綜合英語教學(xué)課件

Contents123456ActiveReading1ListentoaVOAeducationreportaboutAmericanpeople’slearningmandarin.WarmingUpTask1:TrueorFalse?Task2:Answerquestions.ScriptsTask1:Listentothereportanddecidethefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).____1.SaintMary'steachessuchforeignlanguagesasSpanish,German,MandarinandFrench.____2.SaintMary'sbecamethefirstschoolinthecountrytojointheConfuciusClassroomprogram.____3.TheConfuciusClassroomprogramisinaboutfiftycountries.____4.Foreignlanguageteachinginpublicschoolsrosesharplyinrecentyears.WarmingUpFTFFTask2:Listentothereportagainandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.AccordingtoCarlyIrvine,whydoAmericanslearnMandarin?2.AccordingtoSaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,whydostudentslearnMandarin?3.WhatisZhengLin’sopinionaboutforeigners’learningMandarin?4.WhydoAmericanscriticizethefederalpolicy?WarmingUp1.AccordingtoCarlyIrvine,whydoAmericanslearnMandarin?

SinceChinaandAmericaareworkingsocloselyandtherelationshipisgrowingmoreandmore,itwillbeveryimportantinthefuturetoknowChinese.

2.AccordingtoSaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,whydostudentslearnMandarin?

KnowingChinesewillhelpstudentsinaworldwhereChinaisquicklygainingeconomicpower.

WarmingUp3.WhatisZhengLing’sopinionaboutforeigners’learningMandarin?

ThisisachanceforthemtoknowmoreaboutChina,especiallythelatestdevelopment.Chinaisquitedifferentfromwhatitwastwentyyearsago.4.WhydoAmericanscriticizethefederalpolicy?

Foreignlanguageteachinginpublicschoolsdroppedsharplyandtherearelanguageteachershortages,becauseafederallawthatonlymeasuresprogressinmathandreadinghashurtlanguageteaching.WarmingUpScriptsSomeschoolsintheUnitedStatesandothercountriesofferChineselanguageclasseswithgovernmentsupportfromChina.(CLASSROOMSOUND)SaintMary'sSchoolisaprivatecollegepreparatoryschoolinMedford,Oregon,inthePacificNorthwest.CARLYIRVINE:"WojiaoCarly."CarlyIrvineisinherfourthyearoflearningMandarin.CARLYIRVINE:"SinceChinaandAmericaareworkingsocloselyandourrelationshipisgrowingmoreandmore,IthinkitwillbeveryimportantinthefuturetoknowChinese."WarmingUpSaintMary'salsoteachesSpanish,GermanandLatin.ItaddedMandarinintwothousandfive.Twoyearsago,itbecamethefirstschoolinthecountrytojointheConfuciusClassroomprogram.TheprogrampaysabouthalfthecostsofateachersenttoaschoolintheUnitedStates.China'sEducationMinistryalsoprovidesbooksandothermaterials.SaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,saysknowingChinesewillhelpstudentsinaworldwhereChinaisquicklygainingeconomicpower.ZhengLing,ateacheratSaintMary's,camefromChinain2008.WarmingUpZHENGLING:"PeopledonotknowmuchaboutChina,especiallythelatestdevelopment.SoIthinkthisisachanceforthemtoknowmoreaboutChina,whatChinaisreallylike.It'squitedifferentfromwhatitwastwentyyearsago."TheConfuciusClassroomprogramisinaboutfortycountries,includingmorethanfiftyAmericanschoolsanduniversities.ArecentreportsaidmoreschoolsintheUnitedStatesareteachingChineseandArabic,althoughthenumbersarestilllow.WarmingUpButitsaidforeignlanguageteachinginpublicelementaryandmiddleschoolsdroppedsharplyinrecentyears.FewerschoolsteachFrench,German,RussianorJapanese.Therearelanguageteachershortages.Butsomeschoolssayafederallawthatonlymeasuresprogressinmathandreadinghashurtlanguageteaching.ThefederalgovernmentpaidforthesurveybytheCenterforAppliedLinguistics.WarmingUpTextLessonstobelearnt1I'vebeenspendingseveralyearslearningChineseformyworkhereinBeijing,sothelatestnewsthatthere'stobeanewcampaigntointroducethelanguageintoUSschools,andarecentreportestimatingthatover500schoolsintheUKareteachingitpromptsmetotellyousomethingwhichyoumaynotwanttohear:LearningChineseisreally,reallytough.Text2UKexportstoChinaareexpectedtoquadruple

bytheendofthedecade,anditsgovernmentwantseveryschool,collegeanduniversitytobetwinnedwithanequivalentinstitutioninChina.Withthedominance

ofEnglishasaninternationallanguagesettodeclineoverthenext40years,it'snotsurprisingthatthisfallismatchedbyariseofinterestinlearningChinese.Text3Chinesecultureisoneofthegreatwondersoftheworld.Itsphilosophy,art,foodandliteratureshowbothsubtletyandhumanityinequalmeasure.4ButIhavetosaythatiflearningisajourney,it'ssometimeshardtokeepyoureyeonyourdestinationwhentherearesomanydistractionstoslowyoudownonthepathtowardsfluency.5You'veheardoftheLongMarch?Well,thatisastrollinthepark,comparedtowhatit'sliketolearnChinese.Text6So,if1.3billionChinesedon'thaveaproblemwiththeirownlanguage,whydodumbforeignerslikemefinditsohardtolearn?7Firstofall,learningthousandsofcharactersisachore,andthere'snothingforitbuttolearnthembyheart.Evenusingadictionaryhasitsownsetofproblems.Forexample,howdoyoulookupthemeaningofacharacter?

Text

I'vespenthourstryingtomatchwhatIthinkistheradicalwiththelistinthemiddleofmyChinese-Englishdictionary,thenhuntingdownthecharactermatchedwithitspinyin(Romanalphabet)equivalent,thenturningtothedictionaryentryitself,andlookingforthecharacterandeliminating

allthosewithinappropriatemeaningsuntilIfindtherightone.Ittakesalotofpatience,itcanbeverydisappointing,andmydisgracefulstrikerateisscarcely20charactersanhour.Text8Languageexpertsestimatethatyou"only"needtolearnabout5,000characterstobeliterate.(Ijustlovethat"only"!)Theyalsosayit'sdesirabletoseeandreviseacharacteraboutseventimesindifferentcontextsinordertoretainitanduseitproductively.9

Soyoudothemath.Text10LearningChineseisalreadytough,butlearningwithanunqualifiedteachermakesitevenmoredifficult.Inourfirstlesson,welearntourfirstChinesecharacter家.OurteachertoldusthatChinesepeopleareabletoseetheoriginalrepresentationofmeaninginthecharacter.Shedrewitonthewhiteboard.Itmeanshome.Good.Shethenexplainedthatit'smeanttoillustrateapigunderaroof.That'sgoodtoo.Thensheasked,"Canyouseethepig?"Text11No?12"Thereitis,can'tyousee?"13Iseenopig.14"Andcanyouseetheroof?"15Well,Isupposeso,butonlyifIwasshortsighted,dyslexicor,possibly,drunk.ButtopleasemyteacherIsaid,yesIcanseetheroof,justabitofablur,that'sall.Text16"That'sthepigundertheroof.Thatmeanshome!"saidmyteachertriumphantly,asifshehadachievedherveryfirstsuccessinteachingusChinese.17Butshehadn't.18HaveIfinishedwiththebadnews?Text19Notyet.Thetonesystemmeansthatasinglecharactercanhavedifferentmeaningsaccordingtothetoneusedtopronounceit.Andit'seasytogethopelesslywrong,andevenworseifyoutravelaroundthecountry,asthetonescanvaryfromprovincetoprovince.20Soisthereanygoodnews?Text21Well,IconcedethatgrammariseasierthanmanyEuropeanlanguages.Therearenoverbtensestomanipulate,nosingularandplurals,norelativeclauses.(Confusingly,there'salsonodifferenceinpronunciationofthecharacterforheandshe.Forme,it'safairlybasicdistinction,butmaybeI'mbeingMs.Picky.)Text22Butbackinclassagain,Inoticedthatbythewordsinthevocabularylistthereisapartofspeechmarked,noun,adjective,verb.WhenIlookbackatmyvocabularynotes,Iseethatsomewordscanfunctionasnounsandasverbs,andotherssuchasguo,baorlearecalledparticles,whateverthatmeans,butdon'thaveanidentifiablefunctioninthetermsweusetodescribelanguage.Theyhavemeaning,andwithoutthemthemeaningofthesentenceischanged.ButitseemsstrangetouseasysteminventedtoanalyzeEuropeanlanguages.SowhyareweusingasystemforanalyzingChinesewhichissolimited?Text23ThenIbegintowonderhowcanChineseexpresscomplexconcepts?Takeonecharacterandithasadenotationalmeaning,whichyoucanusuallyfindinadictionary.Combinethischaracterwithanotherandyou

createaconceptwhichisnewanddifferent.Combinethemwithmorecharactersandyoufurtherdevelopthisconcept.TextText24IsthissodifferentfromEnglish?Well,yes,becausebythistime,youneedtointerpretthecombinationofcharacterstounderstandwhatitmeans.Itdoesn'tmeanthesumofitsisolated,denotationalmeanings,butthesumofitsconnotationalmeanings!25Buteveryonewhousesthelanguagehastoagreeontheconnotationsofeachofthecharacters,andiftheydon't,thensurelyimprecisionanddefectivecomprehensionarise.SohowdoesChineseexpresscomplexandpreciseconcepts?26LearningChineseislikeplayingchessordoingthecrossword.It'stotallyabsorbing,completelycaptivating,and–it'snottherightword,buthowelsecanIsayit?–Ienjoymyself.It'snotjustagradualprocessoflanguageacquisition.Itinspiresongoing

questionsaboutthemeaningofcommunicationandthepoweroflanguage.It'saverybeautiful,profoundlyinspiringandthought-provokingchallenge.Ihavetokeepgoing,asthejourneywillfascinatemeasmuchasthearrivalatmydestination.Text27Buthowlongwillittake?28SomestatisticssuggestthataneducatedEnglishspeakerneeds1,300hourstoachieveaproficiencycorrespondingtoaneducatednativespeakerofChinese,whileitwouldonlytakeabout480hourstoachieveacomparablelevelinFrenchorSpanish.Othersreckonthat1,300hoursisn'tsufficient,andthatit'scloserto2,200hours.Text29That'squiteafewlessonstobelearnt.30

MichaelPhelps,thegreatOlympicchampionswimmerattheBeijingOlympicGames,islearningChinesetoo.Duringaninterviewin2008,hemadethememorablecommentthat"It'seasiertowineightgoldmedalsattheOlympicGamesthanitistolearnChinese."31It'snoexaggeration.He'sright.Text漢語學(xué)習(xí)須知1

有最新消息說美國正在策劃一項(xiàng)新的在學(xué)校推廣漢語的活動(dòng)，而且最近的一則報(bào)道稱，在英國估計(jì)有500多所學(xué)校在教授漢語。為了便于在北京工作，我已經(jīng)花了好幾年時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)漢語。上面這兩則消息使我想告訴你們一些也許你們不太想聽的話：漢語真的特別、特別難學(xué)。Text2

到2010年，英國對(duì)中國的出口預(yù)計(jì)將會(huì)增加三倍，所以英國政府要求英國的每一所小學(xué)、職業(yè)學(xué)校和大學(xué)都要和中國相應(yīng)的教學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)成伙伴關(guān)系。在接下來的40年里，英語作為國際語言的主導(dǎo)地位是注定要衰落的。所以，伴隨著英語的衰落，人們對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)漢語的興趣日益高漲。Text3

中國文化是世界上的一個(gè)偉大奇跡。中國的哲學(xué)、藝術(shù)、飲食和文學(xué)既顯示出精妙的藝術(shù)，又閃爍著人性的光輝。4

但是我要說一句。如果我們把學(xué)習(xí)漢語比作一段旅程的話，那么有的時(shí)候你很難把注意力集中在目的地上，因?yàn)樵谕ㄏ蚴炀氄莆諠h語的路上，有太多的東西讓你分心，讓你走走停停。5

你聽說過萬里長征嗎？和學(xué)漢語相比，那簡(jiǎn)直就是在公園里漫步，不值一提。Text6

那么，既然13億中國人在學(xué)漢語時(shí)沒有什么問題，為什么像我這樣的笨老外會(huì)覺得漢語這么難學(xué)呢？7

首先，學(xué)習(xí)幾千個(gè)漢字就是一件苦差事，除了把它們牢記在心之外，沒有別的辦法。甚至在查字典的時(shí)候也會(huì)碰到一堆問題。比如說，你怎么才能在字典里查到一個(gè)字的意思呢？Text為此我曾經(jīng)花了很多時(shí)間。首先我要確定這個(gè)字的偏旁部首，然后在我的漢英詞典中的部首表里找到這個(gè)部首，然后再按照偏旁部首找到標(biāo)有拼音（羅馬字母）的這個(gè)字，然后再查找字典的詞條找那個(gè)字，把那些意思不對(duì)的統(tǒng)統(tǒng)排除，直到找到那個(gè)正確的字為止。這個(gè)過程需要很大的耐心，會(huì)讓人灰心喪氣。說起來很丟人，我自己查漢字的速度每小時(shí)還不到20個(gè)字。Text8

據(jù)語言專家估計(jì)，你“只”需要掌握5,000個(gè)漢字就能讀寫漢語了。（我太喜歡這個(gè)“只”字了?。┧麄冞€說要記住一個(gè)字并且能夠靈活運(yùn)用，最好要在不同的語境下看到并溫習(xí)這個(gè)字大概7次。9

要花多少時(shí)間，你自己算吧。Text10

學(xué)習(xí)漢語已經(jīng)夠難的了，可是如果碰上一個(gè)不合格的老師，那就是雪上加霜了。在我們的第一堂漢語課上，我們學(xué)了第一個(gè)漢字“家”。我們的老師告訴我們，中國人能夠在這個(gè)字里看到它原來所代表的含義。她把這個(gè)字寫在白板上。這個(gè)字的意思是“家”。沒問題。然后她解釋說這個(gè)字象征著屋頂下的一頭豬。這也沒問題。然后她問：“你們能看到豬嗎？”Text11

看不到？12“就在這里，你們看不到嗎？”13

我沒看見豬。14“那么，你們能看到屋頂嗎？”15

嗯，如果我近視、有閱讀障礙或者喝得酩酊大醉的話，沒準(zhǔn)我能看到。但是為了取悅我的老師，我說我看到了，我能看見屋頂，就是有點(diǎn)模糊，沒別的。Text16“豬在屋頂下面，那就意味著家！”我的老師得意洋洋地說，就好像她第一次成功地教我們學(xué)會(huì)了漢語。17

其實(shí)，她根本沒成功。18

我要說的壞消息都說完了嗎？Text19

還沒呢。漢語是有音調(diào)的，這意味著一個(gè)字的意思會(huì)隨著音調(diào)的變化而變化。你一不小心就會(huì)犯下無法挽回的錯(cuò)誤。如果你在中國各地游玩，情況會(huì)更糟糕，因?yàn)槟銜?huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)每一個(gè)省的音調(diào)都不一樣。20

那么我有什么好消息要告訴大家嗎？Text21

好吧，我得承認(rèn)漢語的語法比很多歐洲語言的語法要簡(jiǎn)單。漢語沒有什么動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，沒有單復(fù)數(shù)，也沒有關(guān)系從句。（令人費(fèi)解的是，漢語中“他”和“她”的發(fā)音居然是一樣的。我覺得這應(yīng)該是語言里最基本的區(qū)別。但也許是我太挑剔了。）Text22

再回到課堂上，我注意到單詞表中的每個(gè)單詞旁都標(biāo)注了詞性，比如名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞。再看看我的單詞筆記，我發(fā)現(xiàn)有些詞既可以用作動(dòng)詞也可以用作名詞，還有些像“過”、“吧”、“了”這樣的詞被稱為虛詞。不管“虛詞”是什么意思，我們無法用我們描述語言的術(shù)語來描述虛詞的功能。漢語中的這些虛詞是有意義的。如果沒有這些詞，整個(gè)句子的意思就變了。但是用一套原本用來分析歐洲語言的體系來分析漢語似乎有點(diǎn)奇怪。那么為什么我們還要用這么一套有局限性的體系來分析漢語呢？Text23

然后，我就開始想：中國人是如何表達(dá)復(fù)雜概念的呢？以任何一個(gè)漢字為例，這個(gè)字會(huì)有它的字面意思，你可以在字典中找到它的字面意思。把這個(gè)漢字和另外一個(gè)漢字組合在一起，你就創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)新的、完全不同的概念。再把這兩個(gè)字與更多的漢字組合，你就可以進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展這個(gè)概念。Text24

這和英語有很大的不同嗎？對(duì)，是有很大不同，因?yàn)榈搅诉@個(gè)階段，你需要先分析這些字的組合，然后才能理解其含義。而要弄清這些組合在一起的字的意思，不能把每個(gè)字的字面意思簡(jiǎn)單地疊加在一起，而要綜合領(lǐng)會(huì)那些字的內(nèi)涵。25

但是所有使用漢語的人需要就每個(gè)漢字的內(nèi)涵達(dá)成共識(shí)，否則就會(huì)導(dǎo)致理解偏差。那么中國人到底是如何表達(dá)復(fù)雜而精確的概念的呢？Text26

學(xué)習(xí)漢語就像下國際象棋或者是玩填字游戲，讓人不由自主地全心投入、神魂顛倒，反正我是樂在其中——用“樂在其中”來形容可能并不準(zhǔn)確，可我想不出什么更好的詞了。學(xué)習(xí)漢語不僅僅是一個(gè)語言習(xí)得的漸進(jìn)過程，它也讓我不停地去思考交流的意義和語言的力量。漢語學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)極其美妙、極其鼓舞人心、引人深思的挑戰(zhàn)。我必須不斷前進(jìn)，因?yàn)檫@段旅程本身和到達(dá)目的地同樣讓我著迷。Text27

但是完成這段旅程要花多少時(shí)間呢？28

有統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明，一個(gè)受過教育的英語為母語的人需要花1,300小時(shí)才能達(dá)到一個(gè)受過教育的中國人的漢語水平。但如果是學(xué)法語或西班牙語的話，要達(dá)到同等語言水平只需要480小時(shí)。也有人認(rèn)為1,300小時(shí)還不夠，要差不多2,200小時(shí)。Text29

這得上不少課。30

麥克爾·菲爾普斯，這位在北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)上大放異彩的游泳冠軍也在學(xué)習(xí)漢語。在2008年的一次采訪中，他的一番評(píng)價(jià)令人印象深刻：“在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上拿8塊金牌比學(xué)漢語要容易?！?1

這并非夸張。他說的一點(diǎn)兒都沒錯(cuò)。TextWords&Phrasesquadrupledominancesubtletyfluencydumbradicaleliminatewhiteboardrepresentationunqualifiedproductivelyretainreviseliterateidentifiableparticlepickymanipulateconcedetriumphantlyblurinappropriatedisgracefulscarcelydyslexicshortsightedillustrateconnotational

isolateddenotationalWords&Phrasesimprecisiondefectivecrosswordabsorbing

ongoingprofoundlythought-provokingproficiencysufficientMichaelPhelps

麥克爾·菲爾普斯quadruple v.ifanumberoranamountquadruples,orifyouquadrupleit,itesfourtimesbiggerthanitwas(使)成四倍e.g.1.ThenumberofAustraliansagedbetween65and84willdoubleby2050,andthenumberofthoseagedover85willquadruple.

澳大利亞65歲至84歲的人口數(shù)量到2050年會(huì)翻一番，而年齡85歲以上的數(shù)量會(huì)是原來的四倍。2.Oilpricesquadrupledinthe1970s.20世紀(jì)70年代石油價(jià)格上漲了四倍。Words&Phrasesdominance n.[U]asituationinwhichonepersonorthinghasmoreinfluenceorpowerthananyother

優(yōu)勢(shì)；支配地位e.g.

1.Hispartyisgainingdominanceinthecountry.

他的政黨在國內(nèi)得勢(shì)。2.Withthisvictory,theteamhasmaintaineditsdominanceofEuropeanfootball.

有了這場(chǎng)勝利，這個(gè)球隊(duì)繼續(xù)稱雄歐洲足球。Wordfamily:dominate

v.

dominant

a.

Words&Phrasessubtletyn.[U]thequalityofbeingcomplicated,delicate,ordifficulttonotice,ofteninaskilfulorattractiveway細(xì)微；微妙e.g.1.

Ithinkthetranslatormissedthesubtletyoftheoriginal.

我認(rèn)為譯者沒有把原文中的微妙之處翻譯出來。2.Foralongtime,globalproductshavebeen—withvaryingdegreesofsubtlety—madeintheimageofwhatUSconsumerswanted,ordreamed.

很長一段時(shí)期內(nèi)，全球產(chǎn)品——有不同程度的細(xì)微差別——一直是按照美國消費(fèi)者所要求或夢(mèng)想的形象制造出來的。Wordfamily:subtle

a.

Words&Phrasesfluencyn.[U]theabilitytospeakaforeignlanguageverywell流利；流暢e.g.

1.Neitherfluencynoraccuracyiseasytocomebyinlearningaforeignlanguage.

學(xué)習(xí)外語要達(dá)到流利或精確的程度都是不容易的。2.

What's

your

method

ofimproving

the

fluency

inspeaking?

你用什么方法把口語練得這么流利呢？Wordfamily:fluent

a.Words&Phrasesdumba.

1)stupid笨的；傻乎乎的e.g.

1.Yougavehimyourphonenumber?That’sadumbthingtodo.

你把你的電話號(hào)碼給他了？真是做了一件蠢事。2.“Whatisit?”Iasked,playingdumb.

“這是什么呀？”我裝傻問道。2)unabletospeak,becauseyouareangry,surprised,shockedetc.啞口無言的e.g.Hestaredattheburnt-outcarindumbdisbelief.

他望著燒焦的汽車，滿腹疑慮，說不出話來。Words&Phrasesradicaln.&a.

1)

n.[C]

anyofthebasicsetofapproximately214Chinesecharacters

constitutingsemanticallyorfunctionallysignificantelementsinthecompositionofothercharactersandusedasameansofclassifyingcharactersindictionaries

偏旁，部首e.g.Youcanlookupacharacterunderitsradical.

你可以根據(jù)部首查找漢字。

Words&Phrases2)

a.

(usedofopinionsandactions)farbeyondthenorm激進(jìn)的e.g.1.

Iknowyouareradicalinyourthinking,butdon'tgotoofar.

我知道你思想激進(jìn)，但不要太過分。2.Hisradicalideasarelikelytoproducefireworksatthemeeting.

他的激進(jìn)思想很可能在會(huì)上引起激烈的爭(zhēng)論。Words&Phraseseliminatevt.

1)decidethatsb.orsth.isnotresponsibleforsth.

排除e.g.We’veeliminatedthepossibilitythatthefirewassetonpurpose.

我們已經(jīng)排除了蓄意縱火的可能性。2)getridofsth.thatisnotwantedorneeded

消除；剔除e.g.Children’sanxietycanbeeliminatedwithmoreparentalcare.(CET4-2003-12)父母多一些關(guān)愛就可以消除孩子的焦慮。Words&Phrasesinappropriatea.notsuitableinaparticularsituation不適合的；不恰當(dāng)?shù)膃.g.

1.Thewordisinappropriateinthiscontext.

這個(gè)詞不適合這個(gè)語境。2.Hiscommentswerewhollyinappropriateonsuchasolemnoccasion.

他的言論完全不適合這樣一個(gè)莊嚴(yán)的場(chǎng)合。Antonym:appropriate

Words&Phrasesdisgracefula.extremelybadorshocking糟糕的；可恥的e.g.

1.Itwascriticizedasadisgracefulwasteofmoney.這被指責(zé)為一種浪費(fèi)金錢的可恥行為。2.Pleaseaccountforyourdisgracefulconduct.

請(qǐng)對(duì)你的可恥行為作出解釋。Antonym:gracefulWordfamily:grace

n.Words&Phrasesscarcelyad.

1)onlyjust僅僅；才e.g.Wehadscarcelybegunthediscussionwhensomeonebrokein.2)almostnot,oralmostnone幾乎不；幾乎沒有e.g.

1.Therewasscarcelyanytrafficatthistimeoftheday. 那天的這個(gè)時(shí)候路上沒什么車。2.Hismotheraskedhimquestionstowhichsheseemed

scarcelyinterestedinknowingtheanswers.他的母親問了他一些問題，但似乎對(duì)他如何回答沒什么興趣。Wordfamily:scarce

a.Words&Phrases我們剛開始討論就被人打斷。literatea.1)abletoreadandwrite有讀寫能力的e.g.

1.Thoughnearlytwentyhewasbarelyliterate.

他都快二十了，還是睜眼瞎。2.Everyliteratepersonshouldreadthisnovel.

每個(gè)識(shí)字的人都應(yīng)該閱讀這本小說。3.Onlyafewofthenation'speasantsareliterate.這個(gè)國家的農(nóng)民中只有少數(shù)人能識(shí)字。Words&Phrases2)well-educated有文化的，受過良好教育的e.g.

1.Jordanisahighly

literate

andlargelystablecountry,withwell-developedsecurityandintelligenceoperations.

約旦是一個(gè)教育程度較高并且很大程度上比較穩(wěn)定的國家，有良好的治安和智能的管理。2.

OneproblemisthattheAfghanarmycannotgrowanyfasterbecauseofashortageofliteraterecruitsfortheofficercorps.

有個(gè)問題是，由于招募不到受過教育的軍官，阿富汗軍隊(duì)無法更快發(fā)展。Antonym:illiterateWords&Phrasesrevise1)v.(BrE)readandlearninformationthatyouhavestudiedinordertoprepareforanexamination.(TheAmericanwordisreview.)復(fù)習(xí)e.g.Studentsspenttheireveningsinthelibraryrevisingfortheexam.

學(xué)生們晚上在圖書館復(fù)習(xí)功課準(zhǔn)備考試。2)vt.change,improve,ormakeadditionstosth.suchasabook,law,orpieceofwriting修改；修正e.g.Thelawhasbeenrevisedseveraltimes.

這部法律修改了多次。Wordfamily:revision

n.Words&Phrasesretainvt.1)

keepinone'smind

記住e.g.

1.Iwillretainalastingmemoryofourfriendship.

我要永久銘記我們的友情。2.

Shehasagoodmemoryandfindsiteasytoretainmatters.

她記憶力好，很容易記住事情。3.IonlyretainedafewFrenchwordsandphrases.我只記住了幾個(gè)法語單詞和短語。Words&Phrases2)keepsomeoneorsth.保留；保?。槐３謊.g.

1.Theyaretryingtoretainskilledstaff.他們?cè)噲D留下有技能的員工。2.Thissmalltownstillretainsitsoldworldcharacter.這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)仍然保持著古色古香的特色。3.Weshallretainourrights.我們將保留我們的權(quán)利。Words&Phrasesproductivelyad.inawayofachievinggoodresults富有成效地e.g.

1.Thetalkhasbeencarriedonproductively.

談話進(jìn)行得頗有成效。2.Threequartersofworkersfelttheyworkedlessproductivelyinabadmood.

3/4的員工認(rèn)為心情不好時(shí)工作效率會(huì)降低。Wordfamily:productive

a.

1)achievinggoodresults富有成效的e.g.Theyworkhard,buttheireffortsarenotveryproductive.

他們很努力，但效果不佳。Words&Phrases2)makingorgrowingthingsinlargequantities,especiallysothattheycanbesold多產(chǎn)的e.g.

1.Duringthemostproductivetimeinhercareer,shewrotefivenovels.

在創(chuàng)作生涯最多產(chǎn)的時(shí)期，她寫了五本小說。2.Rosswasmostproductivewhenwritingunderpressure.

羅斯在壓力下進(jìn)行寫作時(shí)就特別多產(chǎn)。Wordfamily:productivity

n.

produce

v.

product

n.

Words&Phrasesunqualifieda.nothavingtheeducationorexperiencetodoaparticularjob不能勝任的；不合格的e.g.

1.Thecommitteeneedstobeshakenouttogetridofsomeunqualifiedmembers.該委員會(huì)需要徹底改組，去除某些不合格的成員。2.HeisunqualifiedtoteachEnglish.

他不適合教英語。Antonym:qualified

Wordfamily:qualify

v.

qualification

n.

Words&Phrasesrepresentationn.[C]asign,symbol,orpictureofsth.

象征；表示e.g.

1.Thedoveisarepresentationofpeace.鴿子是和平的象征。2.Thispaintingisarepresentationofastormatsea.

這幅畫表現(xiàn)的是海上風(fēng)暴。3.Picassoisstrivingforsomeabsoluterepresentationofreality.畢加索在努力尋求對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的某種徹底的表現(xiàn)。Wordfamily:represent

v.Words&Phraseswhiteboard

n.[C]awhiteplasticboardinaclassroomthatateacherwritesonwithinkthatcanbewashedoff（教室里用的）白板e(cuò).g.Wenowusewhiteboardsinsteadofblackboardsinourclassrooms.

現(xiàn)在我們的教室里都用白板取代黑板了。Words&Phraseswhiteboardblackboardillustratevt.

1)showwhatsth.islike,ortoshowthatsth.istrue

舉例說明；闡明e.g.

1.Theexamplesillustratehowwecarryoutmarketsurveys.

這些例子說明了我們是如何開展市場(chǎng)調(diào)查的。2.Duringthelecture,thespeakeroccasionallyillustratedhispointbyrelatinghisownexperiences.(CET4-2005-01)

在講座中，發(fā)言人偶爾會(huì)講述親身經(jīng)歷來闡明他的觀點(diǎn)。Words&Phrases2)drawthepicturesinabook,orputpicturesinabook插畫e.g.

1.Thecookbookisbeautifullyillustratedwithcolourphotographs.

這本烹飪書里配有許多彩色照片作為插畫。2.Ourtextbookisverywellillustrated.

我們的課本插圖豐富。Wordfamily:illustration

n.Words&Phrasesshortsighteda.

1)notabletoseethingsclearlyiftheyarefarawayfromyou近視的e.g.Hefinallyrealizedthathewasshortsightedandwenttotheoptician.

他終于明白他眼睛近視了,于是去配了眼鏡。2)dealingwiththingsthatarehappeningnowbutfailingtoconsiderwhatwillhappeninthefuture目光短淺的的；缺乏遠(yuǎn)見的e.g.Ifweletherleavethisroominthisway,we'reallshortsightedfools.

如果就這樣讓她離開這個(gè)房間，那我們可都是些鼠目寸光的傻瓜。Antonym:farsightedWords&Phrasesdyslexica.affectedbydyslexia誦讀困難的e.g.

1.Einsteinwasdyslexic,butheturnedouttobeprettybright.

愛因斯坦有閱讀障礙，但他相當(dāng)聰明。2.Thedyslexicchildwillhavehis/herownsetofsymptoms,bothstrengthsandweaknesses.

每個(gè)有誦讀困難的孩子都有他自己的一系列癥狀，有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn)。

Wordfamilydyslexian.

amedicalconditionaffectingthebrainthatmakesitdifficultforsomeonetoreadandspellwordscorrectly誦讀障礙癥Words&Phrasesblur1)n.[C]ashapethatisdifficulttoseeclearly,forexamplebecauseitismovingveryfast模糊不清的東西；看不清的事物e.g.Everythingesablurwhenyoutravelbeyondacertainspeed.

當(dāng)你超過一定的速度行進(jìn)時(shí)，一切都變得模模糊糊的。2)v.eglassy;loseclearvision變模糊e.g.1.Hereyesblurredwithtears.

她的視線因淚水變得模糊。2.Hisnovelsblurtheboundariesbetweencriticismandfiction.

他的小說模糊了文學(xué)批評(píng)與小說之間的界限。Words&Phrasestriumphantlyad.

inatriumphantmanner喜不自勝地；激動(dòng)不已地e.g.Sheopensthewardrobeandtriumphantlypullsouthertoy.

她打開衣櫥，得意洋洋的把玩具拉出來。Wordfamily:triumph

n.

triumphanta.

joyfulandproudespeciallybecauseofavictoryorsuccess洋洋得意的e.g.Hersmilewastriumphant.她的微笑露出成功的喜悅。Words&Phrasesconcedevt.admitthatsth.istrue承認(rèn)e.g.

1.Wehadtoconcedethatthesalespromotionwasnotassuccessfulasexpected.

我們必須承認(rèn)促銷沒有預(yù)期那么成功。2.Thecandidateconcededthathehadlosttheelection.

這位候選人承認(rèn)他已經(jīng)在競(jìng)選中失敗。3.Hereluctantlyconcededthathewasnotfitenoughtoplayinthematch.

他不情愿地承認(rèn)自己的狀態(tài)不足以應(yīng)付這場(chǎng)比賽。Wordfamily:concession

n.Words&Phrasesmanipulatevt.

1)skilfullyhandle,control,orusesth.（熟悉地）操作；使用e.g.Iwatchedthepilotexpertlymanipulatingthecontrolsinfrontofhim.

我看著飛行員專業(yè)地操作他面前的控制裝置。2)influencesb.,orcontrolsth.,inacleverordishonestway

影響；操縱e.g.Acleverpoliticianknowshowtomanipulatethepublicopinion.

聰明的政客知道如何操縱公眾輿論。Words&Phrasespickya.

fastidious,especiallyexcessivelyso

吹毛求疵的；愛挑剔的e.g.

1.Sheispickyaboutwhatsheeatsbecausesheisonadiet.

她正在節(jié)食，所以對(duì)飲食很挑剔。2.Ihatefemalebosses–theyaresopicky.

我討厭女性上司——她們太吹毛求疵。Wordfamily:pick

v.Synonym:criticalWords&Phrasesparticlen.[C](linguistics)anadverborprepositionusedwithaverbtoformaphrasalverb小品詞；虛詞e.g.

1.Inthesentence‘Hequicklyputonhisclothes’,‘on’isaparticle.

在句子“Hequicklyputonhisclothes（他迅速穿上衣服）”中，“on”是一個(gè)虛詞。2.Prepositionsandconjunctionsareparticles.介詞和連詞是小品詞。Words&Phrasesidentifiablea.abletoberecognized,oreasytorecognize能被識(shí)別的；易識(shí)別的e.g.1.Creatinganidentifiablestyleisveryimportantinourbusiness.創(chuàng)建容易識(shí)別的風(fēng)格對(duì)于我們的企業(yè)很重要。2.Recordsshallremainlegible,readilyidentifiableandretrievable.記錄應(yīng)保持清晰、易于識(shí)別和檢索。Wordfamily:identifyv.identificationn.Words&Phrasesdenotationala.(adjectiveformofdenotation)外延意義的；指稱意義的Wordfamily:

denotationn.

theactualmeaningofaword,ratherthanthefeelingsorideasconnectedwiththeword（明示的）意義e.g.Theword"yellow"—its

denotation

isthatitisacertaincolor.

“黃色”這個(gè)詞，它的表面意義就是一種顏色。Seealso:connotational.Words&Phrasesisolateda.1)happeningonlyonce,orexistingonlyinoneplace

個(gè)別的；孤立的e.g.Thisisnotanisolatedincident.2)feelingaloneandunhappy,withnofriendstosupportyou孤單的，孤獨(dú)的e.g.Youngmothersoftenfeelisolated.年輕的母親總是感到孤立無援。3)anisolatedbuilding,villageetc.isfarawayfromanyothers(建筑、村莊等)孤零零的，偏僻的e.g.Notmanypeoplevisitthisisolatedspot.

來這個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的人不多。Wordfamily:isolate