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的轉(zhuǎn)向裝置有機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向、液壓轉(zhuǎn)向和液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向等類(lèi)型。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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制動(dòng)裝置電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的制動(dòng)裝置同其他汽車(chē)一樣，是為汽車(chē)減速或停車(chē)而設(shè)置的，通常由制動(dòng)器及其操縱裝置組成。在電動(dòng)汽車(chē)上，一般還有電磁制動(dòng)裝置，它可以利用驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)控制電路實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)電運(yùn)行，使減速制動(dòng)時(shí)的能量轉(zhuǎn)換成對(duì)蓄電池充電的電流，從而得到再生利用。目前，國(guó)內(nèi)大功率電動(dòng)載客汽車(chē)上，制動(dòng)裝置為滑片式空氣壓縮機(jī)，主要是利用壓縮空氣制動(dòng)的方式。

工作裝置工作裝置是工業(yè)用電動(dòng)汽車(chē)為完成作業(yè)要求而專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)置的，如電動(dòng)叉車(chē)的起升裝置、門(mén)架、貨叉等。貨叉的起升和門(mén)架的傾斜通常由電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的液壓系統(tǒng)完成。新能源汽車(chē)簡(jiǎn)介

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