綜合英語教學(xué)課件

Contents123456ActiveReading2Workinpairs.Readthequotationsabouthistoryanddiscusswhichyoulikebest,andwhy?

Whocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefuture;whocontrolsthepresentcontrolsthepast.

—GeorgeOrwell,Britishnovelistandessayist

Thosewhofailtolearnfromhistoryaredoomedtorepeatit.

—WinstonChurchill,Britishstatesmanandwriter

Historywillbekindtome,forIintendtowriteit.—WinstonChurchill,Britishstatesmanandwriter

WarmingUp

Hegelsayssomewherethatallgreateventsandpersonalitiesinworldhistoryreappearinonefashionoranother.Heforgottoadd:thefirsttimeastragedy,thesecondasfarce.—KarlMarx,Germanphilosopher,socialistandrconomist

Thatmendonotlearnverymuchfromthelessonsofhistoryisthemostimportantofallthelessonsthathistoryhastoteach.

—AldousHuxley,BritishnovelistandcriticWarmingUp

Whocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefuture;whocontrolsthepresentcontrolsthepast.

—GeorgeOrwell,BritishnovelistandessayistIliketheOrwellquote:Itissoneatlybalancedanditistrue.Ifyoucontrolthewaypeopleseehistory,youcancontrol(oratleastinfluencestrongly)howtheyactandwhatwillhappen.Thoseinpowertodaycancontrolhowhistoryiswritten.WarmingUpThosewhofailtolearnfromhistoryaredoomedtorepeatit.

—WinstonChurchill,BritishstatesmanandwriterThisisanimpressivewarning–ifwedonotlearnfromhistorywewillkeeponmakingthesamemistakes.AtleastinthelastworldeconomiccrisisgovernmentslearntfromtheGreatDepressionandadopteddifferentpoliciestodealwiththecrisis.Historywillbekindtome,forIintendtowriteit.—WinstonChurchill,BritishstatesmanandwriterThisoneisveryamusing–ChurchillthehistoriancangiveChurchillthestatesmanagoodimage!WarmingUpHegelsayssomewherethatallgreateventsandpersonalitiesinworldhistoryreappearinonefashionoranother.Heforgottoadd:thefirsttimeastragedy,thesecondasfarce.

—KarlMarx,Germanphilosopher,socialistandeconomistThe19th-centuryGermanphilosopherHegelsawhistoryasaprogressiverealizationofhiddenprinciplesdrivinghumanityforwardfromprimitivebeginningstohighcivilization.MarxinhiscommentwasparticularlycriticizingtheSecondFrenchEmpireofNapoleonIII,towhichMarxwasdeeplyopposed.WarmingUpInhiseyes,NapoleonI’sempiremayhavehadglory,butNapoleonIII’swascorruptanddishonorable.I

don’treallythinkthatisparticularlytrue–istheFrenchRevolutionatragedyandtheRussianoneafarce?

Surelynot.WarmingUpThatmendonotlearnverymuchfromthelessonsofhistoryisthemostimportantofallthelessonsthathistoryhastoteach.

—AldousHuxley,BritishnovelistandcriticHuxleyisverycynical,butIliketheparadoxicalstyle.Ofcourse,hemayberight–notwosetsofeventsare

eversimilarenoughforthelessonsfromonetoapplyto

another.WarmingUpTextBackgroundinformationGotothetextBackgroundinformation

ThepassageisanextractfromthebookWhatIsHistory?bytheBritishhistorianEdwardHallettCarr

(1892–1982).Carrwasbestknownforhis14-volumehistoryoftheSovietUnion,inwhichheprovidedan

accountofSoviethistoryfrom1917to1929,forhiswritingsoninternationalrelations,andforhisbook

WhatIsHistory?,inwhichhelaidouthistoriographicalprinciplesrejectingtraditionalhistoricalmethods

andpractices.TextTextThebookdiscusseshistory,facts,thebiasofhistorians,science,morality,individualsandsociety,and

moraljudgmentsinhistory.ItoriginatedinaseriesoflecturesgivenbyCarrin1961attheUniversityof

Cambridge.

TheHistorianandHisFacts1Whatisahistoricalfact?Thisisacrucialquestionintowhichwemustlookalittlemoreclosely.Accordingtothecommon-senseview,therearecertainbasicfactswhicharethesameforallhistoriansandwhichform,sotospeak,thebackboneofhistory–thefact,forexample,thattheBattleofHastingswasfoughtin1066.Butthisviewcallsfortwoobservations.Inthefirstplace,itisnotwithfactslikethesethatthehistorianisprimarilyconcerned.Itisnodoubtimportanttoknowthatthegreatbattlewasfoughtin1066andnotin1065or1067,andthatitwasfoughtatHastingsandnotatEastbourneorBrighton.TextThehistorianmustnotgetthesethingswrong.Butwhenpointsofthiskindareraised,IamremindedofHousman'sremarkthat"accuracyisaduty,notavirtue".Topraiseahistorianforhisaccuracyislikepraisinganarchitectforusingwell-seasoned

timberorproperlymixedconcreteinhisbuilding.Itisanecessaryconditionofhiswork,butnothisessentialfunction.Itispreciselyformattersofthiskindthatthehistorianisentitledtorelyonwhathavebeencalledthe"auxiliarysciences"ofhistory–archaeology,epigraphy,numismatics,chronology,andsoforth.Text

Thehistorianisnotrequiredtohavethespecialskillswhichenabletheexperttodeterminetheoriginandperiodofafragmentofpotteryormarble,todecipheranobscureinscription,ortomaketheelaborate

astronomicalcalculationsnecessarytoestablishaprecisedate.Theseso-calledbasicfactswhicharethesameforallhistorianscommonlybelongtothecategoryoftherawmaterialsofthehistorianratherthanofhistoryitself.Text

Thesecondobservationisthatthenecessitytoestablishthesebasicfactsrestsnotonanyqualityinthefactsthemselves,butonanaprioridecisionofthehistorian.InspiteofC.P.Scott'smotto,everyjournalistknowstodaythatthemosteffectivewaytoinfluenceopinionisbytheselectionandarrangementoftheappropriatefacts.Itusedtobesaidthatfactsspeakforthemselves.Thisis,ofcourse,untrue.Thefactsspeakonlywhenthehistoriancallsonthem:Itishewhodecidestowhichfactstogivethefloor,andinwhatorderorcontext.TextItwas,Ithink,oneofPirandello'scharacterswhosaidthatafactislikeasack–itwon'tstanduptillyou'veputsomethinginit.TheonlyreasonwhyweareinterestedtoknowthatthebattlewasfoughtatHastingsin1066isthathistoriansregarditasamajorhistoricalevent.TextItisthehistorianwhohasdecidedforhisownreasonsthatCaesar'scrossingofthatpettystream,theRubicon,isafactofhistory,whereasthecrossingoftheRubiconbymillionsofotherpeoplebeforeorsinceinterestsnobodyatall.Thefactthatyouarrivedinthisbuildinghalfanhouragoonfoot,oronabicycle,orinacar,isjustasmuchafactaboutthepastasthefactthatCaesarcrossedtheRubicon.TextButitwillprobablybeignoredbyhistorians.ProfessorTalcottParsonsoncecalledscience"aselectivesystemofcognitiveorientationstoreality".Itmightperhapshavebeenputmoresimply.Buthistoryis,amongotherthings,that.Thehistorianisnecessarilyselective.Thebeliefinahardcoreofhistoricalfactsexistingobjectivelyandindependentlyoftheinterpretationofthehistorianisapreposterousfallacy,butonewhichitisveryhardtoeradicate.Text2 Letustakealookattheprocessbywhichamerefactaboutthepastistransformedintoafactofhistory.AtStalybridgeWakesin1850,avendorofgingerbread,astheresultofsomepettydispute,wasdeliberatelykickedtodeathbyanangrymob.Isthisafactofhistory?AyearagoIshouldunhesitatinglyhavesaid"no".Itwasrecordedbyaneyewitnessinsomelittle-knownmemoirs;butIhadneverseenitjudgedworthyofmentionbyanyhistorian.TextAyearagoDr.KitsonClarkciteditinhisFordlecturesinOxford.Doesthismakeitintoahistoricalfact?Not,Ithink,yet.Itspresentstatus,Isuggest,isthatithasbeenproposedformembershipoftheselectclubofhistoricalfacts.Itnowawaitsaseconderandsponsors.Itmaybethatinthecourseofthenextfewyearsweshallseethisfactappearingfirstinfootnotes,theninthetext,ofarticlesandbooksabout19th-centuryEngland,andthatin20or30years'timeitmaybeawell-establishedhistoricalfact.TextAlternatively,nobodymaytakeitup,inwhichcaseitwillrelapseintothelimboofunhistoricalfactsaboutthepastfromwhichDr.KitsonClarkhasgallantlyattemptedtorescueit.Whatwilldecidewhichofthesetwothingswillhappen?Itwilldepend,Ithink,onwhetherthethesisorinterpretationinsupportofwhichDr.KitsonClarkcitedthisincidentisacceptedbyotherhistoriansasvalidandsignificant.Itsstatusasahistoricalfactwillturnonaquestionofinterpretation.Thiselementofinterpretationentersintoeveryfactofhistory.Text歷史學(xué)家與史實(shí)

1

什么是史實(shí)？我們必須進(jìn)一步深入地審視這個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問題。按照一般的常識(shí)判斷，確定的基本事實(shí)對(duì)所有歷史學(xué)家都是一樣的，可以說，這些事實(shí)構(gòu)成了歷史的基石——比如黑斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役發(fā)生在1066年。但是有必要針對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)提出兩點(diǎn)評(píng)論意見。首先，歷史學(xué)家首先關(guān)注的并不是這樣的事實(shí)。當(dāng)然，了解這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)毫無疑問是很重要的，即那場(chǎng)偉大的戰(zhàn)役發(fā)生在1066年，而不是1065年或1067年，發(fā)生在黑斯廷斯而不是在伊斯特本或是布賴頓。Text歷史學(xué)家在這樣的事實(shí)上不能出錯(cuò)。但是當(dāng)人們提出這樣的看法時(shí)，我想起了豪斯曼說過的話“準(zhǔn)確是本分，而并非美德”。贊揚(yáng)一位歷史學(xué)家所采用的史料準(zhǔn)確，就像稱贊建筑師蓋房子時(shí)用的木材干燥、混凝土調(diào)配得當(dāng)一樣。準(zhǔn)確是他工作的必要條件，但不是他的基本職能。正是在這類事情上，歷史學(xué)家可以依靠像考古學(xué)、銘文學(xué)、錢幣學(xué)、年代學(xué)等等這些被稱為歷史“輔助科學(xué)”的學(xué)科。Text歷史學(xué)家不需要掌握特殊的技能去確定陶瓷或大理石殘片的起源與斷代、去解讀一段意義隱晦的銘文的含義、或是為確定一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的日期而進(jìn)行繁復(fù)的天文計(jì)算。這些所謂的基本事實(shí)對(duì)所有的歷史學(xué)家來說都是一樣的，它們是歷史學(xué)家可用的原始素材，而非歷史本身。Text

我要說的第二點(diǎn)是，是否需要確定這些基本的事實(shí)并不取決于這些事實(shí)本身，而是取決于歷史學(xué)家事先做出的判斷。盡管C.P.

斯科特的那句箴言深入人心（譯者注：斯科特的箴言Commentisfree,butfactsaresacred.“事實(shí)不可歪曲，評(píng)述大可自由”），但是現(xiàn)在每一名新聞?dòng)浾叨贾酪绊懘蟊娸浾?，最有效的方式就是?duì)特定的事實(shí)進(jìn)行選擇和剪接。人們以前常說事實(shí)不言自明。這種說法顯然是錯(cuò)誤的，歷史事實(shí)只是在歷史學(xué)家用到時(shí)才會(huì)不言自明。哪些事實(shí)可以現(xiàn)身說法，以及這些事實(shí)以什么樣的順序或是在什么樣的情景中出現(xiàn)，都是由歷史學(xué)家來決定的。Text

我記得皮蘭德婁筆下的一個(gè)人物曾經(jīng)說過：事實(shí)就像一個(gè)麻袋——不塞點(diǎn)東西進(jìn)去就立不起來。我們之所以對(duì)1066年發(fā)生在黑斯廷斯的戰(zhàn)役感興趣，其唯一的原因就是歷史學(xué)家把這一戰(zhàn)役看作是一個(gè)重大的歷史事件。Text

歷史學(xué)家依照自己的推斷，認(rèn)為凱撒穿越那條小河——盧比孔河——是一個(gè)史實(shí)，但沒有人對(duì)在他之前或是之后幾百萬其他人穿過這條河的舉動(dòng)感興趣。你半個(gè)小時(shí)之前或徒步、或騎車或開車來到這座大樓，這件事和當(dāng)年凱撒渡過盧比孔河一樣都是一個(gè)關(guān)于過去的客觀事實(shí)。Text

但是歷史學(xué)家不太可能會(huì)去注意你到達(dá)這座大樓這件事。塔爾科特·帕森斯教授曾經(jīng)把科學(xué)稱為“對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)認(rèn)知取向的一種選擇性體系”。這一點(diǎn)或許可以用更簡(jiǎn)單的話來表述。但是歷史的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)就是它的選擇性。歷史學(xué)家必然要選擇史實(shí)。有人堅(jiān)信史實(shí)是確實(shí)存在的，是客觀的，不為歷史家的闡釋而左右。這種見解非常荒謬，但卻難以根除。Text

2

現(xiàn)在讓我們來看一下一個(gè)關(guān)于過去的事實(shí)是怎樣變成史實(shí)的。1850年，在斯泰利布里奇的守護(hù)神節(jié)那天，一個(gè)賣姜餅的小販因?yàn)橐稽c(diǎn)小事兒與人發(fā)生口角，最后被一群憤怒的暴民故意活活踢死。這是一個(gè)史實(shí)嗎？要是在一年前，我肯定會(huì)毫不猶豫地說“不是”。這件事被一個(gè)目擊者記載在了一本鮮為人知的回憶錄中，但是我從來沒有聽到哪位歷史學(xué)家提及此事。Text

但是一年前，基特森·克拉克博士在牛津大學(xué)的福特系列講座上提到了這件事。這樣它就變成史實(shí)了嗎？我想還沒有。我認(rèn)為，在這個(gè)對(duì)入會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定的史實(shí)俱樂部里，這個(gè)事件現(xiàn)在的地位相當(dāng)于候選會(huì)員。它現(xiàn)在正在等待附議者和擔(dān)保人。也許在接下來的幾年中，我們會(huì)看到這個(gè)事實(shí)首先出現(xiàn)在關(guān)于19世紀(jì)英國(guó)的文章和書籍的腳注當(dāng)中，然后可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)在正文中。再過二三十年，它也許就是一個(gè)確定無疑的史實(shí)了。Text

另外還有一種可能，那就是再也沒人提起這件事。這樣它就會(huì)重新被湮沒在關(guān)于過去的那些非歷史的事實(shí)堆中而被人遺忘，而基特森·克拉克博士拯救它的英勇努力也就付之東流了。這兩種可能性哪一種會(huì)發(fā)生呢？又取決于什么呢？我想這取決于其他歷史學(xué)家是否認(rèn)為基特森·克拉克博士引用這個(gè)事件來證明的論點(diǎn)或者闡釋言之有據(jù)，并且具有重大意義。這個(gè)事件作為史實(shí)的地位取決于歷史學(xué)家的闡釋。而任何一個(gè)史實(shí)都包含闡釋的成分。TextWords&Phraseshistorianobservationseasontimberauxiliaryarchaeologyepigraphymottoa

prioriastronomicalelaborateinscriptiondeciphermarbledisputegingerbreadvendoreradicatefallacyobjectivelyorientationnumismaticschronologyfragmentpettyfloorselectioneyewitnessunhesitatinglymobWords&PhrasesproposeseconderfootnotealternativelyrelapselimbounhistoricalgallantlyinthefirstplacerestonamongotherthingstakeupWords&PhrasestheBattleofHastings

黑斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役Eastbourne

伊斯特本Brighton

布賴頓（英格蘭東南部城市）Housman豪斯曼C.P.ScottC.P.

斯科特Pirandello皮蘭德婁theRubicon

盧比孔河（意大利北部）TalcottParsons

塔爾科特·帕森斯Stalybridge

斯泰利布里奇（英國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)）KitsonClark

基特森·克拉克historiann.

[C]someonewhostudiesorwritesabouteventsinhistory歷史學(xué)家e.g.1.

Historiansshouldstriveafterobjectivity.

歷史學(xué)家應(yīng)當(dāng)力求做到客觀。

2.

SimaQian(145-86BC)wassuchanextensivelytraveledWesternHanhistorian.

司馬遷(公元前145-公元前86年)就是這樣的一位曾四處游歷的西漢歷史學(xué)家。Wordfamily:

historic,historicala.

history

n.Words&Phrasesobservation

n.

[C,U]1)[C]awrittenorspokencommentaboutsth.thatyouhaveseen,heard,orfelt

評(píng)述；評(píng)論；言論e.g.ShemadeseveralexcellentobservationsinheressayonCharlesDickens.

她在關(guān)于查爾斯?狄更斯的論文中發(fā)表過一些非常好的評(píng)論。

2)[U]

theprocessofwatchingsb.orsth.carefully,inordertofindsth.out注意；觀察；觀測(cè)e.g.She’sbeenadmittedtohospitalforobservation.

她被收進(jìn)醫(yī)院進(jìn)行觀察。Wordfamily:

observev.Words&Phrasesseasonvt.

allowwoodtodrysothatitisreadytobeused

對(duì)（木材）進(jìn)行風(fēng)干處理e.g.1.

Thecarpentertaughtushowtoseasonwood.

這位木匠教我們?cè)鯓訉?duì)木材進(jìn)行干燥處理。2.

Thetimberhasseasonedwell.

這木材現(xiàn)在已干燥可用了。Words&Phrasestimber

n.

[U]woodusedforbuildinghousesormakingfurniture

木材；木料e.g.1.

Thetimberhasstartedtodecay.

木材已開始腐爛。2.Seasonedtimberdoesnotwarp.經(jīng)干燥處理的木材不會(huì)翹曲。3.Theyaredecoratingtheirnewhouse,andneedsomesurfaced/dressedtimber.他們?cè)谘b修新房子，需要一些刨光木材。Words&Phrasesauxiliary

a.

providingsupplementaryoradditionalhelpandsupport

輔助的e.g.1.

anauxiliaryverb

助動(dòng)詞

2.

Scienceandtechnologyareauxiliarytoeachother.

科學(xué)和技術(shù)是相輔相成的。3.

Wehaveanauxiliarygeneratorincaseofpowercuts.我們有一臺(tái)備用發(fā)電機(jī)，以防斷電時(shí)使用。Words&Phrasesarchaeology

n.

[U]

thestudyofancientsocieties,donebylookingattools,bones,buildings,andotherthingsfromthattimethathavebeenfound考古學(xué)e.g.1.

I'mafraidarchaeologyjustisn'tmycupoftea.

恐怕考古根本不合我的胃口。2.Thenewspaperarticlewakedmyinterestinarchaeology.

報(bào)紙上的文章激起了我對(duì)考古學(xué)的興趣。Wordfamily:archaeological

a.

archaeologist

n.

Words&Phrasesepigraphy

n.

[U]

thestudyofancientinscriptions;sphragistics

碑銘學(xué)，碑銘研究；金石學(xué)e.g.1.

Heawell-knownancientwritingscholarandaspecialistinepigraphyinthecapitalcity.他是京城有名的古文字學(xué)者、金石學(xué)家。2.Anotedscholarofepigraphysuggestedthattheseculturalrelicsbesenttotheprovincialcapitalforpreservation.

一位碑銘學(xué)者建議把這些文物運(yùn)到省城保管。Words&Phrasesnumismatics

n.

[U]

thestudyandcollectionofcoinsandmedals

錢幣學(xué)e.g.1.Asanemergingsubject,thesubjectofnumismaticsneedtobeperfectedinitstheoryandmethod.錢幣學(xué)作為一門新興的學(xué)科門類，其學(xué)科理論、研究方法還有待進(jìn)一步完善。2.Iamaspeculatorinrarities,andIhavedealingswithpersonsinterestedinnumismaticsallovertheworld.

我是做精品生意的商人，我和全世界各地?zé)嶂藻X幣收藏的人們有生意往來。

Words&Phraseschronology

n.

[U]

thescienceofdiscoveringthedatesandtimesofhistoricalevents

年代學(xué)e.g.1.

Idon’tlikethatnovel.It’sahistoricalnovelthattakeslibertieswithchronology.

我不喜歡那部小說，那是一部隨便改變年代順序的歷史小說。

2.Heiswritingaresearchpaperonthechronologyoftheearth'shistoryasdeterminedbygeologicevents. 他正在寫一篇以地質(zhì)事件測(cè)定的地質(zhì)歷史年代學(xué)的論文。Wordfamily:

chronological

a.Words&Phrasesfragmentn.[C]1)asmallpieceofalargerobjectthathasbroken,oftenintoalotofpieces碎片；碎塊e.g.TheyhavefoundseveralfragmentsofaRomanvaseinthearea.

在這一地區(qū)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只羅馬瓷瓶的碎片。2)anisolatedorpletepartofsth.片斷，片段；不完整的部分e.g.Iheardonlyafragmentoftheirconversation.

我只聽到他們談話的只言片語。Wordfamily:fragmentala.Words&Phrasesmarble

n.

[U]

ahardsmoothstoneusedforbuildingandmakingstatues.Marbleisusuallywhitewithdarklinesthatarenotregularinshape

大理石e.g.1.

Thereisamarblestatueonthecornerofthestreet.

街的拐角處就有一座大理石雕塑。2.Thehotelistraditionallyfurnishedwithmarblefloors.這家旅館鋪設(shè)傳統(tǒng)的大理石地面。3.Hehasaheartofmarble.

他有一副鐵石心腸。Words&Phrasesdecipher

v.

1)

succeedinreadinguntidyorcarelesswriting

辨認(rèn)（潦草的字跡）e.g.Ican'tdecipherwhatisinscribedonthepillar.

我認(rèn)不出刻在柱子上的是什么。2)succeedinunderstandingthemeaningofsth.writteninasecretsystemoflettersorsymbolscalledacode破譯e.g.Researchersaregraduallydecipheringthegeneticstructurefoundinthecellsoforganisms.

研究者正漸漸破譯存于有機(jī)體細(xì)胞內(nèi)的基因結(jié)構(gòu)。Words&Phrasesinscriptionn.

[C]

apieceofwritingwrittenorcutonorinsth.,especiallyasarecordofanachievementorinordertohonor題詞；題名；銘文e.g.1.

TherewasaninscriptioninChinesecharactersoverthearch.

牌樓上有漢字題字。2.Theinscriptiononthecoinhaswornaway.

鑄造在硬幣上的文字已經(jīng)磨損。

Words&Phraseselaborate

a.&vi.

1)

a.

verydetailedandcomplicated

詳盡的；復(fù)雜的e.g.Iwasgreatlyshockedatthelongandelaboratemisrepresentation.

我對(duì)這長(zhǎng)期的、精心編造的欺騙感到極其震驚。

2)vi.

(~on)givemoredetailsorinformationaboutsomething詳盡說明e.g.Youunderstandthesituation;Ineedn’telaborateonitanyfurther.

你對(duì)情況是了解的，我不必再進(jìn)一步詳談了。Wordfamily:

elaboration

n.Words&Phrasesastronomicala.relatingtothescientificstudyofthestarsandplanets

天文學(xué)的e.g.1.

Light-yearisanastronomicalunit.

光年是一個(gè)天文單位。2.HewasanexpertonancientChineseastronomicalliterature.

他是研究中國(guó)古代天文學(xué)文獻(xiàn)的專家。Wordfamily:

astronomyn. astronomern.

Words&Phrasesapriori

a.(fml)

usingknowledgeorexperiencethatyoualreadyhaveinordertomakeajudgmentordecision

按經(jīng)驗(yàn)推斷（的）；先驗(yàn)（的）e.g.Itwasan

apriorispeculationuponquestionsthatareunanswerabletoscientificobservation,analysis,orexperiment這是對(duì)于通過科學(xué)觀察、分析或?qū)嶒?yàn)無法解決的問題進(jìn)行的高深莫測(cè)的推理。Words&Phrasesmotto

n.

[C]

ashortstatementthatexpressessth.suchasaprincipleoranaim,oftenusedasastatementofbeliefbyanorganizationorindividual

座右銘；箴言；格言e.g.1.

Themotto"InGodWeTrust"isprintedonAmericancoins.

美國(guó)的硬幣上刻有一句銘言:“我們相信上帝?！?.

“Doeverythinginmoderationandnothingtoexcess”washismottoforahappyandhealthylife.

“凡事節(jié)制勿過度”是他追求愉快、健康生活的座右銘。Words&Phrasesselection

n.

[C,U]

theprocessofchoosingonepersonorthingfromagroup

選擇；選拔e.g.1.

Welefttheselectionoftheteamtothecaptain.

我們把挑選隊(duì)員的工作交給了隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。2.

It’sworthtakingthetimetomakeacarefulselection.值得花時(shí)間仔細(xì)挑選。Wordfamily:

select

v. selectivea.Words&Phrasesfloor

n.

[sing]

aplacewherediscussionsordebatestakeplace,especiallyinaparliament

（常指會(huì)議的）議席takethefloor

=starttalkinginadiscussionordebatee.g.Thechairmantookthefloor.

主席開始了討論。havethefloor=bespeakinginadiscussionordebatee.g.Excuseme,Mr.Gregory,butMr.Barneshasthefloor.

對(duì)不起，格雷格里先生，可是巴恩斯先生正說著呢。Words&Phrasespetty

a.

(usubeforenoun)

notimportantandnotworthworryingabout

微不足道的；不重要的e.g.1.

apettyquarrel2.

apettytheft3.pettygossip4.Itwasapettyproblemandtheysoonsolvedit.

這僅是一個(gè)小問題，他們很快就解決了。Words&Phrases口角，小爭(zhēng)吵小偷小摸閑聊，流言蜚語orientation

n.

1)

[C,U]

theparticularinterests,aims,andemphasisofabusiness,politicalgroup,orotherorganization

定位；目標(biāo)e.g.Marketorientationemphasizestheneedsofthecustomer.市場(chǎng)定位強(qiáng)調(diào)客戶的需求。2)[C]

thepositionofanobject,orthedirectioninwhichitispointing方向；方位；朝向e.g.Thewindingtrailcausedthehikerstolosetheirorientation.

蜿蜒的小徑使徒步旅行者迷失了方向。Words&Phrasesobjectivelyad.

usingfactsandnotinfluencedbypersonalfeelingsorbeliefs

客觀地e.g.1.

Matterobjectivelyexistsindependentofhumanconsciousness.

物質(zhì)是客觀存在，不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移。2.

HehopedthattheywouldwriteobjectivelyaboutChina.

他希望他們能客觀地報(bào)導(dǎo)中國(guó)的情況。Wordfamily:

objective

a.objectivenessn.Antonym:subjectivelyWords&Phrasesfallacy

n.

[C]

anideaorbeliefthatisfalsebutthatmanypeoplethinkistrue

謬論；謬見e.g.1.

Theyaredelightedthattheyhaveexplodedsuchafallacy.

把這樣一個(gè)謬論推翻，他們感到高興。2.

Itisapopularfallacythatsuccessalwaysbringshappiness.

認(rèn)為成功必能帶來幸福，是一個(gè)普遍的錯(cuò)誤見解。Words&Phraseseradicate

vt.

getridofsth.completely,especiallysth.bad

根除e.g.1.

Thediseasehasbeeneradicatedfromtheworld.

這種疾病已在全世界得到根除。2.

Toeradicateprivilege,wemustsolveboththeideologicalproblemsinvolvedandproblemsrelatingtorulesandregulations.要克服特權(quán)現(xiàn)象，我們必須要解決思想問題，也要解決制度問題。Words&PhrasesTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:1.

Withtheunbalancedeconomicandsocialdevelopmentamongdifferentregionscontinuingtoexistforalongperiod,itisamostarduoustasktoeradicatepoverty.

地區(qū)間經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展不平衡現(xiàn)象將長(zhǎng)期存在，消除貧困的任務(wù)依然艱巨。2.

Thisisanabnormalphenomenonandwemustworkseriouslytoeradicateit.

這是一種很不正常的現(xiàn)象，一定要認(rèn)真扭轉(zhuǎn)。Wordfamily:

eradication

n.Words&Phrasesvendor

n.

[C]

someonewhosellssth.,butnotinashop

小販；攤販e.g.Kevinstoppedtobuytheeveningpaperfromanewsvendor.

凱文停下來向報(bào)販買了一份晚報(bào)。Words&Phrasesgingerbread

n.

[U]

atypeofcakemadewithginger

姜汁餅干e.g.GingerbreadcookiesareoftenfashionedintospecialshapessuchasChristmastreesandSantaClaus.

姜餅通常會(huì)流行做成像圣誕樹和圣誕老人等的形狀。

Words&Phrasesdispute

n.&vt.1)

n.

[C,U]

aseriousdisagreement,especiallyonebetweengroupsofpeoplethatlastsforalongtime

（尤指長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的）爭(zhēng)論，糾紛e.g.1.

Manyoftheoldlabordisputesareover,butthereisstillsomeemployeeanxiety.(CET4-2003-06)

許多舊的勞工爭(zhēng)議已經(jīng)不再，但仍然存在著一些員工焦慮。2.

aterritorialdisputebetweenrivalgangs

與敵對(duì)團(tuán)伙關(guān)于領(lǐng)地的爭(zhēng)論3.adisputeoverpay

關(guān)于報(bào)酬的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)4.JohngotintoadisputewithJackaboutthemoney.

約翰與杰克為了錢的事吵了起來。Words&Phrases2)

vt.

saythatsth.suchasafactisnottrueorcorrect對(duì)（……）表示質(zhì)疑，提出異議e.g.1.

Idisputedtheminister'sfigures,thetruecostoftheprojectwasmuchhigher.我懷疑部長(zhǎng)所說的數(shù)字；那個(gè)項(xiàng)目的實(shí)際花費(fèi)要高得多。2.Theydonotdisputethefactthatthecompanyisintrouble.

他們沒有對(duì)公司陷入困境的事實(shí)提出異議。Words&Phrasesmob

n.

[C]

alargecrowdofpeoplethatisdangerousordifficulttocontrol

亂民，暴民e.g.1.

Theangrymobgatheredoutsidethepalace.

一群憤怒的暴民聚集在宮殿外面。2.

Themobrampagedthroughthevillage.

這伙暴徒在村中橫沖直撞。Words&Phrasesunhesitatingly

ad.

quicklyandconfidently,withoutwaitingorstopping

毫不遲疑地；毫不猶豫地e.g.1.

Ifanyofthemdisruptpublicorderorviolatethelaw,theymustbedealtwithunhesitatingly.

如果他們中有任何人破壞社會(huì)秩序，觸犯了刑律，就必須堅(jiān)決處理。

2.

Realizingtherewasnothingforhimtodotosavehisplane,thepilotunhesitatinglybaledout.

飛行員意識(shí)到自己已無力挽救飛機(jī)，便毫不猶豫地跳了傘。Antonym:hesitatinglyWordfamily:

hesitate

v.hesitationn.Words&Phraseseyewitness

n.[C]

someonewhohasseensth.happen,especiallyacrimeoranaccident

目擊者；見證人e.g.1.

Policecalledtheeyewitnessaboutthetrafficaccidentwhichhappenedinthestreetyesterday.

有關(guān)昨天街上發(fā)生的交通事故，警察調(diào)查了目擊者。

2.

Oneeyewitnessisbetterthantenhearsays.

百聞不如一見。Synonym:witnessWords&Phrasespropose

vt.

1)

(fml)

(~doing)suggestaplan,idea,oraction

提議，建議（計(jì)劃、想法或行動(dòng)）e.g.1.

Iproposegoingtoanearlyfilmandhavingdinnerafterwards.

我建議先去看電影，然后吃晚飯。

2.

Sheproposedthatweseeamarriagecounselor.她建議我們?nèi)ヒ娨晃换橐鲱檰?。Words&Phrases2)

ifyouproposetodosth.,youintendorplantodoit計(jì)劃；打算e.g.1.

Weproposeanearlystarttomorrow.

我們打算明天早早出發(fā)。2.Manproposesbutgoddisposes.

謀事在人，成事在天。Wordfamily:

proposal

n.Words&Phrasessecondern.[C]

someonewho

officiallysupportsaproposalmadebyanotherpersoninameeting

附議者；贊成者e.g.1.

Thereisnoseconderforthemotionsoitisnotputtothevote.因?yàn)樵撎嶙h無贊同者，所以不再交付表決。2.

Themotioncannotbeput,becausetheproposercannotfindaseconderforit.

因?yàn)榻ㄗh者找不到贊同者，動(dòng)議不能通過。Wordfamily:second

v.

Words&Phrasesfootnote

n.[C]

anoteatthebottomofapagethatgivesmoredetailedinformationaboutsth.onthepage

腳注e.g.1.

Footnotesilluminatedthedifficultpassagesofthetext.

腳注闡明了文中難解的段落。2.

IthasbeensaidthatallphilosophyisafootnotetoPlato.

有人說過一切哲學(xué)都不過是柏拉圖哲學(xué)的一個(gè)腳注而已。Words&Phrasesalternatively

ad.

usedformakinganothersuggestion

或；或者；要不e.g.1.

Wecantakethetrainoralternativelygobybus.

我們可以坐火車去，也可以坐汽車去。2.

Alternatively,youmaytelephoneusdirectifyouwish.

或者，你愿意的話可以直接打電話給我們。Wordfamily:

alternative

a.

Words&Phrasesrelapse

vi.

(~into)returntoyourpreviouscharacterorbehaviour

故態(tài)復(fù)萌e.g.1.

Herelapsedintohisoldhabits.

他的老習(xí)慣又故態(tài)復(fù)萌了。2.

Afterashortburstofenthusiasm,herelapsedintohisusualapathy.

一陣心血來潮后，他又恢復(fù)了平時(shí)冷漠的樣子。Words&Phraseslimbo

n.

[sing,U]

asituationorstatewhereyouarenotcertainandyouhavetowaittofindoutwhatwillhappennext

不確定狀態(tài)e.g.1.

We’reinlimboatthemomentbecausewe’vefinishedourworkinthiscountryandnowwe’rewaitingforournextcontract.

我們目前正處于斷檔期，因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谶@個(gè)國(guó)家的工作已經(jīng)完成，正在等待下一個(gè)合同。2.

OurplanforbuyingaflatinSpainisinlimboatthemoment.

我們?cè)谖靼嘌蕾?gòu)置一套公寓的計(jì)劃目前被擱置。Words&Phrasesunhistoricala.notconnectedwithhistoryorwiththepast非歷史的，不符合歷史事實(shí)的e.g.Theeventdescribedinthebookisunhistorical.

這本書里描述的事件不符合歷史事實(shí)。Antonym:

historicalWords&Phrasesgallantlyad.inthemannerthatyoutryveryhard,butdonotsucceed努力但未成功地；徒勞地e.g.1.

Thoseexplorersgallantlyadventuredonunknownseas.

那些探險(xiǎn)家們徒勞地在陌生的海域探險(xiǎn)。2.

Thetroopsbehavedgallantlybutnobodycouldseeanyeffectivestrategiestoturnthetide.部隊(duì)表現(xiàn)得很英勇，但是沒人能看得到力挽狂瀾的有效策略。Wordfamily:

gallant

a.Words&Phrasesinthefirstplace:1)

us