清教徒主義和浪漫主義英文介紹

PuritanismII.Puritans&PuritanisminfluencedheavilybyCalvinismtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpracticesinthechurchforreligiousfreedomanddetermination

forgreatereconomicopportunity,forland,andforadventure

extremelydisciplinedandhardstressedhardwork,thrift,pietyandsobriety(清醒，嚴(yán)肅，節(jié)制)III.Calvinism:TULIP

(bytheacronym)T:TotalhereditarydepravityU:Unconditionalelection1.人人生而有罪〔亞當(dāng)是人類(lèi)的始祖，亞當(dāng)?shù)膲櫬浔厝唤o全人類(lèi)蒙上污點(diǎn)，無(wú)人得以幸免〕2.上帝選擇有限〔盡管上帝是仁慈寬宏的，其被選之民數(shù)量有限，也就是說(shuō)，絕非人人得以獲救，能得到拯救的只是極少數(shù)〕L:LimitedatonementI:IrresistiblegracePPerseveranceofthesaints3.基督拯救有限〔即使是耶穌基督之死，其鮮血也不能拯救全人類(lèi)〕4.恩惠不由索取〔上帝的恩惠，降臨時(shí)候不可阻擋，期盼它也不一定能得到〕5.圣徒保佑清教〔但是，天上的眾圣徒對(duì)地上的清教徒格外的照顧〕IV.TheInfluenceofAmericanPuritanismonAmericanLiteratureThematically,AmericanliteratureisingoodmeasurealiteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismoftheAmericanPuritanbequest〔遺產(chǎn)，遺贈(zèng)物〕.TheAmericanPuritan’smetaphorical〔比喻性的〕modeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeing〔使產(chǎn)生〕aliterarysymbolism.Technically,thestyleisfresh,simple,anddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest.清教主義牧師堅(jiān)信移民北美是上帝“垂青〞予他們的重演圣經(jīng)中猶太人經(jīng)歷的時(shí)機(jī)，是上帝在其中展示力量和偉大的事件。為了語(yǔ)言征服聽(tīng)眾，布道文必須措辭明快，推論合理，形象生動(dòng)，氣勢(shì)逼人，這就使布道文在宣傳清教主義思想的同時(shí)，帶上了相當(dāng)?shù)奈膶W(xué)色彩。清教主義崇尚率直簡(jiǎn)明，反對(duì)濫用辭藻，這本身也是一種文學(xué)特色。布道中大量使用比喻，排比、平行、類(lèi)比等修辭，更增添了文學(xué)意味。AmericanRomanticismGeneralIntroductionTheromanticperiodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofgrass.ItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliteratureanditisalsocalled“AmericanRenaissance〞.generalcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualism,andintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.I.CharacteristicsofRomanticismRomanticismisarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.

Romanticistsaffirmtheinnerlifeoftheself,andwanteachpersontobefreetodevelopandexpresshisowninnerthoughts.Theybelievethatthefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsaremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsenseandthatonecouldfindtruththroughone’sfeelings.

2.RomanticiststhinkthattheworldisnotatickingwatchmadebyGodbutaliving,breathingbeing.Theyviewnature

asasourceofvividphysicalbeautyandasamanifestationofspiritintheuniverse.Theystressthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.3.Theyemphasizeindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.

Theyseetheindividualattheverycenteroflifeandart.Theyemphasizepersonalfreedomandfreedomfromformalism(形式主義),tradition,andconformity.4.Theycherishstronginterestinthepast,(esp.themedieval),thewild,irregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrange.TheylookatIndiansasinnocentandclosetonatureandthereforecloseintouchwithGod.

5.Theyareinterestedinvariety.Typicalliteraryformsofromanticismincludeballad,lyric,sentimentalcomedy,problemnovel,historicalnovel,gothicromance,metricalromance,sonnetandcriticalessay.III.GeneralFeaturesoftheWritingsofAmericanRomanticism:

Asalogicresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,AmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.Foreigninfluencesaddincentive〔刺激，誘因〕tothegrowthofRomanticisminAmerica.ManyEnglishandEuropeanmastersofpoetryandproseallmakeastimulatingimpactonthedifferentdepartmentsofthecountry’sliterature,e.g.

SirWalterScottTheinfluenceofSirWalterScottisparticularlypowerfulandenduring.HisbordertalesandWaverlyromancesinspiremanyAmericanauthorssuchasJamesFenimoreCooperwithirresistiblecreativeimpulses.Scottwas,inaway,responsiblefortheromanticdescriptionoflandscapeinAmericanliterature.RobertBurnsandByronbothinspireandspurtheAmericanimaginationforlyricsofloveandpassionanddespair.ThusAmericanromanticismisinawayderivative:Americanromanticwritingis,someofthem,modeledonEnglishandEuropeanworks.imitative/foreigninfluencesAmericanRomanticismexhibitfromtheverybeginningdistinctfeaturesofitsown.1.Itoriginatedfromanamalgam〔混合物〕offactorsthatwerealtogetherAmericanratherthananythingelse.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience〞and“analienquality,〞e.g.,American“pioneering〞intothewestromancesandsketchesaboutfrontierlifeandIndians

Independent/distinctfeatures2.Puritaninfluence

overAmericanRomanticismisconspicuouslynoticeable.

(AmericanmoralvaluesareessentiallyPuritan.PublicopinionsareoverwhelminglyPuritan;thePuritanatmosphereofthenationpredominantlyconditioned<制約，限制>sociallifeandculturaltaste.)AmericanRomanticauthorstendmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeanbrothers.Americanromanticwritersintendedtoedify(教育、啟迪)morethantheyentertained.

The“newness〞ofAmericansasanationTheiridealsofindividualismandpoliticalequality,andtheirdreamthatAmericaistobeanewGardenofEdenformanaredistinctlyAmerican.Andtheirveryexistenceinanyforminthemindsofthepeopledoprobablyproduceafeelingof“newness〞,afeelingstrongenoughtoinspiretheromanticimaginationandchannelitintoadifferentveinofwriting.Henceromanticistsundertooktorepresenttheirpeoplewiththesenseofmissioninthenewworld.Intheme,Americanromanticists’favoritethemesinclude“home,familyandchildren,nature,andidealizedlove〞,buttheyexhibitanapparentapathy〔漠然，冷漠〕tothemajorproblemsofAmericanlifelikethewestwardexpansionanddemocracyandequality.Intechniquetheylovetraditionalmetersandstanzaforms.InlanguagetheirEnglishisusuallyBritish.Theirmetaphorsaresometimesstereotypedandtheirsymbolismtendstobeexplicitandsuperficial.Featuresinthemeandtechnique

英國(guó)是最早出現(xiàn)浪漫主義文學(xué)的國(guó)家之一。英國(guó)的浪漫主義作家不滿于資本主義城市文明的開(kāi)展，具有憤世嫉俗、歸隱自然的傾向。18世紀(jì)中后期的詩(shī)人羅伯特·彭斯〔1759年－1796年〕和威廉·布萊克〔1757年－1827年〕是浪漫主義文學(xué)的先驅(qū)，他們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)詩(shī)歌文體和語(yǔ)言上做出了很多可貴的嘗試。彭斯從蘇格蘭民歌中吸取養(yǎng)料，其?蘇格蘭方言詩(shī)集?擅長(zhǎng)抒情和挖苦，語(yǔ)言通俗；布萊克的?天真之歌?、?經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌?那么具有象征意義和神秘色彩，在20世紀(jì)大放異彩，影響了整個(gè)現(xiàn)代英詩(shī)。

然而，英國(guó)浪漫主義第一批真正的大師那么是被稱(chēng)為“湖畔派〞的三位詩(shī)人。威廉·華茲華斯〔1770年－1850年〕是湖畔派詩(shī)人中成就最高者，他與“湖畔派〞另一詩(shī)人薩繆爾·柯勒律治〔1772年－1834年〕共同出版?抒情歌謠集?，成為英國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué)的奠基之作。詩(shī)集中收錄的詩(shī)歌大局部為華茲華斯所做，而柯勒律治的名詩(shī)?古舟子詠?和?忽必烈漢?亦收入其中，充滿幻覺(jué)和奇譎的意象。然而華茲華斯這一時(shí)期最重要的作品那么是長(zhǎng)詩(shī)?序曲?。騷塞的詩(shī)歌極富古之幽情，與世俗格格不入。湖畔派三位詩(shī)人均蟄居于英國(guó)西北湖區(qū)，緬懷中世紀(jì)和宗法式的鄉(xiāng)村生活，是浪漫主義文學(xué)中溫婉清麗的代表。

喬治·拜倫〔1788年－1824年〕和雪萊〔1792年－1822年〕兩位詩(shī)人將英國(guó)的浪漫主義文學(xué)推向頂峰。他們和湖畔派詩(shī)人的不同之處在于其作品更具戰(zhàn)斗意識(shí)和政治傾向。雪萊的代表作?解放了的普羅米修斯?通過(guò)神話描寫(xiě)被壓迫的人民的苦難和暴君的必然下場(chǎng)，預(yù)言革命一定會(huì)到來(lái)。他的短詩(shī)?西風(fēng)頌?、?致云雀?等音韻鏗鏘，更有“冬天如果來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎？〞等名句傳世。拜倫是19世紀(jì)上半期最為著名的浪漫主義詩(shī)人，他一生游歷各地，其詩(shī)作充滿異域情調(diào)。代表作?唐璜?是對(duì)資本主義制度的一場(chǎng)深入骨髓的檢閱，發(fā)人深省。在歐洲，拜倫成為一種文化現(xiàn)象。人們把孤獨(dú)、悲壯、崇尚個(gè)人式對(duì)抗的浪漫主義者形象稱(chēng)為“拜倫式英雄〞。拜倫晚年投身于希臘的民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)，并最終因傷寒而死于希臘戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。

英國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué)的代表人物還包括約翰·濟(jì)慈〔1795年－1821年〕。他的創(chuàng)作生涯只有5年，卻寫(xiě)出了著名的抒情詩(shī)?夜鶯頌?和?希臘古甕頌?，沉醉于古代世界田園牧歌的美景之中。瓦爾特·司各特〔1771年－1823年〕以創(chuàng)作小說(shuō)為主，?艾凡赫?以12世紀(jì)的英國(guó)為背景，塑造綠林英雄羅賓漢的形象，他是歐洲歷史小說(shuō)的創(chuàng)始人。

由于美國(guó)和歐洲在歷史、文化上的種種不同，以歐洲通行的文學(xué)流派的概念來(lái)衡量美國(guó)文學(xué)的開(kāi)展實(shí)際上并不十分準(zhǔn)確。但由于美國(guó)文學(xué)也是整個(gè)西方文學(xué)的一個(gè)局