第04講閱讀理解命題透析

第04講：閱讀理解命題透析第04講：閱讀理解命題透析課程目標(biāo)課程目標(biāo)演練EQ\o\ac(

,●)專題知識(shí)：針對(duì)考試題型，進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)梳理，感悟解題方法。EQ\o\ac(

,●)題型檢測(cè)：鏈接考試真題，題型組合練，能力逐個(gè)突破。知識(shí)梳理知識(shí)梳理演練1、細(xì)節(jié)題此類考題主要針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)，一般提問(wèn)方式如下：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage?Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectaccordingtothepassage?Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?Choosetherightorderofthispassage.Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)...Fromthispassageweknowthat________.Inthepassage,theauthorstatesthat______.細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般采用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率，節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。尋讀法還特別適用于對(duì)圖形表格類題材的理解。做此類型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)中有許多功能詞，如：表因果關(guān)系的because,since,as等；表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but,however,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand等等。細(xì)節(jié)理解題一直都是高考閱讀理解中?？嫉念}型，通常細(xì)節(jié)題的正確選項(xiàng)有以下特征：1）對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換。把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，成為正確選項(xiàng)。

2）詞性或者語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，或者改變?cè)木渥拥恼Z(yǔ)態(tài)，給考生制造障礙。

3）語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化。把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，成為正確答案。

4）正話反說(shuō)。把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)(適用于尋找錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的題目)?！纠}】（2024黃埔一模）Thericecookercanbeusedbychildrenagedfrom8yearsandaboveandpersonswithreducedphysical,sensoryormentalcapabilitiesorlackofexperienceandknowledgeiftheyhavebeensupervised/instructedandunderstandthehazardsinvolved.Childrenshallnotplaywiththeappliance.Cleaningandusercareshallnotbedonebychildrenunlesstheyareolderthan8andsupervised.Keeptheapplianceandwireoutofreachofchildrenunder8years.60. Whatcan9yearoldsdowiththericecooker? A.Theycancleanorrepairitalone. B.Theycanuseitwithproperinstruction. C.Theycanplaywithitaslongasitisnotinuse. D.Theycansupervisetheiryoungerbrotherswhouseit.【答案】B【60題解析】B.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的第二句話"Thericecookercanbeusedbychildrenagedfrom8yearsandaboveandpersonswithreducedphysical,sensoryormentalcapabilitiesorlackofexperienceandknowledgeiftheyhavebeensupervised/instructedandunderstandthehazardsinvolved"，意思是電飯鍋可以由8歲及以上的兒童和具有身體、感官或精神能力減退或缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)的人使用，但必須在監(jiān)督/指導(dǎo)下，并了解涉及的危險(xiǎn)。因此，選項(xiàng)B"Theycanuseitwithproperinstruction."（他們可以在適當(dāng)?shù)闹笇?dǎo)下使用它）是正確的。2、詞義猜測(cè)題此類考題目要求考生能根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。一般提問(wèn)方式如下：1)Theword“ABC”inthepassageprobablymeans________.2)Theunderlinedword“ABC”inthepassagerefersto/means_______.3)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph？4)Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans____．5)Theword"it（them）"inthefirstparagraphrefersto____．這種題型要求對(duì)文章中的劃線生詞進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)。這類題型不僅要求具備一定構(gòu)詞法，而且也要求對(duì)上下文具有比較全面的理解。做詞意猜測(cè)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意劃線生詞后面的定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句通常用來(lái)解釋生詞的詞意。另外，還要應(yīng)注意生詞后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)、引號(hào)、括號(hào)都可用于提示詞意。有時(shí)，詞意隱藏在全文或某一段中，這就需要把握文段的意境來(lái)加以透知該詞的含義。在高考閱讀題中，考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個(gè)：一是被已認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo)；二是被完全不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的意思所阻礙，從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難，影響閱讀的速度。其實(shí)解決這兩個(gè)困難的一個(gè)重要法寶是考生在心目中樹(shù)立起上下文觀念，要學(xué)會(huì)"順藤摸瓜"，通過(guò)構(gòu)詞，語(yǔ)法，定義，同位，對(duì)比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義?！纠}】（2024楊浦一模）Testingnonhumanmemoryretention（保持）ischallenging;inresearchstudies,“it’srarethatthereisagapofseveralyearsbetweenwhenananimalstorestheinformationandwhenitisnextrequiredtoretrieveit,”saysUniversityofOxfordzoologistDoraBiro.56.Theunderlinedword“retrieve”isclosestinmeaningto________. A.reserve B.return C.recover D.record【答案】56.C【解析】【56題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“it’srarethatthereisagapofseveralyearsbetweenwhenananimalstorestheinformationandwhenitisnextrequiredto”可知，動(dòng)物儲(chǔ)存信息和重新獲得或找回信息之間有幾年的間隔是很罕見(jiàn)的。根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境可知，研究人員研究的不僅是信鴿能夠記住路線，還要求信鴿過(guò)了幾年之后仍然能夠回憶起存儲(chǔ)的信息。因此，在這里，"retrieve"的意思是"recover"，表示恢復(fù)、取回的意思。故劃線詞意思是“重新獲得，恢復(fù)”。故選C。3、推斷題此類考題一般針對(duì)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)，文章中雖然沒(méi)有明確的答案，但考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上可以進(jìn)行推理和判斷其答案。一般提問(wèn)方式如下：1)Theauthorimplied（suggested）that．．．2)Wecaninferfromthetextthat_______.3)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______.4)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat．．．5)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？6)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe___.推理是在既有信息的基礎(chǔ)上得出合乎文章內(nèi)容的內(nèi)涵意義，即某一問(wèn)題、某一觀點(diǎn)沒(méi)有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行間，要求通過(guò)文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內(nèi)涵意義。推斷則是指通過(guò)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行符合邏輯的綜合分析，推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否，很大程度上取決于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語(yǔ)氣及觀點(diǎn)?！纠}】（2024長(zhǎng)寧一模）BakinggavemetheopportunitytoworkinacapacityIhadnotatallexpected,butonethatprovedverysuccessful.Learningtobakegavemeasmuchnewfoundselfconfidenceasitgavethewomen,andIfoundthatsometimesqualitysocialworkcanbeassimpleaskneadingdough.66.Whatdidthelastsentence(“Learning...dough”)indicate?A.Theauthorunderestimatedherabilitiestolearnnewskills.B.Theauthorderivedbenefitfromherworkbyhelpingothers.Theauthorlackedselfconfidenceasmuchasthewomenworkingwithher.D.Theauthorfoundperformingsocialworksurprisinglyeasywithnoeducation.【答案】66.B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文最后一句“Learningtobakegavemeasmuchnewfoundselfconfidenceasitgavethewomen,andIfoundthatsometimesqualitysocialworkcanbeassimpleaskneadingdough.(學(xué)習(xí)烘焙給了我新的自信，就像它給了那些女人一樣，我發(fā)現(xiàn)有時(shí)候高質(zhì)量的社會(huì)工作就像揉面團(tuán)一樣簡(jiǎn)單)”可知，經(jīng)營(yíng)面包店獲得成功，真正幫助了那些女人，讓作者獲得了自信。由此可知，作者通過(guò)幫助別人從她的工作中獲益。故選B項(xiàng)。4、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題此類題目的主要提問(wèn)方式是一般提問(wèn)方式如下：What'sthewriter's/author'sattitudeto/towards...?Theauthor’stonewouldbebestdescribedas_______.Theattitudeof...to/towards...is.這一類考題大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷，如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)，還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記述或描寫(xiě)的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來(lái)，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí)，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語(yǔ)。確定作者態(tài)度，可以有兩種思路：1）問(wèn)全文主體事物的(包括主題)，可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關(guān)主體事物的相關(guān)句中的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞確定作者的態(tài)度；2）如果問(wèn)的是對(duì)某一具體事物的態(tài)度，則可以定位到具體相關(guān)句，然后確定答案?！纠}】（2023奉賢一模）Youthinvolvesacertaininnocencebutalsoperseverance.Theword“can’t”wasn’tinmyvocabulary.IpartneredwithafriendbuyingdistressedmultifamilypropertiesaroundHouston.Eventhoughwewereenthusiasticandbackedwithstartupsums,Ididn’tmakeadealwork.Myfriendmovedontootherprojects.Alone,Iputallmymoneyintothenextrealestateproject.Iputthetimein,Idreamedit,butonceagainthedealfellthrough.Twomonthslater,though,thedealcamebackaround.Thatwaswhenthepathopened,luckchanged,andIwasreadytoformmyownpany.Ihaven’tlookedback.Onlyahead.I’mnowabletogivebacktomunitiesandcauses.Idonateabout$500,000ayear,muchofthatgoingtoresearchtocurerarediseases.WealsosupportalotofservicesfordisadvantagedchildreninHoustonandotherplaces.38.Whichqualityoftheauthorisnotshowninthepassage?A.Perseverance. B.Optimism. C.Innocence. D.Kindness.【答案】38.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中經(jīng)常遇到困難，所以無(wú)論發(fā)生什么，都習(xí)慣了勇往直前。【38題詳解】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Youthinvolvesacertaininnocencebutalsoperseverance.Theword“can’t”wasn’tinmyvocabulary.(青春既有一定的天真，也有一定的毅力。我的字典里沒(méi)有“不能”這個(gè)詞)”以及倒數(shù)第二段中“I’mnowabletogivebacktomunitiesandcauses.Idonateabout$500,000ayear,muchofthatgoingtoresearchtocurerarediseases.(我現(xiàn)在能夠回饋社區(qū)和事業(yè)。我每年捐贈(zèng)大約50萬(wàn)美元，其中大部分用于治療罕見(jiàn)疾病的研究)”可知，作者單純的品質(zhì)在文章中沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。故選C。5、主旨大意題這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心；要求能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題，難度較大，屬于高層次題。一般主旨大意題可以分為兩類：1．確定文章的標(biāo)題和主題(titleortopic)標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來(lái)高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它可以是單詞，短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。要確定文章標(biāo)題，首先，要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，考慮標(biāo)題是否與主題密切相關(guān)；其次，看標(biāo)題是否能概括全文內(nèi)容。不能只概括短文中的某些事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)；然后，要注意標(biāo)題范圍不應(yīng)太大或太?。蛔詈?，標(biāo)題應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)練并能吸引讀者。即:1、獨(dú)特新穎

2、概括性強(qiáng)3、短小精煉。常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)題型題干：1)

Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe________.2)

Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled

______.3)

Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)What’sthetopicofthearticle?2.主題句（topicsentence）及主旨大意(mainidea)的概括一篇文章一般表達(dá)一個(gè)中心內(nèi)容或主題。這個(gè)中心內(nèi)容或主題通常用一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括。此句叫做主題句。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，說(shuō)明文和議論文都有主題句，而且多位于文章的開(kāi)頭，有時(shí)也位于文章的中間或末尾。但有時(shí)不能在文中直接找到主題句，要求讀者把握每段的主題句，弄清段于段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。主題句必須能簡(jiǎn)潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是對(duì)主題句的進(jìn)一步解釋,說(shuō)明,論證或擴(kuò)展.常見(jiàn)的主題句和主旨型題干：1)Whatisthetopicsentenceofthepassage?2)

Thisarticle/text/passagemainlytellsthat_____________.3)Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthepassage?【例題】（2024松江一模）Antibiotics,whichcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcureinfections,arevitaltomodernmedicine.Theirabilitytokillbacteriawithoutharmingthepatienthassavedbillionsoflivesandmadesurgicalproceduresmuchsafer.Butafterdecadesofoveruse,theirpowersarefading.Somebacteriahaveevolvedresistance,creatingagrowingarmyofsuperbugs,againstwhichthereislittleeffectivetreatment.Antimicrobial(抗菌的)resistance,expectedtokill10millionpeopleayearby2050upfromaround1millionin2019,hasbeenseenasacrisisbymany.46.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Governmentsfailtostoptheuseofantibiotics.B.Phagescouldhelppreventanantibioticscrisis.C.Developmentofantibioticsislimitedbyphages.D.Antimicrobialresistancecallsfornewantibiotics.【答案】46.B【46題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Antibiotics,whichcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcureinfections,arevitaltomodernmedicine.Theirabilitytokillbacteriawithoutharmingthepatienthassavedbillionsoflivesandmadesurgicalproceduresmuchsafer.Butafterdecadesofoveruse,theirpowersarefading.Somebacteriahaveevolvedresistance,creatingagrowingarmyofsuperbugs,againstwhichthereislittleeffectivetreatment.Antimicrobial(抗菌的)resistance,expectedtokill10millionpeopleayearby2050upfromaround1millionin2019,hasbeenseenasacrisisbymany.(抗生素對(duì)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)至關(guān)重要，它可以消滅或阻止細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)，并治愈感染。它們?cè)诓粋Σ∪说那闆r下殺死細(xì)菌的能力挽救了數(shù)十億人的生命，并使外科手術(shù)更加安全。但經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的過(guò)度使用，它們的力量正在減弱。一些細(xì)菌已經(jīng)進(jìn)化出了耐藥性，產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越多的超級(jí)細(xì)菌，而目前幾乎沒(méi)有有效的治療方法?？刮⑸锼幬锬退幮员辉S多人視為一場(chǎng)危機(jī)。預(yù)計(jì)到2050年，每年將導(dǎo)致1000萬(wàn)人死亡，而2019年約為100萬(wàn)人)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，文章主要解釋了噬菌體可以替代問(wèn)題多多的抗生素，有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，建議政府多方面采取措施推動(dòng)推廣，所以本文的主旨是噬菌體可以幫助預(yù)防抗生素危機(jī)。故選B。課堂精練課堂精練演練A篇記敘文（2023上·上海·高二復(fù)旦附中?？计谥校㏄rofessorHeinzWolff,whohasdiedaged89,wasabioengineeringpioneer.Heestablishedthediscipline,nameditand,ina60yearcareer,madesignificantcontributionstomedicalresearch.ButtotheBritishpublic,hewasbestknownasthedottyscientistwhofrontedTheGreatEggRace,aBBCshowinwhichcolourcodedteamsweresetengineeringchallenges(thefirstwastotransportanegginavehiclepoweredbyrubberbands).Withhistrademarkbowtie,halfmoonglassesandMittelEuropeanaccent,helookedreallylikeProfessorBranestawn,asdescribedbyW.HeathRobinson.Yetwhilehecheerfullyexploitedhisreputationasa“peculiaregghead”,hewasveryseriousabouthisworkandinspiredthousandsofyoungpeopletoconsiderscientificcareers.BorninBerlinin1928,HeinzWolffwasthesonofJewishparents.Hismotherdiedin1938,andthenextyearthefamilyfled.TheyarrivedinBritainonthedaywarwasdeclared.“Wereallycutitratherfine,”hesaidonDesertIslandDiscsin1998.Afterleavingschool,heworkedasatechnicianattheRadcliffeInfirmaryinOxford,whereheinventedamachinetocountredbloodcells,andthenattheNationalInstituteforMedicalResearch’spneumoconiosisresearchunitinCardiff,wherehedesignedameansofmeasuringdustlevelsincoalminers.HewentontostudyatUniversityCollegeLondonandgraduatedwithafirstinphysicsandphysiology.Then,in1983,hefoundedtheInstituteforBioengineeringatBrunelUniversity.Hisparticularinterestwasintechnologiestoimprovethelivesofolderpeople,buthewasalsoheavilyinvolvedinspaceresearchandworkedasanadvisertotheEuropeanSpaceAgency.WolffhadmadehisfirstappearanceonTVonPanoramain1966,encouragingRichardDimblebytoswallowa“radiopill”.OnTheGreatEggRace,whichranfrom1979,histaskwastogetopponentteamsrepresentingorganizationssuchasthechemicalpanyICI.Challengesincludedbuildingahovercraftfromalawnmower,andinventingabicyclethatcouldrideonwater.Markswereawardedforentertainmentvalueandtechnicalacplishment.Theshowendedinthemid1980s,butWolffcontinuedtojudgescientificpetitions,onTVandelsewhere.Anaturalentertainerwithaninexhaustiblecuriosityabouttheworld,hesaidhe’dbehappytodressupasaclownifitgotchildreninterestedinscience.1．Theword“dotty”(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto________.A．strange B．serious C．famous D．genius2．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofHeinzWolffaccordingtothepassage?A．HisfamilyleftBerlinafterWorldWarIIbegan.B．Heusedtomajorinphysicsandphysiology.C．HeinventedamachinewhileinUniversityCollegeLondon.D．Hisinterestlayinhelpingthoselivinginwarstrickenareas.3．HeinzWolffdidn’tmindlookingridiculousaslongas________.A．hecouldkeepbeingcuriousabouttheworldB．hecouldbineentertainmentandtechnologyC．hecouldhelparousechildren’sinterestinscienceD．hecouldappearonTVtojudgescientificpetitions4．WhichofthefollowingisanachievementmadebyHeinzWolff?A．Representingachemicalpany.B．Designingamethodtocountredbloodcells.C．BeingthefirstscientisttofrontTVshows.D．Settingupthesubjectofbioengineering.【答案】1．A2．B3．C4．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇記敘文。主要介紹的是生物工程的先驅(qū)HeinzWolff教授的個(gè)人生平和貢獻(xiàn)。1．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Yetwhilehecheerfullyexploitedhisreputationasa“peculiaregghead”,hewasveryseriousabouthisworkandinspiredthousandsofyoungpeopletoconsiderscientificcareers.(然而，當(dāng)他興高采烈地利用自己“古怪的書(shū)呆子”的名聲時(shí)，他對(duì)自己的工作非常認(rèn)真，并激勵(lì)了成千上萬(wàn)的年輕人考慮從事科學(xué)事業(yè)。)”可知，HeinzWolff教授應(yīng)該是很享受被人們稱為“古怪的書(shū)呆子”，結(jié)合劃線單詞后的定語(yǔ)從句“whofrontedTheGreatEggRace,aBBCshowinwhichcolourcodedteamsweresetengineeringchallenges(thefirstwastotransportanegginavehiclepoweredbyrubberbands).(他是主持英國(guó)廣播公司(BBC)節(jié)目《偉大的雞蛋賽跑》的科學(xué)家，在這個(gè)節(jié)目中，用不同顏色編碼的隊(duì)伍接受工程挑戰(zhàn)（第一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是用橡皮筋驅(qū)動(dòng)的車(chē)輛運(yùn)送雞蛋）。)”可知，他最為人所知的身份是主持英國(guó)廣播公司節(jié)目《偉大的雞蛋賽跑》，所以“peculiaregghead”應(yīng)是對(duì)他稱呼的再次出現(xiàn)，由此可知，劃線單詞的意思應(yīng)與“古怪的（strange）”意義相近。故選A項(xiàng)。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“HewentontostudyatUniversityCollegeLondonandgraduatedwithafirstinphysicsandphysiology.(他繼續(xù)在倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)，并以物理學(xué)和生理學(xué)的第一名畢業(yè)。)”可知，他在倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)，并且以物理學(xué)和生理學(xué)第一名畢業(yè)，由此可知，HeinzWolff以前應(yīng)該是主修物理學(xué)和生理學(xué)，B項(xiàng)正確。故選B項(xiàng)。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)尾段中的“Anaturalentertainerwithaninexhaustiblecuriosityabouttheworld,hesaidhe’dbehappytodressupasaclownifitgotchildreninterestedinscience.(他是一個(gè)天生的表演者，對(duì)世界有著無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的好奇心。他說(shuō)，如果能讓孩子們對(duì)科學(xué)感興趣，他很樂(lè)意打扮成小丑。)”可知，HeinzWolff說(shuō)，只要能讓孩子對(duì)科學(xué)感興趣，他愿意打扮成小丑的模樣，由此可知，HeinzWolff教授不介意自己看起來(lái)有多滑稽，只要孩子們對(duì)科學(xué)感興趣。故選C項(xiàng)。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)首段中的“ProfessorHeinzWolff,whohasdiedaged89,wasabioengineeringpioneer.Heestablishedthediscipline,nameditand,ina60yearcareer,madesignificantcontributionstomedicalresearch.(HeinzWolff教授去世，享年89歲，他是生物工程的先驅(qū)。他創(chuàng)立了這門(mén)學(xué)科，并將其命名，在60年的職業(yè)生涯中，他為醫(yī)學(xué)研究做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。)”可知，HeinzWolff教授取得的成就是創(chuàng)立了生物工程學(xué)科。故選D項(xiàng)。B篇應(yīng)用文（2023上·上海閔行·高二閔行中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）SupersizedactivitiesforyourlittleonesatSentosaDuringtheJuneHolidaysStorytellingesAlive!Date:EveryWedSunat11:30am.3:30pm&5:30pmVenue:ImagesofSingaporeForecourtAdmission:FreeEnjoySUPERSIZEDactivitiesfortheentirefamilythisJuneatourinternationalawardwinninginteractiveevent,StoryTellingesAlive!Thisiswherethestorytellerusesagiantstorybook,puppetryandcharactersingalivetobringtheexcitingandfunstoriestolife.BoogiewithCaptainPalawanDate:EveryTuesdaystoFridaysTime:2:25pm&4:15pmAdmission:FreeJoinintheboogiefunwithCaptainPalawanontheBeach!Boptotherhythmandyoumaydanceyourwaytosomeprizes!ArtExcursionatSentosaDate:8&15June2015(Children)22June2015(Family)Time:9am5pmAdmission:$120perchild(SentosaPlayPass:$90perchild)$360perfamily(SentosaPlayPass:$270perfamily)Unleashyourchild’screativitywiththeArtExcursionconductedbyMyArtStudio.ParticipantswillhavetheopportunitytoexchangecreativeideasinspiredbywhattheyexperienceastheymovethroughvariousstationsinSentosa.StorytellingatUnderwaterWorldSingaporeDate:124June2015,everySat&SunTime:11:45am&3:15pmVenue:UnderwaterWorldSingaporeAdmission:$20peradult$10perchild(NoadmissionchargeforanyonewithaSentosaPlayPass)eandlistentostoryteller,DeniseTan,asshesharesstoriesaboutmarineanimalsandmarineconservationintheLivingFossilsHallfilledwithdisplaysofancientmarineanimals.PromotionsSentosaPlayPass1pass,1price,MOREPLAY!Playtoyourheart’scontentwithadaytriptoSentosa.EnjoygreatervalueatSentosawiththeSentosaPlayPassnow!Visit16attractionswithonepasstoenjoymorethan60%discountonadmissioncharges!VisitSentosapassformoreinformation.GetyourSentosaPlayPassatanySentosaticketingcountersorselectedTransitLinkticketoffices.Sentosa40thCelebrationSimplyspendaminimumof$40inasinglereceiptandstandachancetowinattractiveprizes!VisitSentosa40orcallJamesat64321789*Availableduringweekdaysfrom95pmatbugis,ChangiAirport,Chinatown,CityHallandOrchardstations.Somersetstationisopenfrom9am12(noon)onweekends.5．John,whoisaSentosaPlayPassholder,needn’tpayfortheactivitiesEXCEPT______.A．StorytellingesAlive B．ArtExcursionatSentosaC．BoogiewithCaptainPalawan D．StorytellingatUnderwaterWorldSingapore6．Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A．BoogiewithCaptainPalawanisanactivitythathappensdaily.B．DeniseTanwillshareherstoriesatImagesofSingaporeForecourt.C．StorytellingesAliveisrecognizedgloballyforitsengagingcontent.D．Youwillwinprizesifyouspendatleast$40inasinglereceiptatSentosa.7．OnaSaturdayat2pm,MrSmithandhisfamilywanttobuytheSentosaPlayPass.Heshouldgoto______.A．Bugisstation B．SomersetstationC．a(chǎn)nyTransitLinkticketoffice D．a(chǎn)nySentosaticketingoffice【答案】5．B6．C7．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了幾種在Sentosa舉辦的適合親子游玩的超大型活動(dòng)。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章ArtExcursionatSentosa部分中的“Admission:$120perchild(SentosaPlayPass:$90perchild)$360perfamily(SentosaPlayPass:$270perfamily)(門(mén)票：每個(gè)孩子120美元（SentosaPlayPass：每個(gè)孩子90美元）每個(gè)家庭360美元（SentasaPlayPass：每個(gè)家庭270美元）)”可知，ArtExcursionatSentosa活動(dòng)中，SentosaPlayPass的持有者是需要付費(fèi)的。故選B項(xiàng)。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章StorytellingesAlive!部分中“EnjoySUPERSIZEDactivitiesfortheentirefamilythisJuneatourinternationalawardwinninginteractiveevent,StoryTellingesAlive!Thisiswherethestorytellerusesagiantstorybook,puppetryandcharactersingalivetobringtheexcitingandfunstoriestolife.(今年6月，在我們的國(guó)際獲獎(jiǎng)互動(dòng)活動(dòng)“講故事活起來(lái)”上，全家一起享受超大型活動(dòng)！在這里，故事講述者使用一本巨大的故事書(shū)、木偶戲和栩栩如生的人物，將激動(dòng)人心的有趣故事栩栩如生)”可知，StorytellingesAlive活動(dòng)因其引人入勝的內(nèi)容得到全球的認(rèn)可，C項(xiàng)正確。故選C項(xiàng)。7．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章SentosaPlayPass部分中的“GetyourSentosaPlayPassatanySentosaticketingcountersorselectedTransitLinkticketoffices.(在Sentosa的任何售票柜臺(tái)或選定的TransitLink售票處領(lǐng)取您的SentosaPlayPass)”可知，顧客可以在任意時(shí)刻在Sentosa的任何售票柜臺(tái)領(lǐng)取SentosaPlayPass。故選D項(xiàng)。C篇說(shuō)明文（2023上·上海奉賢·高二?？计谥校㏑unningisoftentiringandalotofhardwork,butnothingbeatsthefeelingyougetafterfinishingalongworkoutaroundthetrack.Butwhileit’slongbeenbelievedthatendorphins(內(nèi)啡肽)—chemicalsinthebodythatcausehappiness—arebehindthesocalled“runner’shigh”,astudysuggestedthattheremaybemoretothisphenomenonthanwepreviouslyknew.AccordingtoarecentstudypublishedbyagroupofscientistsfromseveralGermanuniversities,agroupofchemicalscalledendocannabinoids(內(nèi)源性大麻素)mayactuallyberesponsibleforthisfamiliargreatfeeling.Totestthistheory,thescientiststurnedtomice.Bothmiceandhumansreleasehighlevelsofendorphinsandendocannabinoidsafterexercise.Afterexercisingonrunningwheels,themiceseemedhappyandrelaxedanddisplayednosignsofanxiety.Butafterbeinggivenadrugtoblocktheirendorphins,themice’sbehaviordidn’tseemtochange.However,whentheirendocannabinoidswereblockedwithadifferentdrug,theirrunners’highsymptomsseemedtofade.“Thelongheldnotionofendorphinsbeingresponsiblefortherunner’shighisfalse.Endorphinsareeffectivepainrelievers,butonlywhenitestothepaininyourbodyandmusclesyoufeelafterworkingout,”P(pán)atrickLucasAustinwroteonscienceblogLifchacker.Similarstudiesareyettobecarriedoutonhumans,butit’salreadyknownthatexerciseisahighlyeffectivewaytogetridofstressoranxiety.TheUK’sNationalHealthServiceevenprescribes(開(kāi)藥方)exercisetopatientswhoaresufferingfromdepression.“Beingdepressedcanleaveyoufeelinglowinenergy,whichmightputyouoffbeingmoreactive.Regularexercisecanimproveyourmoodifyouhavedepression,anditsespeciallyusefulforpeoplewithmildtomoderate(中等的)depression,”itwroteonitswebsite.Itseemslikenothingcanbeatthatfeelingwegetafteragoodworkout,evenifwedon’tfullyunderstandwhereitesfrom.Atleastifwe’refeelingdown,weknowthatallwehavetodoistoputonourrunningshoes.8．WhatdidscientistsfromGermanuniversitiesrecentlydiscover?A．Workingoutisahighlyeffectivewaytotreatdepression.B．Therunner’shighcouldbecausedbyendocannabinoids.C．Endorphinsmaycontributetoone’shighspiritsafterrunning.D．Thelevelofendorphinsandendocannabinoidscouldaffectone’smood.9．Whydidthescientistsgivemicedrugsintheirexperiment?A．Tofindwhatreducestherunner’shighsymptoms.B．Toseethespecificsymptomsoftherunner’shigh.C．Toidentifywhatisresponsiblefortherunner’shigh.D．Totestwhatinfluencesthelevelofendocannabinoidsreleased.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“notion”mean?A．Effect. B．Goal. C．Opinion. D．Question11．WhatcanweknowaboutregularworkoutsaccordingtotheUK’sNationalHealthService?A．Theycanhelpeasedepressionsymptoms.B．Theyarethebestwaytotreatdepression.C．Theyonlyworkforthosewithseriousdepression.D．Theycanhelppeoplepletelyrecoverfromdepression.【答案】8．B9．C10．C11．A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了研究表明跑步后人們會(huì)感覺(jué)很好，其真正的原因可能是內(nèi)源性大麻素。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Runningisoftentiringandalotofhardwork,butnothingbeatsthefeelingyougetafterfinishingalongworkoutaroundthetrack.(跑步通常很累，也需要很多艱苦的工作，但沒(méi)有什么能比得上你在賽道上完成長(zhǎng)時(shí)間鍛煉后的感覺(jué))”以及第三段“AccordingtoarecentstudypublishedbyagroupofscientistsfromseveralGermanuniversities,agroupofchemicalscalledendocannabinoidsmayactuallyberesponsibleforthisfamiliargreatfeeling.(根據(jù)德國(guó)幾所大學(xué)的一組科學(xué)家最近發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究，一組稱為內(nèi)源性大麻素的化學(xué)物質(zhì)實(shí)際上可能是這種熟悉的極好感覺(jué)的原因)”可知，跑步者的興奮可能是由內(nèi)源性大麻素引起的。故選B項(xiàng)。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“AccordingtoarecentstudypublishedbyagroupofscientistsfromseveralGermanuniversities,agroupofchemicalscalledendocannabinoidsmayactuallyberesponsibleforthisfamiliargreatfeeling.(根據(jù)德國(guó)幾所大學(xué)的一組科學(xué)家最近發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究，一組稱為內(nèi)源性大麻素的化學(xué)物質(zhì)實(shí)際上可能是這種熟悉的極好感覺(jué)的原因)”以及第四段“Bothmiceandhumansreleasehighlevelsofendorphinsandendocannabinoidsafterexercise.Afterexercisingonrunningwheels,themiceseemedhappyandrelaxedanddisplayednosignsofanxiety.Butafterbeinggivenadrugtoblocktheirendorphins,themice’sbehaviordidn’tseemtochange.However,whentheirendocannabinoidswereblockedwithadifferentdrug,theirrunners’highsymptomsseemedtofade.(老鼠和人類在運(yùn)動(dòng)后都會(huì)釋放出高水平的內(nèi)啡肽和內(nèi)源性大麻素。在轉(zhuǎn)輪上鍛煉后，老鼠看起來(lái)很開(kāi)心，很放松，沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出焦慮的跡象。但在服用了阻斷內(nèi)啡肽的藥物后，老鼠的行為似乎沒(méi)有改變。然而，當(dāng)它們的內(nèi)源性大麻素被另一種藥物阻斷時(shí)，它們跑步者的高癥狀似乎會(huì)消退)”可知，科學(xué)家們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)中給老鼠服用藥物，是為了找出使跑步者興奮的原因。故選C項(xiàng)。10．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第五段“Thelongheldnotionofendorphinsbeingresponsiblefortherunner’shighisfalse.Endorphinsareeffectivepainrelievers,butonlywhenitestothepaininyourbodyandmusclesyoufeelafterworkingout,(人們長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)認(rèn)為內(nèi)啡肽是導(dǎo)致跑步者興奮的原因，這種notion是錯(cuò)誤的。內(nèi)啡肽可以有效緩解疼痛，但只有在鍛煉后你的身體和肌肉感到疼痛時(shí)才有效)”可知，內(nèi)啡肽在人們鍛煉后身體和肌肉感到疼痛時(shí)才會(huì)起作用，說(shuō)明內(nèi)啡肽不會(huì)導(dǎo)致跑步者興奮，因此內(nèi)啡肽會(huì)導(dǎo)致跑步者興奮的觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的，推測(cè)劃線單詞notion表示“觀點(diǎn)”，與opinion同義。故選C項(xiàng)。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段“Regularexercisecanimproveyourmoodifyouhavedepression,anditsespeciallyusefulforpeoplewithmildtomoderate(中等的)depression,(如果你患有抑郁癥，定期鍛煉可以改善你的情緒，對(duì)輕度至中度抑郁癥患者尤其有用)”可知，定期鍛煉可以幫助緩解抑郁癥狀。故選A項(xiàng)。D篇議論文（2023上·上?！じ叨虾Ｊ行兄袑W(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）TheBritishMedicalJournalrecentlyfeaturedastrongresponsetowhatwasjudgedaninappropriatelylenientreactionbyamedicalschooltoastudentcheatinginanexamination.Althoughwehaveinsufficientreliabledataabouttheextentofthisphenomenon,itsprevention,oritseffectivemanagement,muchcanbeconcludedandactedupononthebasisofmonsenseandconceptswithfacevalidity.Thereisgeneralagreementthatthereshouldbezerotoleranceofcheatinginaprofessionbasedontrustandoneonwhichhumanlivesdepend.Itisreasonabletoassumethatcheatersinmedicalschoolwillbemorelikelythanotherstocontinuetoactdishonestlywithpatients,colleagues,insurers,andgovernment.Thebehaviorsunderquestionaremultifactorialinorigin.Therearefamilial,religious,andculturalvaluesthatareacquiredlongbeforemedicalschool.Forexample,countries,cultures,andsubculturesexistwherebribesanddishonestbehaviorarealmostanorm.Therearesecondaryschoolsinwhichneitherstaffnorstudentstoleratecheatingandotherswherecheatingisrampant;therearehomeswhichimbueyoungpeoplewithhighstandardsofethicalbehaviorandotherswhichleaveethicaltrainingtotheharmfulinfluenceoftelevisionandthemarketplace.Medicalschoolsreflectsocietyandcannotbeexpectedtoremedyalltheillsofasociety.Theselectionprocessofmedicalstudentsmightbeexpectedtofavorcandidateswithintegrityandpositiveethicalbehavior—ifonehadareliablemethodfordetectingsuchcharacteristicsinadvance.Medicalschoolsshouldbethemajorfocusofattentionforimbuingfuturedoctorswithintegrityandethicalsensitivity.Unfortunatelytherearetroubling,ifinconclusive,datathatsuggestthatduringmedicalschooltheethicalbehaviorofmedicalstudentsdoesnotnecessarilyimprove;indeed,moraldevelopmentmayactuallystoporevenregress.Thecreationofapervasiveinstitutionalcultureofintegrityisessential.Itiscriticalthattheacademicandclinicalleadersoftheinstitutionsetapersonalexampleofintegrity.Medicalschoolsmustmaketheirinstitutionalpositionandtheirexpectationsofstudentsabsolutelyclearfromdayone.Thedevelopmentofaschool’scultureofintegrityrequiresapartnershipwiththestudentsinwhichtheyplayanactiveroleinitscreationandnurturing.Moreover,theschool’sexaminationsystemandgeneraltreatmentofstudentsmustbeperceivedasfair.Finally,thetreatmentofinfractionsmustbefirm,fair,transparent,andconsistent.12．Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcheatinginmedicalschools?A．Extensiveresearchhasbeendoneaboutthisphenomenon.B．Wehavesufficientdatatoprovethatpreventionisfeasible.C．Wearesafetoconcludethatthisphenomenonexistsonagrandscale.D．Reliabledataabouttheextent,preventionandmanagementofthephenomenonislacking.13．Accordingtotheauthor,itisimportanttopreventcheatinginmedicalschoolsbecause____________.A．Themedicalprofessionisbasedontrust.B．Thereiszerotoleranceofcheatinginmedicine.C．Themedicalprofessiondependsonthegovernment.D．Cheatingexistsextensivelyinmedicalschools.14．Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthecause(s)ofcheating?A．F