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(完整版)新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)課文詳解(L1-25)(完整版)新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)課文詳解(L1-25)(完整版)新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)課文詳解(L1-25)Lesson1Findingfossilman第一課發(fā)現(xiàn)化石人byROBINPLACEfromFindingfossilman1—1。Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite。【譯文】我們能讀到五千年前近東發(fā)生之事,那里的人最先學(xué)會(huì)了書(shū)寫(xiě)?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】read:此處為不及物動(dòng)詞,意為“讀到,獲悉”(tofindoutinformationfrombooks,newspapersetc。),后接of或about,例如:Hereadsaboutthewar.他讀到關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的消息。Didyoureadoftheiraccidentinthenewspapers?你在報(bào)上看到他們?cè)庥鲆馔馐鹿实南⒘嗣矗?,000years:五千年.另學(xué)習(xí)millennium,意為“一千年”,復(fù)數(shù)為millennia。5,000years即為5millennia。theNearEast:近東,指地中海東部沿岸地區(qū),包括亞洲西南部和非洲東北部,有時(shí)還包括巴爾干半島。1—2。Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.【譯文】但時(shí)至今日世上某些地方的人還不會(huì)書(shū)寫(xiě).【單詞和短語(yǔ)】evennow:此處意為“甚至到現(xiàn)在”,例如:Evennowhewon'tbelieveme.他甚至到現(xiàn)在還不相信我。evennow另有兩解,一為“就在此刻”,例如:Perhapsevennowthetimehasarrived。也許正是此刻時(shí)機(jī)來(lái)到了。另一為“盡管這樣,雖然情況如此”(inspiteofwhathashappened),例如:Ihaveexplainedeverything,butevennowshedoesn’tunderstand.我什么都解釋了,但是盡管如此她還是不明白。1—3。Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas-legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstory—tellerstoanother.【譯文】他們能夠保存歷史的唯一方法是將歷史當(dāng)傳說(shuō)講述,由講述人一代接一代地口授傳奇故事。【講解】torecountitas…another是動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ),作表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)way的內(nèi)容,it指history。句中破折號(hào)引出同位語(yǔ)。handeddown…another是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作legends的定語(yǔ).another后省略了generationofstory—tellers?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】preserve:保存,保留(tomakesth.continuewithoutchanging).例如:preserveanoldhouseasamuseum保存一幢老房子用作陳列館preservesb.’srighttodosth。保留某人對(duì)某事物的權(quán)利Fewofhisearlypoemsarepreserved.他早期的詩(shī)沒(méi)有幾首留存下來(lái).recount:詳細(xì)敘述,描述,說(shuō)明(totellsomeoneastoryordescribeaseriesofevents),例如:recountastorywithrealwit妙趣橫生地講故事Theexplorerrecountedhisadventuresinanumberofbooks。探險(xiǎn)家在好幾本書(shū)中描述自己的冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷。saga:英雄傳奇(alongstoryabouteventsthathappenedovertheyears)handdown:把……傳下去(togiveorleavesth.topeoplewhowillliveafteryou),例如:Thiscustomishandeddownfromthepast.這個(gè)習(xí)慣是過(guò)去傳下來(lái)的.Thegoldwatchhasbeenhandeddowninhisfamily.那塊金表是他家祖?zhèn)鞯摹?—4.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid?!咀g文】這些傳說(shuō)有用,因?yàn)樗鼈兡芨嬖V我們一些人遷徙之事.這些人生活在遠(yuǎn)古,但沒(méi)人能記錄他們的所作所為。【講解】none可指可數(shù)名詞,亦可指不可數(shù)名詞。指前者時(shí)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),指后者時(shí)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).【單詞和短語(yǔ)】migration:遷徙,移居(whenlargenumbersofpeoplegotoliveinanotherareaorcountry,especiallyinordertofindwork),動(dòng)詞形式為migrate,例如:migratetoanothercountry移居他國(guó)1-5.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.【譯文】人類學(xué)家過(guò)去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島的波利尼西亞各民族的遠(yuǎn)祖來(lái)自何方.【講解】nowlivinginthePacificIslands是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ),作peoples的定語(yǔ).【單詞和短語(yǔ)】anthropologist:人類學(xué)家。anthropology意為“人類學(xué)”(thescientificstudyofpeople,theirsocieties,cultures,etc.)。相關(guān)詞匯有sociology(社會(huì)學(xué))和ethnology(人種學(xué),民族學(xué))。remoteancestor:遠(yuǎn)祖(someonerelatedtoyou,wholivedalongtimeago)。形容詞remote的常用意為“遙遠(yuǎn)的,久遠(yuǎn)的”(farfromtownsorotherplaceswherepeoplelive),例如:theremotestcornersoftheearth天涯海角acustomofremoteantiquity遠(yuǎn)古遺風(fēng)remote亦可作名詞,常用意為“遙控器”(remotecontroller)。people:people作“一國(guó)人民,民族”(thepeoplewhobelongtoaparticularcountry,race,orarea)解時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),復(fù)數(shù)為peoples或people。參照上下文,文中people譯為“民族”。另舉例如下:thepeoplesoftheworld世界各國(guó)人民ahardworkingpeople勤勞的民族theJewishpeople猶太民族Eachpeoplebuildsacultureadaptedtoitsparticularneeds。各民族都建立起一種適應(yīng)其獨(dú)特需要的文化。1—6。ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago?!咀g文】當(dāng)?shù)厝说姆N種傳說(shuō)向世人解釋了其中一些民族約在兩千年前遷自印度尼西亞.【單詞和短語(yǔ)】saga:傳說(shuō)(alongstoryabouteventsthathappenovermanyyear)。1-7。Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten?!咀g文】但是,和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠(yuǎn)了,因此有關(guān)他們的傳說(shuō),即使存在,如今也失傳了。1—8.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom?!咀g文】于是,考古學(xué)家既無(wú)歷史記載,亦無(wú)口頭傳說(shuō)來(lái)幫助他們弄清首批“現(xiàn)代人”來(lái)自何方。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】legend:傳說(shuō)(anold,well—knownstory,oftenaboutbravepeople,adventures,ormagicalevents).形容詞為legendary。1-9。Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.【譯文】然而,幸運(yùn)的是,遠(yuǎn)古人用制作石器,特別是燧石器,因?yàn)殪菔绕渌^更易成形.【講解】otherkinds后面省略了ofstones。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】flint:燧石(atypeofsmoothhardstonethatmakesasmallflamewhenyouhititwithsteel).1—10.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.【譯文】他們也可能用過(guò)木頭和獸皮,但這兩類東西早已腐爛殆盡?!局v解】mayalsohaveused意為“可能使用過(guò)”,may+完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)。these指woodandskins?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】rot:腐敗,腐爛(todecaybyagradualnaturalprocess,ortomakesomethingtodothis)。1-11。Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace?!咀g文】石頭不會(huì)腐爛。因此,雖然制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無(wú)存,但遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代的石器卻保存至今?!局v解】wheneventhebones…trace相當(dāng)于讓步從句,when意即“雖然,盡管”,又如:Wesometimesexpectgratitudewhenwearenotentitledtoit。有時(shí)雖然我們不值得感激,我們卻期望別人感激。Whilehehasahouseofhisown,hisbrotherlivesinaflat.盡管他有自己的房子,他弟弟卻住在公寓里。Lesson2Sparethatspider第二課不要傷害蜘蛛byT.H.GILLESPLEfromTheListener2-1.Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?【譯文】你可能會(huì)奇怪,蜘蛛怎是吾友?【講解】youmaywonder為插入語(yǔ).2—2.Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.【譯文】因?yàn)樗鼈兿麥缌四敲炊嗬ハx(chóng),包括一些屬于人類最大敵人的昆蟲(chóng).2—3。Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals?!咀g文】昆蟲(chóng)可以使我們無(wú)法在地球上生存。如果不是食蟲(chóng)動(dòng)物的保護(hù),則這些昆蟲(chóng)會(huì)吞噬我們所有的莊稼,殺死我們成群的牛羊。【講解】makeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld中it是形式賓語(yǔ),真正的賓語(yǔ)是forustoliveintheworld。insectswould和theywould中的would均表示與事實(shí)不符的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu).ifitwerenotfortheprotection…作前面兩個(gè)分句的非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,意即“要不是我們從食蟲(chóng)那里得到保護(hù)的話……"。這里的were是虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)。weget…animals作protection的定語(yǔ).2—4.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders。【譯文】我們受惠于食蟲(chóng)的飛禽鳥(niǎo)獸,但把它們都算在一起,也只是捕殺了蜘蛛消滅的昆蟲(chóng)數(shù)的一個(gè)零頭?!局v解】allofthem指birdsandbeasts,puttogetherkill相當(dāng)于…themwhoareputtogetherkill.意即“它們?nèi)釉谝黄鹣麥纭?。thenumber指“被消滅的昆蟲(chóng)數(shù)"?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】owe:應(yīng)感激(toknowthatsomeone’shelphasbeenimportanttoyouinachievingsomething),例如:Weoweourparentsalot.我們得大大感激我們的父母.2-5。Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.【譯文】此外,不同于其他一些食蟲(chóng)動(dòng)物,蜘蛛對(duì)人類及其財(cái)物絲毫無(wú)損?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】belongings:所有物,財(cái)物,動(dòng)產(chǎn);行李,例如:Heleftallhisbelongingstohisbrother。他把他的全部財(cái)物留給了他兄弟。Itdidn’ttakemelongtoarrangemybelongings;forIhadbroughtlittle.因?yàn)樾醒b帶得不多,我沒(méi)花多少時(shí)間就把東西整理好了。2—6.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.【譯文】蜘蛛不像許多人認(rèn)為的那樣屬于昆蟲(chóng),它們甚至與昆蟲(chóng)毫無(wú)關(guān)系?!局v解】asmanypeoplethink是插入語(yǔ),意即“蜘蛛不是像許多人認(rèn)為的那樣是昆蟲(chóng)”。翻譯這一插入語(yǔ)時(shí),必須注意它在句中的位置。不論把它移至句首,譯為“正如許多人認(rèn)為的那樣,蜘蛛不是昆蟲(chóng)”,還是將它留在句末,譯為“蜘蛛不是昆蟲(chóng),如同許多人認(rèn)為的那樣",兩種譯文都和原意相違.原句是說(shuō)“許多人認(rèn)為蜘蛛是昆蟲(chóng),而其實(shí)不是,他們的看法有誤",而前兩種譯文的意思則變?yōu)椤霸S多人的看法是正確的,他們認(rèn)為蜘蛛不是昆蟲(chóng)”。正確的譯法應(yīng)將asmanypeoplethink置于not(不像)之后、are(屬于)之前,譯為“蜘蛛不像許多人認(rèn)為的那樣屬于昆蟲(chóng)”。這句原文中的…asmanypeoplethink相當(dāng)于asmanypeoplethinkspidersareinsects。norevennearly承前省略了arespiders,完整的句子應(yīng)是:norarethespidersevennearlyrelatedtothem。2-7。Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsectnevermorethansix.【譯文】人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異,因?yàn)橹┲肟偸?條腿,而昆蟲(chóng)至多有6條腿.【單詞和短語(yǔ)】ataglance:2—8。Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?【譯文】有多少蜘蛛正在為我們做這項(xiàng)工作呢?【單詞和短語(yǔ)】engaged:忙的;從事……的(busy);例如:Engagedinconversation,theydidnotseeme。他們談得正來(lái)勁,沒(méi)看見(jiàn)我.Heisengagedonthatbook。他正忙于寫(xiě)那部書(shū)。onsb’sbehalf:為了某人的利益;為了某人(becauseoforforsomeone)。例如:Don’tbeuneasyonmybehalf.不要為我擔(dān)心.該詞組的另一含義是“代表某人(insteadofsomeone,orastheirrepresentative)”。例如:Youmaysignchequesonourbehalf.你可以代表我們?cè)谥鄙虾炞?2-9。OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.【譯文】某蜘蛛權(quán)威對(duì)英國(guó)南部某塊草坪上的蜘蛛數(shù)目統(tǒng)計(jì)了一次。他估計(jì)每英畝草坪里有超過(guò)225萬(wàn)只蜘蛛,即相當(dāng)于一個(gè)足球場(chǎng)上約有6百萬(wàn)只種類各異的蜘蛛?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】authority:學(xué)術(shù)權(quán)威,專家,泰斗(someonewhoknowsalotaboutasubjectandwhoseknowledgeandopinionsaregreatlyrespected)。某方面的authority需用介詞on,例如:anauthorityonpreventivemedicine預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)的權(quán)威somethinglike:接近,大約(closetobutnotexactlyalargeamount),例如:Heistosellthehouseforsomethinglike$150,000.他將以大約15萬(wàn)美元的價(jià)錢(qián)出售這幢房子。census:統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)量(aprocessofcountingsomething)。2-10。Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.【譯文】蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃蟲(chóng)。【講解】half(形容詞)theyear是half(名詞)oftheyear的省略形式。2-11。Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.【譯文】它們消滅了多少昆蟲(chóng),我們簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法猜測(cè),它們是吃不飽的動(dòng)物,不滿足于一日三餐?!局v解】it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是tomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill.Itisimpossibleto…是重點(diǎn)句型,需熟練掌握。not前省略了andtheyare。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】content:adj。滿意,滿足(happyandsatisfied).2—12.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.【譯文】據(jù)估計(jì),在英國(guó)一年里被蜘蛛消滅的昆蟲(chóng)的總重量超過(guò)該國(guó)人口的總重量?!局v解】it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是theweightofalltheinsectsdestroyed…inthecountry。Ithasbeenestimatedthat…是重點(diǎn)句型,需熟練掌握.Lesson3Matterhornman第三課馬特霍恩山區(qū)人byWALTERUNSWORTHfromMatterhornMan3—1.Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded?!咀g文】現(xiàn)代登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員力圖沿著一條能從中得到鍛煉樂(lè)趣的路線登山.他們認(rèn)為路線愈艱難則愈為人們所重視。【講解】try后接動(dòng)詞不定式,作makeanattempt解,譯為“力圖".byaroute中by意為“沿,經(jīng)”。it指aroute?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】regard:看待,把……看作(tothinkaboutsomeoneorsomethinginaparticularway)。3-2.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.【譯文】然而在登山運(yùn)動(dòng)初創(chuàng)期全然并非如此.【講解】inthepioneeringdays指在初創(chuàng)時(shí)期,指登山運(yùn)動(dòng)的初創(chuàng)期?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】pioneering:創(chuàng)新的,先驅(qū)的(introducingnewandbettermethodsorideasforthefirsttime)。例如:thepioneeringworkofNASAscientists(美國(guó))國(guó)家航空和航天局科學(xué)家們所作的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性工作3—3.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore.【譯文】早期登山者所尋找的是通往山頂?shù)淖罘奖愕耐緩?,因?yàn)轫敺?,尤其是仍未被人征服過(guò)的頂峰,才是他們尋求的目標(biāo)。【講解】tothetop是介詞短語(yǔ),作way的定語(yǔ),指“到達(dá)頂峰的路"。theysought是定語(yǔ)從句,作prize的定語(yǔ),指“他們追求的目標(biāo)”.ifithadneverbeenattainedbefore中的it指thesummit?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】summit:山頂(thetopofamountain).summit另一常見(jiàn)含義為峰會(huì)(animportantmeetingorsetofmeetingsbetweentheleadersofseveralgovernments),例如:ThetwopresidentsagreedtoholdasummitintheApril。兩位總統(tǒng)同意在四月舉行峰會(huì).3—4。Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwithwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.【譯文】的確,探險(xiǎn)中他們經(jīng)常遇到性質(zhì)最為危險(xiǎn)的艱難險(xiǎn)阻,他們裝備之簡(jiǎn)陋使現(xiàn)代登山者一想起來(lái)就膽戰(zhàn)心驚.但他們并非故意尋求這種刺激?!局v解】equippedinamanner…thought是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作原因狀語(yǔ),修飾faced。atthethought后省略了ofthemanner?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】perilous:充滿危險(xiǎn)的;瀕臨毀滅的(verydangerous),例如:aperilousrateofinflation危機(jī)四伏的通貨膨脹率perilous的名詞形式為peril.shudderat:對(duì)……感到驚恐(tothinkthatsomethingisverybadorunpleasant),例如:Heshuddersatthesightofasnake.他一見(jiàn)到蛇就膽顫心驚。gooutoftheirwaytodosomething:特地;不怕麻煩地(todosomethingwithmoreeffortthanisusualorexpected),例如:Shewentoutofherwaytohelpme。她不怕麻煩地來(lái)幫我。3—5。Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal—thetop!【譯文】他們只有一個(gè)目的,唯一的目標(biāo)—-頂峰!【講解】從語(yǔ)法角度分析,asolitarygoal和thetop均是asingleaim的同位語(yǔ)。從修辭角度看,作者以改變說(shuō)法的方式達(dá)到加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)意的目的.這叫修正法(epanorthosis)。破折號(hào)引出被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】solitary:獨(dú)一無(wú)二的(usedtoemphasizethatthereisonlyoneofsomething),例如:asolitaryexception唯一的例外3-6.Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers?!咀g文】如今我們很難理解登山先驅(qū)者昔日是多么艱苦。【講解】it是形式主語(yǔ),torealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers是真正的主語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)掌握Itishardforsb.todosomething。這個(gè)句型。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】pioneer:先驅(qū)(someonewhoisimportantintheearlydevelopmentofsomething,andwhoseworkorideasarelaterdevelopedbyotherpeople),例如:apioneerofphotography攝影術(shù)創(chuàng)始人apioneerinthedevelopmentofradar雷達(dá)研制的先驅(qū)3—7.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagetendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains?!咀g文】除了澤曼特和夏蒙尼等一兩個(gè)迅速出名的地方外,阿爾卑斯山山區(qū)的小村由于高山隔絕了文明日漸成為貧窮的村落?!局v解】suchas可以分開(kāi),如suchplacesas…,這時(shí)as作關(guān)系代詞,as引出的從句是省略句。suchas不分開(kāi)時(shí)其作用相當(dāng)于like,表示舉例。因此可以把such…Chamonix視為修飾places的定語(yǔ)。cutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),修飾settlements?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】exceptfor:除了……之外,例如:Iknownothingabouthimexceptforthefactthathelivesnextdoor.我除了知道他住在隔壁外,對(duì)他的其他情況一無(wú)所知。impoverish:使窮困,使赤貧(tomakesomeoneverypoor),形容詞為impoverished,名詞形式為impoverishment。3—8.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine?!咀g文】當(dāng)?shù)氐哪切┬÷灭^一般都骯臟且跳蚤猖獗。單調(diào)的食物是當(dāng)?shù)厝槔遗湟猿3R逊帕艘荒曛玫拿姘?人們就著劣酒吞下這種食物.【講解】astherewere作定語(yǔ)從句修飾inns,as乃關(guān)系代詞。thefoodsimply…中food和simply中間,all與washed中間都省略了was.請(qǐng)注意,在幾個(gè)并列分句中,第一個(gè)分句中用了be,后面分句中的be可以省略,例如:Therearetworequisitesininterpretation:oneisaccuracyandtheother(is)expressiveness.口譯要求有二:準(zhǔn)確和明晰。accompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作cheese的定語(yǔ)。oftentwelvemonthsold作定語(yǔ),修飾bread.【單詞和短語(yǔ)】accompany:伴隨,和……一起發(fā)生(tohappenorexistatthesametimeassomethingelse),例如:feveraccompaniedwithdelirium伴有昏迷的發(fā)燒3—9.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould—sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers?!咀g文】山谷里常沒(méi)有小旅館,登山者只好隨遇而安—-或與當(dāng)?shù)啬翈煟ㄋ麄兺ǔ:推浣虆^(qū)居民一樣窮)住在一起,或與牧羊人或制乳酪者住在一起?!局v解】wherevertheycould作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),修飾found。could后省略了findshelter。sometimeswith兩詞之間省略了theyfoundshelter.foundshelterwith…與……住在一起,這里的破折號(hào)引出被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】boast:以擁有……而自豪(ifaplace,object,ororganizationboastssomething,ithassomethingthatisverygood),例如:Afishingvillage30yearsago,itnowboasts150majorhotels。那地方30年前還是個(gè)漁村,現(xiàn)已為擁有150家大賓館而自豪。3—10.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable?!咀g文】這些山村的基調(diào)總是一樣的:骯且窮,極不舒適.【講解】same后的冒號(hào)引出同位語(yǔ)。dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable作thesame的同位語(yǔ).【單詞和短語(yǔ)】invariable:始終如一的,恒定不變的(alwayshappeninginthesameway,atthesametimeetc。),例如:It’smyinvariablehabittotakeanap.睡午覺(jué)是我的老習(xí)慣。invariably是invariable的副詞形式。3—11。Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthaveveryhardindeed.【譯文】對(duì)過(guò)慣了在家里一餐吃七道菜、睡亞麻細(xì)布床單的的人來(lái)說(shuō),到阿爾卑斯山所帶來(lái)的變化想來(lái)一定太難熬了?!局v解】accustomedto…athome作定語(yǔ)修飾men?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】beaccustomedto(doing/do)something:習(xí)慣于做某事(tobefamiliarwithsomethingandacceptitasnormal),例如:Weareaccustomedtoworking/workhard。我們習(xí)慣于努力工作。Myeyessoongrewaccustomedtothedarkness。我的雙眼很快適應(yīng)了黑暗。course:(一)道(菜)(oneoftheseparatepartsofameal),例如:Thefirstcoursewassoup。第一道是湯。Lesson4Seeinghands第四課能看東西的手byERICDEMAUNYfromTheListener4-1。SeveralcaseshavebeenreportedinRussiarecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.【譯文】俄羅斯最近報(bào)導(dǎo)了幾個(gè)事例,說(shuō)有人能用手指看書(shū)和辨認(rèn)顏色,甚至雙眼能透過(guò)厚實(shí)的門(mén)和墻看到東西?!局v解】ofpeoplewhocan…walls作定語(yǔ)修飾cases,這部分較長(zhǎng),所以被移到謂語(yǔ)部分后,這樣句子就不會(huì)頭重腳輕.句中的of意為“關(guān)于”?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】detect:察覺(jué),發(fā)覺(jué)(tonoticeordiscoversomething,especiallysomethingthatisnoteasytosee,hearetc.)。4—2。Onecaseconcernsaneleven—year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.【譯文】有一例涉及11歲學(xué)生維拉·彼托洛娃,她視力正常,但她還能用皮膚的不同部位辨認(rèn)東西,甚至看穿堅(jiān)實(shí)的墻壁?!局v解】andthroughsolidwalls與withdifferentpartsofherskin并列作狀語(yǔ),修飾perceive?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】normal的反義詞為abnormal.perceive:感覺(jué),感知(tonotice,see,orrecognizesomething)。4-3.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.【譯文】她父親首先發(fā)現(xiàn)她具備這一能力.【講解】thisability指上句中perceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls。4—4。Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe。【譯文】一天,維拉進(jìn)入父親的辦公室,碰巧把雙手放在一個(gè)鎖著的保險(xiǎn)柜的門(mén)上。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】happenedtodosomething:碰巧做某事(ifyouhappentodosomething,youdoitbychance),例如:Ihappenedtolookinthatdirectionandcaughthimintheactofdoingit.我碰巧朝那個(gè)方向看,正好目睹他在做那事.safe:保險(xiǎn)柜(astrongmetalboxorcupboardwithspeciallockswhereyoukeepmoneyandvaluablethings).4—5。Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles。【譯文】她突然問(wèn)父親為什么把這么多的舊報(bào)紙鎖在柜子里,她甚至還描述了捆扎報(bào)紙的方式?!局v解】lockedawaythere作kept的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。locksth.away意為“把某物鎖起來(lái)”。there指lockedsafe.theyweredoneupinbundles作定語(yǔ)修飾way,意為“報(bào)紙是怎樣捆著的”。they指newspaper?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】doup:捆,包(tofastensomething,ortobefastenedinaparticularway)。4—6。Vera'scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic。【譯文】維拉的特異功能引起了她家附近烏里揚(yáng)諾夫斯克城某科研機(jī)構(gòu)的注意.4月,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦共和國(guó)衛(wèi)生部的一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)對(duì)她進(jìn)行了一系列測(cè)試?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】bringsomethingtothenoticeofsomeone使某人注意某事institute:機(jī)構(gòu),組織(anorganizationthathasaparticularpurposesuchasscientificoreducationalwork)。4—7.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachild'sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.【譯文】在這些測(cè)試中,她能隔著不透明的屏幕讀報(bào)。更奇怪的是,她把肘部在兒童玩的“樂(lè)透"紙牌上移動(dòng)便能說(shuō)出印在紙牌的數(shù)字和顏色。還有一次,她穿著長(zhǎng)筒襪子和拖鞋,能用腳識(shí)別出藏在地毯下面的一幅畫(huà)的輪廓和顏色.【講解】bymoving…Lotto作方式狀語(yǔ),修飾wasabletodescribe.printedonit是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),修飾figuresandcolours,it指Lotto.wearingstockingsandslippers作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),修飾tomakeout。wearing前省略了Whenshewas.tomakeout…to前省略了shewasable。theoutlinesandcolours…carpet作makeout的賓語(yǔ)。hiddenunderacarpet作pictures的定語(yǔ).【單詞和短語(yǔ)】opaque:不透明的(bedifficulttoseethroughandoftenthick),反義詞為transparent。makeout:看出;辨認(rèn)出;聽(tīng)出(tobejustabletoseeorhearsomething),例如:makeoutafigureinthedarkness在黑暗中辨認(rèn)出一個(gè)人影4—8.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.【譯文】其他實(shí)驗(yàn)表明她的雙膝和雙肩均有類似的感覺(jué)能力?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】sensitivity的形容詞形式為sensitive。4-9。DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.【譯文】在所有這些實(shí)驗(yàn)中,維拉的雙眼都是蒙著的。事實(shí)上,如果不蒙上雙眼,她的皮膚就不再具有識(shí)別物體的能力?!局v解】exceptwhenblindfold中whenblindfold前省略了shewas。某些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be,主語(yǔ)又與主句的主語(yǔ)一致或是it,就常常可以把從句中的主語(yǔ)及be省略。又如:MichaelJacksonwasfondofsingingwhen(hewas)yetachild.邁克·杰克遜從小就喜歡唱歌。IgotacquaintedwithhimwhileIwasonavisittoNewYork.我在訪問(wèn)紐約期間與他結(jié)識(shí)。4-10。Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.【譯文】人們同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管她能用手指識(shí)別東西,但她的雙手一弄濕這種功能即刻消失?!局v解】themomentherhandswerewet是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“她的雙手一濕”?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】ceased:停止(tostopdoingsomethingorstophappening),例如:Themusicceasedsuddenly。音樂(lè)戛然而止.ceasingtalking停止談話themoment(that):一……就……(assoonas),例如:Shecalledhermotherthemoment(that)shereachedthehotel。她一到旅館就給她母親打了電話。Lesson5Youth第五課青年byFIELDENHUGHESfromOutoftheAir,TheListener5-1。Peoplearealwaystalkingabout’theproblemofyouth’.【譯文】人們總是在談?wù)摗扒嗄陠?wèn)題”.5—2.Ifthereisone-whichItakeleavetodoubt—thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.【譯文】假如確有這個(gè)問(wèn)題的話——我冒昧對(duì)此表示懷疑——那么這個(gè)問(wèn)題是由老年人而非青年人臆造的?!局v解】ifthereisone中的one指aproblemofyouth。whichItakeleavetodoubt系插入語(yǔ)。theyoung意為“年輕人”。the+形容詞表示具有某種性質(zhì)的一類人。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】takeleavetodosth.:冒昧做某事,擅自做某事.5—3。Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings—peoplejustliketheirelders.【譯文】讓我們來(lái)認(rèn)真研究一些基本事實(shí):承認(rèn)青年和他們的長(zhǎng)輩一樣終究也是人?!局v解】peoplejustliketheirelders作theyoung的同位語(yǔ),對(duì)其進(jìn)一步解說(shuō)?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】fundamentals:基本原則(或原理),根本法則(或規(guī)律);基礎(chǔ)。例如:masterthefundamentalsofatrade掌握某行業(yè)的基本規(guī)律5—4。Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis?!咀g文】老年人和年輕人只有一個(gè)區(qū)別:青年人有光輝燦爛的前景,而老年人的輝煌已成為過(guò)去.問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)恐怕就在于此?!局v解】ayoungone中one替代man以避免重復(fù)。關(guān)于句中的兩個(gè)冒號(hào),前一個(gè)介紹difference的同位語(yǔ),后一個(gè)引出說(shuō)明性內(nèi)容。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】therub:困難,障礙.例如:There’stherub。難就難在這兒。We’dliketotravel,buttherubisthatwehavenomoney.我們喜歡旅行,問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有錢(qián)。5-5。WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain—thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.【譯文】我十幾歲時(shí),總覺(jué)得自己年輕,懵懵懂懂—-我感到我就像一所大學(xué)校里的新生,假如我當(dāng)時(shí)真的極為有趣地被人看作是個(gè)問(wèn)題,我真會(huì)感到非常得意?!局v解】thatIwasanew…problem作felt的賓語(yǔ),破折號(hào)表示引出被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。請(qǐng)注意句中的暗喻(metaphor)修辭手法,作者把社會(huì)比作ahugeschool,把自己比作anewboy。Iwouldhavebeenverypleased是表示與過(guò)于事實(shí)不符的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。toberegardedas…aproblem相當(dāng)于ifanyoneregardedmeas…aproblem,表示條件,作原因狀語(yǔ),修飾pleased。漢語(yǔ)的條件句一般位于主句之前,所以這里的toberegardedas…aproblem譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)前移.sointerestingasaproblem作something的定語(yǔ).【單詞和短語(yǔ)】uncertain的名詞形式是uncertainty。5-6。Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.【譯文】因?yàn)檫@至少使我具有某種個(gè)性,這正是年輕人孜孜以求的事情之一.【講解】that指beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】identity:個(gè)性,特性(thequalitiesandattitudesthatapersonorgroupofpeoplehave,thatmakethemdifferentfromotherpeople),例如:Theplannersdecidedtoenlargethefourvillagesandpreservetheirdistinctidentities.設(shè)計(jì)者們決定擴(kuò)大這4個(gè)村莊并保留它們各自的特色。Thestruggleofpeopleinthatareatomaintaintheirownidentitiesiscontinuing。那地區(qū)人民維護(hù)自身獨(dú)特性的斗爭(zhēng)仍在繼續(xù).5-7.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.【譯文】我覺(jué)得年輕人令人振奮。5-8.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort?!咀g文】他們無(wú)拘無(wú)束,不枯燥地沉湎于卑鄙的名利和物質(zhì)享受.【單詞和短語(yǔ)】dreary:枯燥無(wú)味的;單調(diào)的;令人生厭的(dullandmakingyoufeelsadorbored),例如:adrearymeeting枯燥的會(huì)議mean:卑鄙的(cruelandnotkind),例如:ameanmotive卑鄙的動(dòng)機(jī)Itismeantospreadgossipaboutothers.散布有關(guān)他人的流言蜚語(yǔ)是卑鄙的。5—9。Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings?!咀g文】他們不是社會(huì)上那些急切向上爬的人,也不一味追求物質(zhì)享受?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】devotion:專心,熱心,專心(theloyaltythatyoushowtowardsaperson,jobetc,especiallybyworkinghard),例如:sb。’sdevotionoftimeandmoneytotheproject某人對(duì)這一項(xiàng)目所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和金錢(qián)Twodevotionshavefilledherlife.她的生活被兩樣他所專注的事情占據(jù)了。5-10.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings?!咀g文】在我看來(lái),所有這些使他們與生命以及萬(wàn)物的起源聯(lián)系在了一起?!局v解】allthisseemstometolink…中tome乃插入語(yǔ)。link…with…意為“把……同……聯(lián)系起來(lái)”.them指年輕人?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】origin:起源;來(lái)源;由來(lái),起因(theplaceorsituationinwhichsomethingbeginstoexist),例如:theoriginoftheuniverse宇宙的起源awordofLatinorigin源自拉丁語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)5-11.It’sasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures。【譯文】從某種意義上講,他們似乎是超凡脫俗之人,同我們這些見(jiàn)識(shí)短淺的俗物形成鮮明而有趣的對(duì)照。【講解】asiftheywere…suburbancreatures是表語(yǔ)從句,were是虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)。inviolentandlovelycontrastwith作定語(yǔ)修飾cosmicbeings。suburbancreatures作us的同位語(yǔ),注意這里作者用creatures(生物)指人,即“以種代類”,屬提喻(synecdoche)修辭手法.【單詞和短語(yǔ)】suburban:有郊區(qū)(人)特點(diǎn)的;〈貶〉平淡乏味的;古板的(boringandtypicalofpeoplewholiveinthesuburbs),例如:asuburbanlifestyle郊區(qū)生活方式5—12。AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.【譯文】每逢遇到年輕人,我就想到這些。【講解】allthatisinmymind中allthat指上文提到的事。ayoungperson中的a表示類別,意即“年輕人",不是指某個(gè)年輕人。5-13。Hemaybeconceited,ill—mannered,presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichésaboutrespectofelders—asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.【譯文】年輕人也許狂妄自負(fù),舉止無(wú)理,傲慢放肆,愚昧無(wú)知,但我決不求助于要尊重長(zhǎng)者云云的陳詞濫調(diào)來(lái)為維護(hù)自己的尊嚴(yán),似乎唯有年長(zhǎng)才是受人尊敬的理由.【講解】he乃承ayoungperson而選用。toturnto…for…為……求助于……。forprotection作turn的目的狀語(yǔ),位置提前是為了使句子更加緊湊。drearyclichésaboutrespectofelders作to的賓語(yǔ)。aboutrespectofelders作clichés的定語(yǔ)。forelders作respect的定語(yǔ).句中的破折號(hào)引出被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】conceited:自負(fù)的,自高自大的,驕傲自滿的(someonewhoisconceitedthinkstheyareveryclever,skillful,beautifuletc),名詞形式為conceit。presumptuous:專橫的,自行其是的,傲慢的,冒昧的,放肆的(doingsth.thatyouhavenorighttodoandthatseemsrude),例如:Itwouldbepresumptuousforanybodytooffersuchaview.任何人提出這種觀點(diǎn)都是放肆的。fatuous:愚笨的,昏庸的,蠢的(verysillyorstupid),名詞形式為fatuity,例如:fatuoustalk昏話Televisioncommercialsseemmorefatuousthanever.電視廣告節(jié)目似乎比以往任何時(shí)候更沒(méi)意思了。5-14。Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong?!咀g文】我篤信我們是平等的。如果我認(rèn)為他們錯(cuò)了,我就以平等的身份和他們爭(zhēng)個(gè)明白。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】equal:同等的人(someonewhoisasimportant,intelligentetcasyouare,orwhohasthesamerightsandopportunitiesasyoudo),例如:Mixwithyourequalsorbetters.與同你相仿或更好的人交往.Lesson6Thesportingspirit第六課體育精神byGEORGEORWELLfromThesportingspirit6—1。IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesofthewouldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield.【譯文】當(dāng)人們說(shuō)體育可創(chuàng)造兩國(guó)的友誼,還說(shuō)各國(guó)民眾若在足球場(chǎng)或板球場(chǎng)上交鋒就不愿在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上殘殺的時(shí)候,我總是驚愕不已?!局v解】thatifonly…cricket作saying的賓語(yǔ)從句.其中的if從句是非真實(shí)條件從句。couldmeet和wouldhave是表示與現(xiàn)實(shí)事實(shí)不符的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu).ifonly意為“只要",引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)或真實(shí)條件句?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】amazed:十分驚奇的,吃驚的;顯示出驚奇的(verysurprised),動(dòng)詞形式為amaze,名詞形式為amazement,例如:Iwasamazedatthenews.我聽(tīng)到這消息大為驚詫。IamamazedthathehasneverreadTheLordoftheRings。他從未讀過(guò)《指環(huán)王》,我對(duì)此大為驚奇。goodwill:善意,友善;友好,親善(kindfeelingstowardsorbetweenpeopleandawillingnesstobehelpful),例如,PrincessDiana’sheartisfullofgoodwilltoallmen.戴安娜王妃的心里對(duì)所有人都充滿善意。inclination:(性格上的)傾向;意向;愛(ài)好,癖好(afeelingthatmakesyouwanttodosth。),動(dòng)詞形式為incline,形容詞形式為inclined,例如,Myinclinationistoagree.我傾向于同意。haveaninclinationforsports愛(ài)好體育followone’sowninclinations隨心所欲6-2。Evenifonedidn’tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceiffromgeneralprinciples.【譯文】人們即使不能從具體的事例(如1936年奧運(yùn)會(huì))了解到國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致極度仇恨,也能從常理中推出結(jié)論?!局v解】thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred作know的賓語(yǔ)。one泛指人,可譯為“人們”。it指international…h(huán)atred?!締卧~和短語(yǔ)】concrete:具體的;確實(shí)的(definiteandspecific),例如,aconcreteproposal/example具體的建議/例子Moneyisconcreteandwealthisabstract.錢(qián)是具體的,財(cái)富是抽象的。concrete的反義詞是abstract.concrete亦可做名詞,常見(jiàn)意為“大理石”。orgy:無(wú)節(jié)制行為(anorgyofsth。usedemphasizethatpeoplesuddenlydoalotofaparticularactivity),例如:anall—nightorgyofreading徹夜的盡情閱讀anorgyoflootingandburning大肆搶劫并縱火的暴行hatred:仇恨;敵意;憎惡(anangryfeelingofextremedislikeforsb。orsth.),例如:have/nurseaferocioushatredof/forsb.對(duì)某人懷有深仇大恨utterone'shatredagainsttheenemy說(shuō)出對(duì)敵人的憎恨deduce:演繹;推論;推斷(tousetheknowledgeandinformationyouhaveinordertounderstandsthorformanopinionaboutit),例如:Fromhisconversation,shededucedthathehadalargefamily。她從他的談話中推斷出他家里人口多。deduce聯(lián)想到deduction(演繹法)、induce(歸納)和induction(歸納法).6—3。Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarecompetitive?!咀g文】現(xiàn)在開(kāi)展的各種體育項(xiàng)目幾乎都具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性?!局v解】practisednowadays是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作定語(yǔ),修飾sports。【單詞和短語(yǔ)】competitive的動(dòng)詞形式為compete,名詞形式為compet

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