實用科技英語教程-Materials Science

Materials

Science

1PARTONELead

In

Task1:

Matchthepictureswiththerighttypes.(

)1.Composite.Compositesareusedbecauseoverallpropertiesofthecompositesaresuperiortothoseoftheindividualcomponents.Manyracketswhichareusedinsportssuchastennisandbadmintonareallmadeofcomposites.(

)2.Semiconductor."Semiconductor"meansamaterialcanconductelectricitywithabitofhelpintheformofadded"impurities."YourCD,DVDplayer,telephoneandradioalldependonsemiconductors(

)3.Metal.Itisakindofmaterialwithobviouspropertyofconductingheatandelectricity.Themostcommontypesofmetalsincludesteel,iron,copper,aluminumandsoon.(

)4.Polymer.Itisakindofmaterialwiththepropertyoflightweightandpoorconductingofelectricityandheat.Plastic,paint

andrubberareallmadeofpolymer.(

)5.Biomaterials.Scientiststrytomimicnature'sdesignstocreatematerialsforotheruses,suchasusingthefoamstructureofboneasaninspirationfordesigningmaterialsthatarelightweightandstrong.(

)6.Ceramic.Examplesofsuchmaterialscanbeanythingsuchasclay.Someoftheusefulpropertiesofceramicsincludehighmeltingtemperature,lowdensity,highstrength,hardness,andcorrosionresistance.Manyceramicsaregoodelectricalandthermalinsulators.Task1:

Matchthepictureswiththerighttypes.(

)1.Composite.Compositesareusedbecauseoverallpropertiesofthecompositesaresuperiortothoseoftheindividualcomponents.Manyrackets（球拍）whichareusedinsportssuchastennisandbadmintonareallmadeofcomposites.(

)2.Semiconductor."Semiconductor"meansamaterialcanconductelectricitywithabitofhelpintheformofadded"impurities."YourCD,DVDplayer,telephoneandradioalldependonsemiconductors(

)3.Metal.Itisakindofmaterialwithobviouspropertyofconductingheatandelectricity.Themostcommontypesofmetalsincludesteel(鋼),iron(鐵),copper(銅),aluminum(鋁)andsoon.(

)4.Polymer.Itisakindofmaterialwiththepropertyoflightweightandpoorconductingofelectricityandheat.Plastic,paint(油漆、涂料)andrubberareallmadeofpolymer.(

)5.Biomaterials.Scientiststrytomimicnature'sdesignstocreatematerialsforotheruses,suchasusingthefoamstructureofboneasaninspirationfordesigningmaterialsthatarelightweightandstrong.(

)6.Ceramic.Examplesofsuchmaterialscanbeanythingsuchasclay(黏土、陶土).Someoftheusefulpropertiesofceramicsincludehighmeltingtemperature,lowdensity,highstrength,hardness,andcorrosionresistance.Manyceramicsaregoodelectricalandthermalinsulators.BEACFD

metal

n.金屬

composite

n.復(fù)合物

polymer

n.聚合物

ceramic

n.陶瓷

semiconductor

n.半導(dǎo)體

biomaterial

n.

生物材料Vocabulary

Types

of

materials

Examples

in

the

text

Other

examples

Discuss

with

your

classmates

and

complete

the

following

table

according

to

the

sentences

above.

Metal

Composite

Polymer

Ceramic

Semiconductor

Biomaterial

Discuss

with

your

classmates

and

complete

the

following

table

according

to

the

sentences

above.

Types

of

materials

Examples

in

the

text

Other

examples

Metal

steel,

iron,

copper,

aluminumgold,

silver

Composite

tennis/

badminton

racket

airplane,

carPolymer

plastic,

paint,

rubberglassCeramic

Semiconductor

radio,

computers,

telephonesLEDBiomaterial

living

structure,biomedical

deviceWord

Puzzle

P

R

O

P

E

R

T

I

E

S

Word

Puzzle

P

R

O

P

E

R

T

I

E

S

TRANSARENCYSTENGTHABSRBANCELASTICITYFLXIBILITYHADNESSCONDUCIVITYSOFTNSSINULATION透明度強(qiáng)度吸收度可塑性柔性硬度導(dǎo)電性延展性柔軟度絕緣性DUCTLITYComplete

the

passage

according

to

the

picture

below.

1

aredividedintothermosetplastics(熱固性塑料)andthermoplastics(熱塑性塑料).Themaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthatthermoplasticscanbeheatedandshapedmanytimes,while2

plasticscanonlybeheatedandshapedonce.3

areformedbycombiningandbondingtwoormorematerials.Metalscanbeeitherferrous(含鐵的)or4

.Bothferrousandnon-ferrousmetalsaredividedintopuremetals(純金屬)and5

.

Apuremetalisanelementunalloyed(notmixed)withanothersubstance.Analloy(合金)isamixtureoftwoormore6

tomakeanothermetalwithparticularproperties.7

aremadefromclay(黏土),sandandfeldspar(長石).8

aredividedintohardwoodtimbers(硬木材)andsoftwoodtimbers.9

gettheirname

becauseoftheircellularstructure(細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu))whenseenunderamicroscope

—notbecausetheyarehardtocut.Softwoodsdonothavethissame10

.Complete

the

passage

according

to

the

picture

below.

1

aredividedintothermosetplastics(熱固性塑料)andthermoplastics(熱塑性塑料).Themaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthatthermoplasticscanbeheatedandshapedmanytimes,while2

plasticscanonlybeheatedandshapedonce.3

areformedbycombiningandbondingtwoormorematerials.Metalscanbeeitherferrous(含鐵的)or4

.Bothferrousandnon-ferrousmetalsaredividedintopuremetals(純金屬)and5

.

Apuremetalisanelementunalloyed(notmixed)withanothersubstance.Analloy(合金)isamixtureoftwoormore6

tomakeanothermetalwithparticularproperties.7

aremadefromclay(黏土),sandandfeldspar(長石).8

aredividedintohardwoodtimbers(硬木材)andsoftwoodtimbers.9

gettheirname

becauseoftheircellularstructure(細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu))whenseenunderamicroscope

—notbecausetheyarehardtocut.Softwoodsdonothavethissame10

.Complete

the

passage

according

to

the

picture

below.

PlasticsthermosetCompositesnon-ferrousalloysmetalsCeramicsTimbersHardwoodsstructure

2PARTTWOFurther

DevelopmentListening

Can

Wood

Be

Stronger

Than

Steel?

Researcherssaytheyhave

anewsuper-materialinthelaboratory.Theysayitisstronger,

andcostslessthansteel.

Butthenewmaterialisnotaproductofhightechnologyorametallicsubstance.Itiswood.

ResearchersLiangbingHuandTengLiarewiththeUniversityofMarylandintheUnitedStates.

Byusingafew

,heatandpressure,theyhavemadewood3times

and10timesstronger.Husaysthatmeansitcan

someoftheworld’sstrongestmaterials.

“We’reinterestedinreplacingsteelandcarbonfiberswithstrong

,”hesaid.

Theprocessdoesnotrequireanyspecialraw,unprocessedmaterial.Husaidthatmeansthecostoftheproductwillberelativelylow.Headded,“Wecanstartwithverycheapwood,andwecanalsostartwithveryfancy,expensivewood.Butintheend,ultimatelywegetverysimilar

.”

Theresearchersarecallingtheirproduct“superwood.”Itismadebypartiallyremovinganatural

calledlignin（木質(zhì)素）.

Huexplainedthat“l(fā)igninislikeabindertoholdallthe

togetherinnaturalwood.Inourprocess,wefoundouttobeabletodensifythewoodcompletely,wehavetoremovesomeofthesebinders.”

Strongchemicalsareputonthewood.Thechemicalsremoveabouthalfofitslignin.Then,afterbeingleftinextremeheatandpressurizedforaday,thetreatedwoodisready.Theresearcherssaythewoodis

tobuildautomobiles,airplanes,windturbinesandmore.

Researchers

saytheyhave

anewsuper-materialinthelaboratory.Theysayitisstronger,

andcostslessthansteel.Butthenewmaterialisnotaproductofhightechnologyorametallic([m??t?l?k]金屬的)

substance(物質(zhì)).Itiswood.

ResearchersLiangbingHuandTengLiarewiththeUniversityofMaryland

intheUnitedStates.

Byusingafew

,heat

andpressure(壓力),theyhavemadewood3times

and10timesstronger.Husaysthatmeansitcan

someoftheworld’sstrongestmaterials.

“We’reinterestedinreplacingsteelandcarbonfibers(碳纖維)withstrong

,”hesaid.Can

Wood

Be

Stronger

Than

Steel?

Researchers

saytheyhave

anewsuper-materialinthelaboratory.Theysayitisstronger,

andcostslessthansteel.Butthenewmaterialisnotaproductofhightechnologyorametallic([m??t?l?k]金屬的)

substance(物質(zhì)).Itiswood.

ResearchersLiangbingHuandTengLiarewiththeUniversityofMaryland

intheUnitedStates.

Byusingafew

,heat

andpressure(壓力),theyhavemadewood3times

and10timesstronger.Husaysthatmeansitcan

someoftheworld’sstrongestmaterials.

“We’reinterestedinreplacingsteelandcarbonfibers(碳纖維)withstrong

,”hesaid.Can

Wood

Be

Stronger

Than

Steel?

createdlighterchemicalsdensercompete

withwood

structure

Theprocess

doesnotrequireanyspecialraw(原始的),unprocessed(未加工的)material.Husaidthatmeansthecostoftheproductwillberelativelylow.Headded,“Wecanstartwithverycheapwood,andwecanalsostartwithveryfancy,expensivewood.Butintheend,ultimatelywegetverysimilar

.”

The

researchersarecallingtheirproduct“superwood.”Itismadebypartiallyremoving

anatural

calledlignin（木質(zhì)素）.

Huexplainedthat“l(fā)igninislikeabinder

(粘合劑)

toholdallthe

togetherinnaturalwood.Inourprocess,wefoundouttobeabletodensify

thewoodcompletely

,wehavetoremovesomeofthesebinders.”

Strongchemicalsareputonthewood.Thechemicalsremoveabouthalfofitslignin.Then,afterbeingleftinextremeheatandpressurized

foraday,thetreatedwoodisready.Theresearcherssaythewoodis

tobuildautomobiles,airplanes,windturbinesandmore.Can

Wood

Be

Stronger

Than

Steel?

Theprocess

doesnotrequireanyspecialraw(原始的),unprocessed(未加工的)material.Husaidthatmeansthecostoftheproductwillberelativelylow.Headded,“Wecanstartwithverycheapwood,andwecanalsostartwithveryfancy,expensivewood.Butintheend,ultimatelywegetverysimilar

.”

The

researchersarecallingtheirproduct“superwood.”Itismadebypartiallyremoving

anatural

calledlignin（木質(zhì)素）.

Huexplainedthat“l(fā)igninislikeabinder

(粘合劑)

toholdallthe

togetherinnaturalwood.Inourprocess,wefoundouttobeabletodensify

thewoodcompletely

,wehavetoremovesomeofthesebinders.”

Strongchemicalsareputonthewood.Thechemicalsremoveabouthalfofitslignin.Then,afterbeingleftinextremeheatandpressurized

foraday,thetreatedwoodisready.Theresearcherssaythewoodis

tobuildautomobiles,airplanes,windturbinesandmore.Can

Wood

Be

Stronger

Than

Steel?

performancepolymercomponentsstrong

enougha.Composites(復(fù)合材料)enhanceperformanceb.Plastic(塑料)makesyourcarmoreaffordableyetpowerfulc.Switchablelenses(鏡片)improvevision

d.Bacterium(細(xì)菌)makesnature’sstrongestglueThe

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headlines①Somepeoplehavetheimpressionthatwearingeyeglassescanmakeyoulooksmarter.Someday,yourglassesthemselvesmightactuallybesmarter.Scientistsaredeveloping“smart”lensesthatsensewhereyoureyesarelookingandautomaticallyfocustohelpyouseemoreclearly.The

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headline:

Researchershavediscoveredabacteriumthatmakesthestickiestglueyetfound.TheadhesivemadebyCaulobactercrescentusissosecurethatthebacteriumcanclingtoasurfaceevenwhensubjectedtoaforceequivalenttofourcarsbalancedonacoin.Theglueismadeoutofpolysaccharides,longsugar-basedmolecules.The

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headline:③Resilientthermoplasticcompositesarewidelyusedinathleticfootweartoenhanceperformance.Thesematerialsarewellsuitedforfootwearapplicationsastheyarethin(typically1mm),lightanddurable.Compositematerialsareboostingathleticfootwearperformancethroughimprovedcomfort(archsupport),increasedstability(motioncontrol),andmoreenergyreturn.The

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headline:④Theplasticusedonsomeconceptvehiclesiscalledpolyethyleneterephthalate(PET)andisthesamematerialusedtomakeplasticdrinkingbottlesthatstoresodaorspringwater.TheintroductionofPETtechnologyintheautomobileindustryhastheabilitytoreducemanufacturingcostsby80percent,leavingachunkofmoneyleftoverforthingslike,areallycoolsuperchargedengine.The

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headline:①Somepeoplehavetheimpressionthatwearingeyeglassescanmakeyoulooksmarter.Someday,yourglassesthemselvesmightactuallybesmarter.Scientistsaredeveloping“smart”lensesthatsensewhereyoureyesarelookingandautomaticallyfocustohelpyouseemoreclearly.The

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headline:Switchablelensesimprovevision

Researchershavediscoveredabacteriumthatmakesthestickiestglueyetfound.TheadhesivemadebyCaulobactercrescentusissosecurethatthebacteriumcanclingtoasurfaceevenwhensubjectedtoaforceequivalenttofourcarsbalancedonacoin.Theglueismadeoutofpolysaccharides,longsugar-basedmolecules.The

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headline:Bacteriummakesnature’sstrongestglue③Resilientthermoplasticcompositesarewidelyusedinathleticfootweartoenhanceperformance.Thesematerialsarewellsuitedforfootwearapplicationsastheyarethin(typically1mm),lightanddurable.Compositematerialsareboostingathleticfootwearperformancethroughimprovedcomfort(archsupport),increasedstability(motioncontrol),andmoreenergyreturn.The

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headline:Compositesenhanceperformance④Theplasticusedonsomeconceptvehiclesiscalledpolyethyleneterephthalate(PET)andisthesamematerialusedtomakeplasticdrinkingbottlesthatstoresodaorspringwater.TheintroductionofPETtechnologyintheautomobileindustryhastheabilitytoreducemanufacturingcostsby80percent,leavingachunkofmoneyleftoverforthingslike,areallycoolsuperchargedengine.The

following

are

some

news

reflecting

the

materials

innovations.

Match

each

description

with

the

corresponding

headline.

Headline:

Plasticmakesyourcarmoreaffordableyetpowerful3PARTTHREEComprehensive

Progress

Weareconstantlyremindedthatweliveinaworldthatisbothdependentonandlimitedbymaterials.Everythingweseeanduseismadeofmaterialsderivedfromtheearth:cars,airplanes,computers,refrigerators,microwaveovens,TVs,dishes,silverware,athleticequipmentofalltypes,andevenbiomedicaldevicessuchasreplacementjointsandlimbs.Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara1很多東西都在不斷地提醒我們，我們生活的這個世界既依賴于各種材料，又受到這些材料的限制。我們見到的和我們使用的一切東西都是用地球上的材料做成的，如轎車，飛機(jī)，電腦，冰箱，微波爐，電視，碗碟，銀器，所有種類的運動器材，甚至像關(guān)節(jié)和假肢這樣一些生物醫(yī)學(xué)設(shè)備。Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara1

Alloftheserequirematerialsspecificallytailoredfortheirapplication.Specificpropertiesarerequiredthatresultfromcarefullyselectingthematerialsandfromcontrollingthemanufacturingprocessesusedtoconvertthebasicmaterialsintothefinalengineeredproduct.Further,wenowreadaboutexcitingnewproductdevelopmentsthatarepossibleonlythroughnewmaterialsand/orprocessing.Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara2

所有這些產(chǎn)品都要求使用的材料能滿足其特定的用途。我們需要考慮不同材料的特性，通過仔細(xì)選材以及控制其加工工藝來把原材料變成成品。更有甚者，我們現(xiàn)在所了解的一些成功的新產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)，很有可能不過就是因為使用了新型材料或者采用了新式的材料加工工藝。Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara2

Newtechnologiesdevelopedthroughengineeringandsciencewillcontinuetomakestartlingchangesinourlivesinthe21stcentury,andpeopleinMaterialsScienceandEngineeringwillcontinuetobekeyinthesechangesandadvances.Theseengineersdealwiththescienceandtechnologyofproducingmaterialsthathavepropertiesandshapessuitableforpracticaluse.Materialsincludemetals,ceramics,polymers(plastics),semiconductors,andtheircombinationscalledcomposites.Theactivitiesoftheseengineersrangefromprimarymaterialsproduction,includingrecycling,throughthedesignanddevelopmentofnewmaterialstothereliableandeconomicalprocessing/manufacturingforthefinalproduct.Suchactivitiesarefoundcommonlyinindustriessuchasaerospace,transportation,electronics,energyconversion,andbiomedicalsystems.Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara3

21世紀(jì)工程技術(shù)和科學(xué)的發(fā)展將會給我們的生活帶來巨變，而材料科學(xué)和材料工程領(lǐng)域的工作人員將是推動這些變化與進(jìn)步的主力軍。這些工程師主攻的科學(xué)技術(shù)可以生產(chǎn)出滿足實際需求的具有某種特性和形狀的新材料。材料包括金屬，陶瓷，聚合物（塑料),半導(dǎo)體，以及它們的合成物，即復(fù)合材料。其研究范圍包括設(shè)計和研發(fā)新材料，對原材料進(jìn)行加工，如材料的循環(huán)利用，以及采用經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的加工工藝來制造成品。研究活動主要集中在這些行業(yè)領(lǐng)域：航空，交通，電子，能源轉(zhuǎn)化，以及生物醫(yī)學(xué)系統(tǒng)。Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara3

Thefuturewillbringeverincreasingchallengesandopportunitiesfornewmaterialsandbetterprocessing.Materialsareevolvingfastertodaythanatanytimeinhistory.Newandimprovedmaterialsarean“underpinningtechnology”—onewhichcanstimulateinnovationandproductimprovement.Manyapplicationsarelimitedbytheoperatingconstraintsimposedbythepropertiesorbehaviorofthematerialsavailable.Higherqualityproductsresultfromimprovedprocessingandmoreemphasiswillbeplacedonreclaimingandrecycling.Forthesemanyreasons,mostsurveysnamethematerialsfieldasoneofthecareerswithexcellentfutureopportunities.Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara4對于新材料和更先進(jìn)的加工工藝來說，未來將帶來無限的挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。當(dāng)今世界，材料科學(xué)發(fā)展的速度超過了歷史上的任何時期。經(jīng)過改良的新型材料是現(xiàn)在的支柱技術(shù)，這種技術(shù)能夠激發(fā)創(chuàng)新和提升產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量?，F(xiàn)有材料的一些特性，不易于加工，應(yīng)用受到限制。改良工藝才能提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，重點將是材料的回收和循環(huán)利用?；谶@許多的原因，很多調(diào)查都指出，材料行業(yè)將是未來具有極佳發(fā)展前景的一個領(lǐng)域。Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara4

Whytheexcitementaboutthefutureforthematerialsfield?Thematerialsfieldoffersunlimitedpossibilitiesforinnovationandadaptation.Whilemuchattentionisbeingfocusedondevelopingmetals,ceramics,polymers,andcompositeswithimprovedproperties,theabilitytoactuallyengineer,orcreate,materialstomeetspecificneedsisjustnowbeingrealized.Thisengineeringcanbecarriedoutattheatomiclevelthroughthemillionsofpossiblecombinationsofelements.Itcanalsobedoneonalargerscaletotakeadvantageofuniquecompositepropertiesthatresultfrommicroscopic-scalecombinationsofmetals,ceramicsandpolymers,suchasinfiberreinforcementtomakeagraphitefishingrodor,onaslightlylargerscale,forsteel-beltedradialtires.Finally,itcanbepracticedonanevenlargerscalewithbridges,buildings,andappliances.Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara5

為什么材料領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展如此令人興奮呢？因為它為創(chuàng)新和改良提供發(fā)了無限的可能性。盡管現(xiàn)在更多的還是關(guān)注如何研發(fā)金屬、陶瓷、聚合物和具有改良特性的復(fù)合材料，但是制造或者說創(chuàng)造出能夠滿足特定需求的材料，這種能力也正在成為現(xiàn)實。這種技術(shù)可以在原子也可以著眼于較大層面的技術(shù)應(yīng)用，微觀合成各種金屬、陶瓷和聚合物的復(fù)合材料，發(fā)揮其獨特優(yōu)勢，如使用加強(qiáng)纖維制造石墨釣魚桿，還有鋼帶子午線輪胎，屬于更大層面上的應(yīng)用。層面進(jìn)行，即通過數(shù)百萬種原子的不同組合來合成新材料。最后，也可以應(yīng)用于更大層面上的橋梁、建筑和器械。Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara5

Becauseoftheincreasingnumberofexcitingmaterialsdiscoveries,andtheimpactandinfluenceofmaterialsonanever-greaternumberofcriticalmanufacturingandprocessingindustries,thefieldwillplayamajorroleinthecompetitiveglobaleconomy.Withthedevelopingabilitytoengineermaterials,wehavegreaterpotentialtomakeneededimprovementsandusherinanexcitingnewphaseinthematerialsage.Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara6

材料領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)現(xiàn)層出不窮，令人歡欣鼓舞，對于制造業(yè)和加工工藝產(chǎn)生了巨大影響，其發(fā)展在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的競爭中具有重要的作用。如果具備生產(chǎn)材料的能力，我們將具有更大的潛力作出所需要的各種改良，迎接一個材料科學(xué)的新時代。

Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

FuturePara6Text

A

Materials

Science

&

Engineering:

An

Exciting

Career

Field

for

the

Futureapplication

n.

[??pl??ke??(?)n]

申請、應(yīng)用All

of

these

require

materials

specifically

tailored

for

their

application.e.g.1.

His

application

for

membership

of

the

organization

was

rejected.

他對該組織會員資格的申請被拒絕了。e.g.2.

Students

have

learned

the

practical

application

of

the