綜合英語教學課件

Contents123456ActiveReading1ListentoaVOAeducationreportaboutAmericanpeople’slearningmandarin.WarmingUpTask1:TrueorFalse?Task2:Answerquestions.ScriptsTask1:Listentothereportanddecidethefollowingstatementstrue(T)orfalse(F).____1.SaintMary'steachessuchforeignlanguagesasSpanish,German,MandarinandFrench.____2.SaintMary'sbecamethefirstschoolinthecountrytojointheConfuciusClassroomprogram.____3.TheConfuciusClassroomprogramisinaboutfiftycountries.____4.Foreignlanguageteachinginpublicschoolsrosesharplyinrecentyears.WarmingUpFTFFTask2:Listentothereportagainandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.AccordingtoCarlyIrvine,whydoAmericanslearnMandarin?2.AccordingtoSaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,whydostudentslearnMandarin?3.WhatisZhengLin’sopinionaboutforeigners’learningMandarin?4.WhydoAmericanscriticizethefederalpolicy?WarmingUp1.AccordingtoCarlyIrvine,whydoAmericanslearnMandarin?

SinceChinaandAmericaareworkingsocloselyandtherelationshipisgrowingmoreandmore,itwillbeveryimportantinthefuturetoknowChinese.

2.AccordingtoSaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,whydostudentslearnMandarin?

KnowingChinesewillhelpstudentsinaworldwhereChinaisquicklygainingeconomicpower.

WarmingUp3.WhatisZhengLing’sopinionaboutforeigners’learningMandarin?

ThisisachanceforthemtoknowmoreaboutChina,especiallythelatestdevelopment.Chinaisquitedifferentfromwhatitwastwentyyearsago.4.WhydoAmericanscriticizethefederalpolicy?

Foreignlanguageteachinginpublicschoolsdroppedsharplyandtherearelanguageteachershortages,becauseafederallawthatonlymeasuresprogressinmathandreadinghashurtlanguageteaching.WarmingUpScriptsSomeschoolsintheUnitedStatesandothercountriesofferChineselanguageclasseswithgovernmentsupportfromChina.(CLASSROOMSOUND)SaintMary'sSchoolisaprivatecollegepreparatoryschoolinMedford,Oregon,inthePacificNorthwest.CARLYIRVINE:"WojiaoCarly."CarlyIrvineisinherfourthyearoflearningMandarin.CARLYIRVINE:"SinceChinaandAmericaareworkingsocloselyandourrelationshipisgrowingmoreandmore,IthinkitwillbeveryimportantinthefuturetoknowChinese."WarmingUpSaintMary'salsoteachesSpanish,GermanandLatin.ItaddedMandarinintwothousandfive.Twoyearsago,itbecamethefirstschoolinthecountrytojointheConfuciusClassroomprogram.TheprogrampaysabouthalfthecostsofateachersenttoaschoolintheUnitedStates.China'sEducationMinistryalsoprovidesbooksandothermaterials.SaintMary'sprincipal,FrankPhillips,saysknowingChinesewillhelpstudentsinaworldwhereChinaisquicklygainingeconomicpower.ZhengLing,ateacheratSaintMary's,camefromChinain2008.WarmingUpZHENGLING:"PeopledonotknowmuchaboutChina,especiallythelatestdevelopment.SoIthinkthisisachanceforthemtoknowmoreaboutChina,whatChinaisreallylike.It'squitedifferentfromwhatitwastwentyyearsago."TheConfuciusClassroomprogramisinaboutfortycountries,includingmorethanfiftyAmericanschoolsanduniversities.ArecentreportsaidmoreschoolsintheUnitedStatesareteachingChineseandArabic,althoughthenumbersarestilllow.WarmingUpButitsaidforeignlanguageteachinginpublicelementaryandmiddleschoolsdroppedsharplyinrecentyears.FewerschoolsteachFrench,German,RussianorJapanese.Therearelanguageteachershortages.Butsomeschoolssayafederallawthatonlymeasuresprogressinmathandreadinghashurtlanguageteaching.ThefederalgovernmentpaidforthesurveybytheCenterforAppliedLinguistics.WarmingUpTextLessonstobelearnt1I'vebeenspendingseveralyearslearningChineseformyworkhereinBeijing,sothelatestnewsthatthere'stobeanewcampaigntointroducethelanguageintoUSschools,andarecentreportestimatingthatover500schoolsintheUKareteachingitpromptsmetotellyousomethingwhichyoumaynotwanttohear:LearningChineseisreally,reallytough.Text2UKexportstoChinaareexpectedtoquadruple

bytheendofthedecade,anditsgovernmentwantseveryschool,collegeanduniversitytobetwinnedwithanequivalentinstitutioninChina.Withthedominance

ofEnglishasaninternationallanguagesettodeclineoverthenext40years,it'snotsurprisingthatthisfallismatchedbyariseofinterestinlearningChinese.Text3Chinesecultureisoneofthegreatwondersoftheworld.Itsphilosophy,art,foodandliteratureshowbothsubtletyandhumanityinequalmeasure.4ButIhavetosaythatiflearningisajourney,it'ssometimeshardtokeepyoureyeonyourdestinationwhentherearesomanydistractionstoslowyoudownonthepathtowardsfluency.5You'veheardoftheLongMarch?Well,thatisastrollinthepark,comparedtowhatit'sliketolearnChinese.Text6So,if1.3billionChinesedon'thaveaproblemwiththeirownlanguage,whydodumbforeignerslikemefinditsohardtolearn?7Firstofall,learningthousandsofcharactersisachore,andthere'snothingforitbuttolearnthembyheart.Evenusingadictionaryhasitsownsetofproblems.Forexample,howdoyoulookupthemeaningofacharacter?

Text

I'vespenthourstryingtomatchwhatIthinkistheradicalwiththelistinthemiddleofmyChinese-Englishdictionary,thenhuntingdownthecharactermatchedwithitspinyin(Romanalphabet)equivalent,thenturningtothedictionaryentryitself,andlookingforthecharacterandeliminating

allthosewithinappropriatemeaningsuntilIfindtherightone.Ittakesalotofpatience,itcanbeverydisappointing,andmydisgracefulstrikerateisscarcely20charactersanhour.Text8Languageexpertsestimatethatyou"only"needtolearnabout5,000characterstobeliterate.(Ijustlovethat"only"!)Theyalsosayit'sdesirabletoseeandreviseacharacteraboutseventimesindifferentcontextsinordertoretainitanduseitproductively.9

Soyoudothemath.Text10LearningChineseisalreadytough,butlearningwithanunqualifiedteachermakesitevenmoredifficult.Inourfirstlesson,welearntourfirstChinesecharacter家.OurteachertoldusthatChinesepeopleareabletoseetheoriginalrepresentationofmeaninginthecharacter.Shedrewitonthewhiteboard.Itmeanshome.Good.Shethenexplainedthatit'smeanttoillustrateapigunderaroof.That'sgoodtoo.Thensheasked,"Canyouseethepig?"Text11No?12"Thereitis,can'tyousee?"13Iseenopig.14"Andcanyouseetheroof?"15Well,Isupposeso,butonlyifIwasshortsighted,dyslexicor,possibly,drunk.ButtopleasemyteacherIsaid,yesIcanseetheroof,justabitofablur,that'sall.Text16"That'sthepigundertheroof.Thatmeanshome!"saidmyteachertriumphantly,asifshehadachievedherveryfirstsuccessinteachingusChinese.17Butshehadn't.18HaveIfinishedwiththebadnews?Text19Notyet.Thetonesystemmeansthatasinglecharactercanhavedifferentmeaningsaccordingtothetoneusedtopronounceit.Andit'seasytogethopelesslywrong,andevenworseifyoutravelaroundthecountry,asthetonescanvaryfromprovincetoprovince.20Soisthereanygoodnews?Text21Well,IconcedethatgrammariseasierthanmanyEuropeanlanguages.Therearenoverbtensestomanipulate,nosingularandplurals,norelativeclauses.(Confusingly,there'salsonodifferenceinpronunciationofthecharacterforheandshe.Forme,it'safairlybasicdistinction,butmaybeI'mbeingMs.Picky.)Text22Butbackinclassagain,Inoticedthatbythewordsinthevocabularylistthereisapartofspeechmarked,noun,adjective,verb.WhenIlookbackatmyvocabularynotes,Iseethatsomewordscanfunctionasnounsandasverbs,andotherssuchasguo,baorlearecalledparticles,whateverthatmeans,butdon'thaveanidentifiablefunctioninthetermsweusetodescribelanguage.Theyhavemeaning,andwithoutthemthemeaningofthesentenceischanged.ButitseemsstrangetouseasysteminventedtoanalyzeEuropeanlanguages.SowhyareweusingasystemforanalyzingChinesewhichissolimited?Text23ThenIbegintowonderhowcanChineseexpresscomplexconcepts?Takeonecharacterandithasadenotationalmeaning,whichyoucanusuallyfindinadictionary.Combinethischaracterwithanotherandyou

createaconceptwhichisnewanddifferent.Combinethemwithmorecharactersandyoufurtherdevelopthisconcept.TextText24IsthissodifferentfromEnglish?Well,yes,becausebythistime,youneedtointerpretthecombinationofcharacterstounderstandwhatitmeans.Itdoesn'tmeanthesumofitsisolated,denotationalmeanings,butthesumofitsconnotationalmeanings!25Buteveryonewhousesthelanguagehastoagreeontheconnotationsofeachofthecharacters,andiftheydon't,thensurelyimprecisionanddefectivecomprehensionarise.SohowdoesChineseexpresscomplexandpreciseconcepts?26LearningChineseislikeplayingchessordoingthecrossword.It'stotallyabsorbing,completelycaptivating,and–it'snottherightword,buthowelsecanIsayit?–Ienjoymyself.It'snotjustagradualprocessoflanguageacquisition.Itinspiresongoing

questionsaboutthemeaningofcommunicationandthepoweroflanguage.It'saverybeautiful,profoundlyinspiringandthought-provokingchallenge.Ihavetokeepgoing,asthejourneywillfascinatemeasmuchasthearrivalatmydestination.Text27Buthowlongwillittake?28SomestatisticssuggestthataneducatedEnglishspeakerneeds1,300hourstoachieveaproficiencycorrespondingtoaneducatednativespeakerofChinese,whileitwouldonlytakeabout480hourstoachieveacomparablelevelinFrenchorSpanish.Othersreckonthat1,300hoursisn'tsufficient,andthatit'scloserto2,200hours.Text29That'squiteafewlessonstobelearnt.30

MichaelPhelps,thegreatOlympicchampionswimmerattheBeijingOlympicGames,islearningChinesetoo.Duringaninterviewin2008,hemadethememorablecommentthat"It'seasiertowineightgoldmedalsattheOlympicGamesthanitistolearnChinese."31It'snoexaggeration.He'sright.Text漢語學習須知1

有最新消息說美國正在策劃一項新的在學校推廣漢語的活動，而且最近的一則報道稱，在英國估計有500多所學校在教授漢語。為了便于在北京工作，我已經花了好幾年時間學習漢語。上面這兩則消息使我想告訴你們一些也許你們不太想聽的話：漢語真的特別、特別難學。Text2

到2010年，英國對中國的出口預計將會增加三倍，所以英國政府要求英國的每一所小學、職業(yè)學校和大學都要和中國相應的教學機構結成伙伴關系。在接下來的40年里，英語作為國際語言的主導地位是注定要衰落的。所以，伴隨著英語的衰落，人們對學習漢語的興趣日益高漲。Text3

中國文化是世界上的一個偉大奇跡。中國的哲學、藝術、飲食和文學既顯示出精妙的藝術，又閃爍著人性的光輝。4

但是我要說一句。如果我們把學習漢語比作一段旅程的話，那么有的時候你很難把注意力集中在目的地上，因為在通向熟練掌握漢語的路上，有太多的東西讓你分心，讓你走走停停。5

你聽說過萬里長征嗎？和學漢語相比，那簡直就是在公園里漫步，不值一提。Text6

那么，既然13億中國人在學漢語時沒有什么問題，為什么像我這樣的笨老外會覺得漢語這么難學呢？7

首先，學習幾千個漢字就是一件苦差事，除了把它們牢記在心之外，沒有別的辦法。甚至在查字典的時候也會碰到一堆問題。比如說，你怎么才能在字典里查到一個字的意思呢？Text為此我曾經花了很多時間。首先我要確定這個字的偏旁部首，然后在我的漢英詞典中的部首表里找到這個部首，然后再按照偏旁部首找到標有拼音（羅馬字母）的這個字，然后再查找字典的詞條找那個字，把那些意思不對的統(tǒng)統(tǒng)排除，直到找到那個正確的字為止。這個過程需要很大的耐心，會讓人灰心喪氣。說起來很丟人，我自己查漢字的速度每小時還不到20個字。Text8

據語言專家估計，你“只”需要掌握5,000個漢字就能讀寫漢語了。（我太喜歡這個“只”字了?。┧麄冞€說要記住一個字并且能夠靈活運用，最好要在不同的語境下看到并溫習這個字大概7次。9

要花多少時間，你自己算吧。Text10

學習漢語已經夠難的了，可是如果碰上一個不合格的老師，那就是雪上加霜了。在我們的第一堂漢語課上，我們學了第一個漢字“家”。我們的老師告訴我們，中國人能夠在這個字里看到它原來所代表的含義。她把這個字寫在白板上。這個字的意思是“家”。沒問題。然后她解釋說這個字象征著屋頂下的一頭豬。這也沒問題。然后她問：“你們能看到豬嗎？”Text11

看不到？12“就在這里，你們看不到嗎？”13

我沒看見豬。14“那么，你們能看到屋頂嗎？”15

嗯，如果我近視、有閱讀障礙或者喝得酩酊大醉的話，沒準我能看到。但是為了取悅我的老師，我說我看到了，我能看見屋頂，就是有點模糊，沒別的。Text16“豬在屋頂下面，那就意味著家！”我的老師得意洋洋地說，就好像她第一次成功地教我們學會了漢語。17

其實，她根本沒成功。18

我要說的壞消息都說完了嗎？Text19

還沒呢。漢語是有音調的，這意味著一個字的意思會隨著音調的變化而變化。你一不小心就會犯下無法挽回的錯誤。如果你在中國各地游玩，情況會更糟糕，因為你會發(fā)現每一個省的音調都不一樣。20

那么我有什么好消息要告訴大家嗎？Text21

好吧，我得承認漢語的語法比很多歐洲語言的語法要簡單。漢語沒有什么動詞時態(tài)，沒有單復數，也沒有關系從句。（令人費解的是，漢語中“他”和“她”的發(fā)音居然是一樣的。我覺得這應該是語言里最基本的區(qū)別。但也許是我太挑剔了。）Text22

再回到課堂上，我注意到單詞表中的每個單詞旁都標注了詞性，比如名詞、形容詞、動詞。再看看我的單詞筆記，我發(fā)現有些詞既可以用作動詞也可以用作名詞，還有些像“過”、“吧”、“了”這樣的詞被稱為虛詞。不管“虛詞”是什么意思，我們無法用我們描述語言的術語來描述虛詞的功能。漢語中的這些虛詞是有意義的。如果沒有這些詞，整個句子的意思就變了。但是用一套原本用來分析歐洲語言的體系來分析漢語似乎有點奇怪。那么為什么我們還要用這么一套有局限性的體系來分析漢語呢？Text23

然后，我就開始想：中國人是如何表達復雜概念的呢？以任何一個漢字為例，這個字會有它的字面意思，你可以在字典中找到它的字面意思。把這個漢字和另外一個漢字組合在一起，你就創(chuàng)造出一個新的、完全不同的概念。再把這兩個字與更多的漢字組合，你就可以進一步擴展這個概念。Text24

這和英語有很大的不同嗎？對，是有很大不同，因為到了這個階段，你需要先分析這些字的組合，然后才能理解其含義。而要弄清這些組合在一起的字的意思，不能把每個字的字面意思簡單地疊加在一起，而要綜合領會那些字的內涵。25

但是所有使用漢語的人需要就每個漢字的內涵達成共識，否則就會導致理解偏差。那么中國人到底是如何表達復雜而精確的概念的呢？Text26

學習漢語就像下國際象棋或者是玩填字游戲，讓人不由自主地全心投入、神魂顛倒，反正我是樂在其中——用“樂在其中”來形容可能并不準確，可我想不出什么更好的詞了。學習漢語不僅僅是一個語言習得的漸進過程，它也讓我不停地去思考交流的意義和語言的力量。漢語學習是一個極其美妙、極其鼓舞人心、引人深思的挑戰(zhàn)。我必須不斷前進，因為這段旅程本身和到達目的地同樣讓我著迷。Text27

但是完成這段旅程要花多少時間呢？28

有統(tǒng)計數據表明，一個受過教育的英語為母語的人需要花1,300小時才能達到一個受過教育的中國人的漢語水平。但如果是學法語或西班牙語的話，要達到同等語言水平只需要480小時。也有人認為1,300小時還不夠，要差不多2,200小時。Text29

這得上不少課。30

麥克爾·菲爾普斯，這位在北京奧運會上大放異彩的游泳冠軍也在學習漢語。在2008年的一次采訪中，他的一番評價令人印象深刻：“在奧運會上拿8塊金牌比學漢語要容易?！?1

這并非夸張。他說的一點兒都沒錯。TextWords&Phrasesquadrupledominancesubtletyfluencydumbradicaleliminatewhiteboardrepresentationunqualifiedproductivelyretainreviseliterateidentifiableparticlepickymanipulateconcedetriumphantlyblurinappropriatedisgracefulscarcelydyslexicshortsightedillustrateconnotational

isolateddenotationalWords&Phrasesimprecisiondefectivecrosswordabsorbing

ongoingprofoundlythought-provokingproficiencysufficientMichaelPhelps

麥克爾·菲爾普斯quadruple v.ifanumberoranamountquadruples,orifyouquadrupleit,itesfourtimesbiggerthanitwas(使)成四倍e.g.1.ThenumberofAustraliansagedbetween65and84willdoubleby2050,andthenumberofthoseagedover85willquadruple.

澳大利亞65歲至84歲的人口數量到2050年會翻一番，而年齡85歲以上的數量會是原來的四倍。2.Oilpricesquadrupledinthe1970s.20世紀70年代石油價格上漲了四倍。Words&Phrasesdominance n.[U]asituationinwhichonepersonorthinghasmoreinfluenceorpowerthananyother

優(yōu)勢；支配地位e.g.

1.Hispartyisgainingdominanceinthecountry.

他的政黨在國內得勢。2.Withthisvictory,theteamhasmaintaineditsdominanceofEuropeanfootball.

有了這場勝利，這個球隊繼續(xù)稱雄歐洲足球。Wordfamily:dominate

v.

dominant

a.

Words&Phrasessubtletyn.[U]thequalityofbeingcomplicated,delicate,ordifficulttonotice,ofteninaskilfulorattractiveway細微；微妙e.g.1.

Ithinkthetranslatormissedthesubtletyoftheoriginal.

我認為譯者沒有把原文中的微妙之處翻譯出來。2.Foralongtime,globalproductshavebeen—withvaryingdegreesofsubtlety—madeintheimageofwhatUSconsumerswanted,ordreamed.

很長一段時期內，全球產品——有不同程度的細微差別——一直是按照美國消費者所要求或夢想的形象制造出來的。Wordfamily:subtle

a.

Words&Phrasesfluencyn.[U]theabilitytospeakaforeignlanguageverywell流利；流暢e.g.

1.Neitherfluencynoraccuracyiseasytocomebyinlearningaforeignlanguage.

學習外語要達到流利或精確的程度都是不容易的。2.

What's

your

method

ofimproving

the

fluency

inspeaking?

你用什么方法把口語練得這么流利呢？Wordfamily:fluent

a.Words&Phrasesdumba.

1)stupid笨的；傻乎乎的e.g.

1.Yougavehimyourphonenumber?That’sadumbthingtodo.

你把你的電話號碼給他了？真是做了一件蠢事。2.“Whatisit?”Iasked,playingdumb.

“這是什么呀？”我裝傻問道。2)unabletospeak,becauseyouareangry,surprised,shockedetc.啞口無言的e.g.Hestaredattheburnt-outcarindumbdisbelief.

他望著燒焦的汽車，滿腹疑慮，說不出話來。Words&Phrasesradicaln.&a.

1)

n.[C]

anyofthebasicsetofapproximately214Chinesecharacters

constitutingsemanticallyorfunctionallysignificantelementsinthecompositionofothercharactersandusedasameansofclassifyingcharactersindictionaries

偏旁，部首e.g.Youcanlookupacharacterunderitsradical.

你可以根據部首查找漢字。

Words&Phrases2)

a.

(usedofopinionsandactions)farbeyondthenorm激進的e.g.1.

Iknowyouareradicalinyourthinking,butdon'tgotoofar.

我知道你思想激進，但不要太過分。2.Hisradicalideasarelikelytoproducefireworksatthemeeting.

他的激進思想很可能在會上引起激烈的爭論。Words&Phraseseliminatevt.

1)decidethatsb.orsth.isnotresponsibleforsth.

排除e.g.We’veeliminatedthepossibilitythatthefirewassetonpurpose.

我們已經排除了蓄意縱火的可能性。2)getridofsth.thatisnotwantedorneeded

消除；剔除e.g.Children’sanxietycanbeeliminatedwithmoreparentalcare.(CET4-2003-12)父母多一些關愛就可以消除孩子的焦慮。Words&Phrasesinappropriatea.notsuitableinaparticularsituation不適合的；不恰當的e.g.

1.Thewordisinappropriateinthiscontext.

這個詞不適合這個語境。2.Hiscommentswerewhollyinappropriateonsuchasolemnoccasion.

他的言論完全不適合這樣一個莊嚴的場合。Antonym:appropriate

Words&Phrasesdisgracefula.extremelybadorshocking糟糕的；可恥的e.g.

1.Itwascriticizedasadisgracefulwasteofmoney.這被指責為一種浪費金錢的可恥行為。2.Pleaseaccountforyourdisgracefulconduct.

請對你的可恥行為作出解釋。Antonym:gracefulWordfamily:grace

n.Words&Phrasesscarcelyad.

1)onlyjust僅僅；才e.g.Wehadscarcelybegunthediscussionwhensomeonebrokein.2)almostnot,oralmostnone幾乎不；幾乎沒有e.g.

1.Therewasscarcelyanytrafficatthistimeoftheday. 那天的這個時候路上沒什么車。2.Hismotheraskedhimquestionstowhichsheseemed

scarcelyinterestedinknowingtheanswers.他的母親問了他一些問題，但似乎對他如何回答沒什么興趣。Wordfamily:scarce

a.Words&Phrases我們剛開始討論就被人打斷。literatea.1)abletoreadandwrite有讀寫能力的e.g.

1.Thoughnearlytwentyhewasbarelyliterate.

他都快二十了，還是睜眼瞎。2.Everyliteratepersonshouldreadthisnovel.

每個識字的人都應該閱讀這本小說。3.Onlyafewofthenation'speasantsareliterate.這個國家的農民中只有少數人能識字。Words&Phrases2)well-educated有文化的，受過良好教育的e.g.

1.Jordanisahighly

literate

andlargelystablecountry,withwell-developedsecurityandintelligenceoperations.

約旦是一個教育程度較高并且很大程度上比較穩(wěn)定的國家，有良好的治安和智能的管理。2.

OneproblemisthattheAfghanarmycannotgrowanyfasterbecauseofashortageofliteraterecruitsfortheofficercorps.

有個問題是，由于招募不到受過教育的軍官，阿富汗軍隊無法更快發(fā)展。Antonym:illiterateWords&Phrasesrevise1)v.(BrE)readandlearninformationthatyouhavestudiedinordertoprepareforanexamination.(TheAmericanwordisreview.)復習e.g.Studentsspenttheireveningsinthelibraryrevisingfortheexam.

學生們晚上在圖書館復習功課準備考試。2)vt.change,improve,ormakeadditionstosth.suchasabook,law,orpieceofwriting修改；修正e.g.Thelawhasbeenrevisedseveraltimes.

這部法律修改了多次。Wordfamily:revision

n.Words&Phrasesretainvt.1)

keepinone'smind

記住e.g.

1.Iwillretainalastingmemoryofourfriendship.

我要永久銘記我們的友情。2.

Shehasagoodmemoryandfindsiteasytoretainmatters.

她記憶力好，很容易記住事情。3.IonlyretainedafewFrenchwordsandphrases.我只記住了幾個法語單詞和短語。Words&Phrases2)keepsomeoneorsth.保留；保?。槐３謊.g.

1.Theyaretryingtoretainskilledstaff.他們試圖留下有技能的員工。2.Thissmalltownstillretainsitsoldworldcharacter.這個小鎮(zhèn)仍然保持著古色古香的特色。3.Weshallretainourrights.我們將保留我們的權利。Words&Phrasesproductivelyad.inawayofachievinggoodresults富有成效地e.g.

1.Thetalkhasbeencarriedonproductively.

談話進行得頗有成效。2.Threequartersofworkersfelttheyworkedlessproductivelyinabadmood.

3/4的員工認為心情不好時工作效率會降低。Wordfamily:productive

a.

1)achievinggoodresults富有成效的e.g.Theyworkhard,buttheireffortsarenotveryproductive.

他們很努力，但效果不佳。Words&Phrases2)makingorgrowingthingsinlargequantities,especiallysothattheycanbesold多產的e.g.

1.Duringthemostproductivetimeinhercareer,shewrotefivenovels.

在創(chuàng)作生涯最多產的時期，她寫了五本小說。2.Rosswasmostproductivewhenwritingunderpressure.

羅斯在壓力下進行寫作時就特別多產。Wordfamily:productivity

n.

produce

v.

product

n.

Words&Phrasesunqualifieda.nothavingtheeducationorexperiencetodoaparticularjob不能勝任的；不合格的e.g.

1.Thecommitteeneedstobeshakenouttogetridofsomeunqualifiedmembers.該委員會需要徹底改組，去除某些不合格的成員。2.HeisunqualifiedtoteachEnglish.

他不適合教英語。Antonym:qualified

Wordfamily:qualify

v.

qualification

n.

Words&Phrasesrepresentationn.[C]asign,symbol,orpictureofsth.

象征；表示e.g.

1.Thedoveisarepresentationofpeace.鴿子是和平的象征。2.Thispaintingisarepresentationofastormatsea.

這幅畫表現的是海上風暴。3.Picassoisstrivingforsomeabsoluterepresentationofreality.畢加索在努力尋求對現實的某種徹底的表現。Wordfamily:represent

v.Words&Phraseswhiteboard

n.[C]awhiteplasticboardinaclassroomthatateacherwritesonwithinkthatcanbewashedoff（教室里用的）白板e.g.Wenowusewhiteboardsinsteadofblackboardsinourclassrooms.

現在我們的教室里都用白板取代黑板了。Words&Phraseswhiteboardblackboardillustratevt.

1)showwhatsth.islike,ortoshowthatsth.istrue

舉例說明；闡明e.g.

1.Theexamplesillustratehowwecarryoutmarketsurveys.

這些例子說明了我們是如何開展市場調查的。2.Duringthelecture,thespeakeroccasionallyillustratedhispointbyrelatinghisownexperiences.(CET4-2005-01)

在講座中，發(fā)言人偶爾會講述親身經歷來闡明他的觀點。Words&Phrases2)drawthepicturesinabook,orputpicturesinabook插畫e.g.

1.Thecookbookisbeautifullyillustratedwithcolourphotographs.

這本烹飪書里配有許多彩色照片作為插畫。2.Ourtextbookisverywellillustrated.

我們的課本插圖豐富。Wordfamily:illustration

n.Words&Phrasesshortsighteda.

1)notabletoseethingsclearlyiftheyarefarawayfromyou近視的e.g.Hefinallyrealizedthathewasshortsightedandwenttotheoptician.

他終于明白他眼睛近視了,于是去配了眼鏡。2)dealingwiththingsthatarehappeningnowbutfailingtoconsiderwhatwillhappeninthefuture目光短淺的的；缺乏遠見的e.g.Ifweletherleavethisroominthisway,we'reallshortsightedfools.

如果就這樣讓她離開這個房間，那我們可都是些鼠目寸光的傻瓜。Antonym:farsightedWords&Phrasesdyslexica.affectedbydyslexia誦讀困難的e.g.

1.Einsteinwasdyslexic,butheturnedouttobeprettybright.

愛因斯坦有閱讀障礙，但他相當聰明。2.Thedyslexicchildwillhavehis/herownsetofsymptoms,bothstrengthsandweaknesses.

每個有誦讀困難的孩子都有他自己的一系列癥狀，有優(yōu)點也有缺點。

Wordfamilydyslexian.

amedicalconditionaffectingthebrainthatmakesitdifficultforsomeonetoreadandspellwordscorrectly誦讀障礙癥Words&Phrasesblur1)n.[C]ashapethatisdifficulttoseeclearly,forexamplebecauseitismovingveryfast模糊不清的東西；看不清的事物e.g.Everythingesablurwhenyoutravelbeyondacertainspeed.

當你超過一定的速度行進時，一切都變得模模糊糊的。2)v.eglassy;loseclearvision變模糊e.g.1.Hereyesblurredwithtears.

她的視線因淚水變得模糊。2.Hisnovelsblurtheboundariesbetweencriticismandfiction.

他的小說模糊了文學批評與小說之間的界限。Words&Phrasestriumphantlyad.

inatriumphantmanner喜不自勝地；激動不已地e.g.Sheopensthewardrobeandtriumphantlypullsouthertoy.

她打開衣櫥，得意洋洋的把玩具拉出來。Wordfamily:triumph

n.

triumphanta.

joyfulandproudespeciallybecauseofavictoryorsuccess洋洋得意的e.g.Hersmilewastriumphant.她的微笑露出成功的喜悅。Words&Phrasesconcedevt.admitthatsth.istrue承認e.g.

1.Wehadtoconcedethatthesalespromotionwasnotassuccessfulasexpected.

我們必須承認促銷沒有預期那么成功。2.Thecandidateconcededthathehadlosttheelection.

這位候選人承認他已經在競選中失敗。3.Hereluctantlyconcededthathewasnotfitenoughtoplayinthematch.

他不情愿地承認自己的狀態(tài)不足以應付這場比賽。Wordfamily:concession

n.Words&Phrasesmanipulatevt.

1)skilfullyhandle,control,orusesth.（熟悉地）操作；使用e.g.Iwatchedthepilotexpertlymanipulatingthecontrolsinfrontofhim.

我看著飛行員專業(yè)地操作他面前的控制裝置。2)influencesb.,orcontrolsth.,inacleverordishonestway

影響；操縱e.g.Acleverpoliticianknowshowtomanipulatethepublicopinion.

聰明的政客知道如何操縱公眾輿論。Words&Phrasespickya.

fastidious,especiallyexcessivelyso

吹毛求疵的；愛挑剔的e.g.

1.Sheispickyaboutwhatsheeatsbecausesheisonadiet.

她正在節(jié)食，所以對飲食很挑剔。2.Ihatefemalebosses–theyaresopicky.

我討厭女性上司——她們太吹毛求疵。Wordfamily:pick

v.Synonym:criticalWords&Phrasesparticlen.[C](linguistics)anadverborprepositionusedwithaverbtoformaphrasalverb小品詞；虛詞e.g.

1.Inthesentence‘Hequicklyputonhisclothes’,‘on’isaparticle.

在句子“Hequicklyputonhisclothes（他迅速穿上衣服）”中，“on”是一個虛詞。2.Prepositionsandconjunctionsareparticles.介詞和連詞是小品詞。Words&Phrasesidentifiablea.abletoberecognized,oreasytorecognize能被識別的；易識別的e.g.1.Creatinganidentifiablestyleisveryimportantinourbusiness.創(chuàng)建容易識別的風格對于我們的企業(yè)很重要。2.Recordsshallremainlegible,readilyidentifiableandretrievable.記錄應保持清晰、易于識別和檢索。Wordfamily:identifyv.identificationn.Words&Phrasesdenotationala.(adjectiveformofdenotation)外延意義的；指稱意義的Wordfamily:

denotationn.

theactualmeaningofaword,ratherthanthefeelingsorideasconnectedwiththeword（明示的）意義e.g.Theword"yellow"—its

denotation

isthatitisacertaincolor.

“黃色”這個詞，它的表面意義就是一種顏色。Seealso:connotational.Words&Phrasesisolateda.1)happeningonlyonce,orexistingonlyinoneplace

個別的；孤立的e.g.Thisisnotanisolatedincident.2)feelingaloneandunhappy,withnofriendstosupportyou孤單的，孤獨的e.g.Youngmothersoftenfeelisolated.年輕的母親總是感到孤立無援。3)anisolatedbuilding,villageetc.isfarawayfromanyothers(建筑、村莊等)孤零零的，偏僻的e.g.Notmanypeoplevisitthisisolatedspot.

來這個偏遠地區(qū)的人不多。Wordfamily:isolate