閱讀理解說(shuō)明文議論文20篇-2023年高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解名校模擬訓(xùn)練 解析版

2023年高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解滿分攻略+名校模擬專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

專(zhuān)題08閱讀理解說(shuō)明文+議論文20篇解析版

專(zhuān)家說(shuō)考情高考新考法名師談技法

高頻必考點(diǎn)：2022年全國(guó)甲卷考查一道標(biāo)題歸納題、一道文章1.標(biāo)題概括題每年必考，難度最大

1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題大意題和一道段落大意題2.利用說(shuō)明文“倒三角形”特點(diǎn)，

2.猜測(cè)詞義題22022年全國(guó)乙卷考查一道標(biāo)題歸納題緊扣首段和段首句

3.推理判斷題2022年新高考全國(guó)I卷考查一道段落大意題3.最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)是概括性強(qiáng),主

4.標(biāo)題概括題2022年新高考全國(guó)II卷考查一道標(biāo)題歸納題題突出，體現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞。

（2023?黑龍江哈爾濱?哈九中?？既＃〧orthefirsttime,scientistshavesuccessfullygrownplantsinlunar

soilbroughtbacktoEarthbyNASA,sApolloastronauts.ResearchershadnoideaifanythingwouldSProUt（發(fā)芽）

intheharshmoondirtandwantedtoseeifitcouldbeusedtogrowfoodbythenextgenerationoflunarexplorers.

??Aftertwodays,theystartedtosprout!”saidAnna-LisaPaul,aprofessorinHorticulturalSciencesatthe

UniversityofFlorida,whotookpartintheexperiment.''Everythingsprouted.Ican,ttellyouhowastonishedwe

were!Everyplant—whetherinalunarsampleorinacontrol（參照實(shí)驗(yàn)）一lookedthesameupuntilaboutday

six.”

RobertFerloftheUniversityofFlorida'sInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciencesandhiscolleagues

plantedthalecress（鼠耳芥）inmoonsoilreturnedbyApollo11,sNeilAnnstrongandBuzzAldrin,andothermoon

walkers.Alloftheseedssprouted.Butwithinaweek,thecoarseness（粗糙度）andotherpropertiesofthelunarsoil

stressedthesmall,floweringweedssomuchthattheygrewmoreslowlythanseedlingsplantedindirtfromEarth.

Mostofthemoonplantsendedupstunted（發(fā)育不良）.

Thelongerthesoilwasexposedtotoughcosmicradiationandsolarwindonthemoon,theworsetheplants

seemedtodo.TheApolloIIsamples-exposedacoupleofbillionyearslongertotheelements—weretheleast

likelyforplantstogrow,scientistssaid.Onesolutionmightbetouseyoungergeologicspotsonthemoon,likelava

flows,fordiggingupplantingsoil.Theenvironmentalsocouldbeimproved,changingthenutrientmixtureor

adjustingtheartificiallighting.

NASAsaidthetimingforsuchanexperimentwasright,withthespaceagencylookingtoputastronautsback

onthemooninafewyears.Theidealsituationwouldbeforfutureastronautstomakeuseoftheendlesssupplyof

availablelocaldirtforindoorplantingratherthansetupahydroponic（水培的）orall-watersystem,scientistssaid.

“Thefactthatanythinggrewmeansthatwehaveareallygoodstartingpoint,andnowthequestionishowdowe

optimizeandimprove,,,saidSharmilaBhattacharya,NASA,sprogramscientistforspacebiology.

1.Whydidthescientiststrytogrowplantsinthelunarsoil?

A.Tosolvethefoodcrisisintheworld.B.Totakemoredirtfromthemoon.

C.Topreparefoodforfutureastronauts.D.Tosendmoreexplorerstothemoon.

2.Whatmadethesproutedseedsendupstunted?

A.Theverylowqualityofthesoil.B.Theyfloweredtoomuchsoon.

C.Thepolluteddirtontheearth.D.Thechangeofartificiallighting.

3.Whatkindofmoonsoilwouldprobablybesuitableforplantgrowth?

A.Theonereceivingcosmicradiation.B.Theoneexposedtosolarwind.

C.Theonehavingaverylonghistory.D.Theonecomingfromlavaflows.

4.Whatwillscientistsmostprobablydonext?

A.Useavailableearthdirtforplanting.B.Continuetogrowplantsinlunarsoil.

C.Putmoreastronautsbackonthemoon.D.Setupahydroponicorall-watersystem.

【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了日前美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)的研究人員首次在阿波羅號(hào)宇航員帶回的月

球土壤里種出了植物，這個(gè)突破性進(jìn)展意味著人類(lèi)朝著在月球上種植糧食又邁近了一步。

L細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第一段講到“ResearchershadnoideaifanythingwouldSPrOUt（發(fā)芽）intheharshmoon

dirtandwantedtoseeifitcouldbeusedtogrowfoodbythenextgenerationoflunarexplorers,研究人員不

知道在嚴(yán)酷的月球泥土中是否會(huì)發(fā)芽，他們想看看下一代月球探險(xiǎn)家是否可以用它來(lái)種植食物。）”可知科

學(xué)家們?cè)噲D在月球土壤中種植植物是為未來(lái)的宇航員準(zhǔn)備食物，故選C.

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第三段講到“Butwithinaweek,thecoarseness（粗糙度）andotherpropertiesofthe

lunarsoilstressedthesmall,floweringweedssomuchthattheygrewmoreslowlythanseedlingsplantedin

dirtfromEarth.Mostofthemoonplantsendedupstunted（發(fā)育不良）.（但在一周內(nèi)，月球土壤的粗糙度和

其他特性給開(kāi)花的小雜草帶來(lái)了很大的壓力，以至于它們的生長(zhǎng)速度比種植在地球泥土中的幼苗慢。大多

數(shù)月球植物最終發(fā)育不良。）”可知讓發(fā)芽的種子最終發(fā)育不良的是土壤質(zhì)量很低，故選A。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第四段講到“OiIesolutionmightbetouseyoungergeologicspotsonthemoon,likelava

flows,fordiggingupplantingSoiLL種解決方案可能是利用月球上較年輕的地質(zhì)點(diǎn)，如熔巖流，挖掘種植

土壤。戶可知樣來(lái)自熔巖流的的月球土壤可能適合植物生長(zhǎng)，故選D。

4.推理判斷題。文章最后一段講到“Thefactthatanythinggrewmeansthatwehaveareallygoodstarting

point9andnowthequestionishowdovveoptimizeandimprove（任何增長(zhǎng)的事實(shí)都意味著我們有一個(gè)非常

好的起點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是我們?nèi)绾蝺?yōu)化和改進(jìn)）”可知科學(xué)家下一步最有可能繼續(xù)在月球土壤中種植植物，

故選B。

（2023屆河南省洛陽(yáng)市高三綜合練習(xí)題英語(yǔ)（二））Onethingwealwaysrememberfromourchildhoodis

ourfavouriteteddybear.Thissoftraggedtoywasourcomfortandcompanion.Aswegrowup,wenormallygive

upourchildishways,andourfurryfriendoftenendsupinstorageoratayardsale.Butthat,snotthecasefor

everyone.

?tseemsthatsomegrown-upscontinuetoneedtheircuddly（讓人想抱的）toybytheirsides.Andforsome

adults,softtoysremainanessentialpresence—theytakethemwherevertheygo.

Acuddlytoycancomeinmanyforms一animals,strangeshapesorjustapieceofstuffedmaterial.Butit,sthe

teddybearinparticularthatseemstohavealastingappeal—itgivesusanostalgic（懷舊的）feelingandareminder

ofouryoungerdays.DavidCannadine,ahistorian,says,??Pcrhapsit,sthatbearsrepresentthehappysecurityofa

childhoodfriendwhoneverchangesorletsyoudown.Forwhateverreason,teddiesappealtobothchildrenand

adultsofallages.”

Theteddybearismuchcelebratedthesedays,andthey,vebecomesomethingthatwedon,tjustgrowupwith

一peoplebuythemasadultstoo.Thereareshopswhichsellonlyteddybears,thereareteddybearmuseumsin

manycountries,andteddybearfestivalsregularlytakeplacearoundtheworld.

WhileoursofttoysofferUSakindofcomfortblanket,someexpertssayit,snothingtobeashamedof.It,s

sometimesgoodtoletgooftherestrictionsofadultlifeandbeabigkidagain.Manyadultspurchaseplaythings

theyenjoyedaschildrenbecausetheybringbackhappymemories.Colouringbooks,cuddlytoysandboardgames

weretopofthelist.So,ifyou,restillkeepingyourteddyasecret,don,tworry一you,renotalone!

5.Whatareteddybearsusuallyusedfor?

A.Keepingpeoplecompany.

B.Makingadultsstayyoung.

C.Beingsoldforpocketmoney.

D.Beingcollectedforappreciation.

6.Whyareteddybearssoattractivetopeople?

A.Theycomeinvariousshapesandcolors.

B.Theyaremadeofstrangefurrymaterials.

C.Theyhelptoensurechildren,ssafety.

D.Theycarrywiththemtruefriendship.

7.Whichadviceisreasonableforanadult?

A.Takelessnoticeofshame.B.Trytoactlikeachild.

C.Followsocialrulesstrictly.D.Buytoysifnecessary.

8.Whatmaybeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.NoMoreTeddyBearsB.ATeddyBearforLife

C.ChildishTeddyBearsD.AdultsinNeedofToys

【答案】5.A6.D7.D8.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹泰迪熊是許多人從小就熟悉的玩具。這個(gè)毛茸茸的伙伴給童年

帶來(lái)了歡樂(lè)和慰藉。一些人即使已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大，對(duì)它的喜愛(ài)也絲毫不減。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“ThissoftraggedtoywasourcomfortandCOmPanion.（這個(gè)柔軟的破爛玩具是

我們的安慰和伴侶。）"和第二段"ItSeemSthatsomegrown-upscontinuetoneedtheircuddly（讓人想抱的）

toybytheirsides.Andforsomeadults,softtoysremainanessentialpresence-theytakethemwhereverthey

go.（似乎一些成年人仍然需要他們的可愛(ài)的玩具在他們身邊。對(duì)于一些成年人來(lái)說(shuō)，毛絨玩具仍然是必不

可少的存在一他們走到哪里都帶著它們。）”可知，泰迪熊通常用來(lái)陪伴他人。故選A。

6.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Butit,stheteddybearinparticularthatseemstohavealastingappeal—itgives

usaIlOStaIgiC（懷I日的）feelingandareminderofouryoungerdays.DavidCannadine9ahistorian,says,

66Perhapsit,sthatbearsrepresentthehappysecurityofachildhoodfriendwhoneverchangesorletsyou

down.Forwhateverreason,teddiesappealtobothchildrenandadultsofallages.”（但泰迪熊似乎具有持久

的吸引力，它給我們一種懷舊的感覺(jué)，提醒我們年輕的日子。歷史學(xué)家大衛(wèi)?坎納丁說(shuō)：“也許熊代表了童年

朋友的快樂(lè)安全感，他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)改變你，也不會(huì)讓你失望。不管出于什么原因，泰迪熊對(duì)所有年齡段的兒

童和成年人都很有吸引力?！碑a(chǎn)可推斷，泰迪熊對(duì)人們?nèi)绱擞形σ驗(yàn)樗鼈儙Ыo他們真正的友誼。故選Do

7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Whileoursofttoysofferusakindofcomfortblanket,someexpertssayit,s

nothingtobeashamedof.It'ssometimesgoodtoletgooftherestrictionsofadultlifeandbeabigkidagain.

Manyadultspurchaseplaythingstheyenjoyedaschildrenbecausetheybringbackhappymemories.

Colouringbooks,cuddlytoysandboardgamesweretopofthelist.So,ifyou,restillkeepingyourteddya

secret,don,tworry—you,renotalone!（雖然我們的毛絨玩具給我們提供了一種舒適的毯子，但一些專(zhuān)家表

示，這沒(méi)什么好羞恥的。有時(shí)候，擺脫成人生活的束縛，重新做一個(gè)大孩子是件好事。許多成年人購(gòu)買(mǎi)他

們小時(shí)候喜歡的玩具，因?yàn)樗鼈兡軉酒鹂鞓?lè)的回憶。涂色書(shū)、可愛(ài)的玩具和棋盤(pán)游戲是最受歡迎的。所以，

如果你仍然對(duì)你的泰迪熊保密，別擔(dān)心——你不是一個(gè)人!）”可推斷，對(duì)成年人來(lái)說(shuō)，必要時(shí)購(gòu)買(mǎi)玩具。故

選D。

8.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“So,ifyou,restillkeepingyourteddyasecret,don,tworry—you,renotaione!

（所以，如果你仍然對(duì)你的泰迪熊保密，別擔(dān)心——你不是一個(gè)人!）”及全文可知，文章主要介紹泰迪熊是許

多人從小就熟悉的玩具。這個(gè)毛茸茸的伙伴給童年帶來(lái)了歡樂(lè)和慰藉。一些人即使已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大，對(duì)它的喜愛(ài)

也絲毫不減。所以“ATeddyBearforLife（一輩子有一只泰迪熊戶作為文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選B。

（2023屆河南省部分重點(diǎn)高中高三下學(xué)期5月頂尖計(jì)劃聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)試題）TheAustralianAntarcticDivision

isreadytoleadoneofthemostambitiousandchallengingscientificprojectsyetundertakeninAntarctica-thequest

todrillanicecorecontainingamillion-yearrecordofEarth,sclimateandatmospherichistory.

Thisrecordwillhelpsolvealong-standingmysteryaboutthetimingofpasticeages-why,almostonemillion

yearsago,thecycleoficeagesshiftedfromaregular41,000-yearcycletoaniceageevery100,000years.

TheAntarcticicecapisformedbylayersofsnowfall,whicharecompressedatdepthintoice.Tracechemicals

andparticlestrappedintheicelayersprovidedataonhowtheclimateandatmospherehaschangedovertime.Past

temperature,thefrequencyandpowerofvolcaniceruptions,seaicecoverage,dustinessandwindpatternsareall

recorded.

Airpocketsinthesnowbecometrappedasbubbles（氣泡）intheice.Eachbubbleisanoriginalsampleofthe

atmosphere,fromthetimethesnowwastransformedtoice.Carbondioxide,methane,oxygenandothergasescan

beextractedfromthebubblestorevealtheirpastatmosphericconcentrations.

The41,000-yeariceagecyclematchesaknownperiodicityinthetilt（傾斜）OfEarth'saxis.The100,000-year

cyclematchesaperiodicityintheshapeoftheEarth,sorbit.Whytheiceagecyclesshiftedfrombeingpacedby

oneparameter（參數(shù)）totheotherisunresolved.TheAntarcticicesheetwitnessedthesechangesandtheanswerto

thepuzzlemaylieintheancientice.

AleadingtheoryisthatdecliningatmosphericCO2levelswerethecauseofthelonger,coldericeages.The

million-yearicecorerecordwillprovidetheessentialCO2recordtotestthistheory.Bygreatlyextendingthe

detailedrecordofEarth,sclimatehistory,themillion-yearicecorewillalsoplacecurrentchangesinclimateand

greenhousegasconcentrationsintoadeepercontext.

9.Whathappenedtotheearthaboutonemillionyearsago?

A.Thecycleoficeageschanged.

B.Thecycleoficeagesdisappeared.

C.TheAntarcticicecapcameintobeing.

D.TheCO2levelsintheatmosphereincreased.

10.Whatinformationdoesanicecoreprobablyinclude?

A.Themovementsofseaice.

B.Thelevelofvolcanicactivities.

C.Thecauseofvolcaniceruptions.

D.ThecauseofthetiltofEarth,saxis.

?I.What,sthemessageconveyedinthefifthparagraph?

A.ThetiltofEarth,saxismayhaveaffectedtheiceages.

B.Theiceagecyclesaren,trelatedtotheEarth,sorbit.

C.TheEarth,sorbitbecamestableabout100,000yearsago.

D.Theorbitalparametersarethekeytostudyingtheancientice.

12.Whafsthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

A.Theevolutionoftheearth,senvironment.

B.TheperiodicityofatmosphericCO2levels.

C.Thetrendofclimatechangeinrecentyears.

D.Thepotentialvalueofthemillion-yearicecore.

【答案】9.A10.B11.A12.D

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。澳大利亞南極分部準(zhǔn)備實(shí)施迄今為止在南極洲進(jìn)行的最雄心勃勃、最具挑戰(zhàn)性

的科學(xué)項(xiàng)目之一，即鉆探一個(gè)包含數(shù)百萬(wàn)年地球氣候和大氣歷史記錄的冰芯。

9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thisrecordwillhelpsolvealong-standingmysteryaboutthetimingofpastice

ages-vvhy,almostonemillionyearsago,thecycleoficeagesshiftedfromaregular41,（M）0-vearcycletoanice

ageevery100,000years.（這一記錄將有助于解開(kāi)一個(gè)關(guān)于過(guò)去冰河時(shí)期時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)期謎團(tuán)，為什么在近100

萬(wàn)年前，冰河時(shí)期的周期從4?1萬(wàn)年的常規(guī)周期轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊?0萬(wàn)年一次的冰河時(shí)期）”可知，大約一百萬(wàn)年前

冰河周期發(fā)生了變化，故選A項(xiàng)。

10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“TheAntarcticicecapisformedbylayersofsnowfall,whicharecompressedat

depthintoice.Tracechemicalsandparticlestrappedintheicelayersprovidedataonhowtheclimateand

atmospherehaschangedovertime?Pasttemperature,thefrequencyandpowerofvolcaniceruptions,seaice

coverage,dustinessandwindpatternsareallrecorded.（南極冰蓋是由層層降雪形成的，這些降雪在深處被

壓縮成冰。被困在冰層中的微量化學(xué)物質(zhì)和顆粒物提供了氣候和大氣隨時(shí)間變化的數(shù)據(jù)。記錄了過(guò)去的溫

度、火山爆發(fā)的頻率和功率、海冰覆蓋率、灰塵和風(fēng)向）”可知，冰芯中會(huì)包含火山活動(dòng)的信息，故選B項(xiàng)。

11.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“Whytheiceagecyclesshiftedfrombeingpacedbyoneparameter（參數(shù)）tothe

otherisunresolved.TheAntarcticicesheetwitnessedthesechangesandtheanswertothepuzzlemayliein

theancientice.（為什么冰河時(shí)期的周期從由一個(gè)參數(shù)決定另一個(gè)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題尚未解決。南極冰蓋見(jiàn)證了這些

變化，而這個(gè)謎題的答案可能就在古老的冰層中）”可知，地軸的傾斜可能影響了冰河時(shí)期，故選A項(xiàng)。

12.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段"AleadingtheoryisthatdecliningatmosphericCO2levelswerethecauseof

thelonger,coldericeages.Themillion-yearicecorerecordwillprovidetheessentialCO2recordtotestthis

theory.（一個(gè)主要的理論是，大氣中二氧化碳水平的下降是冰河時(shí)期更長(zhǎng)、更冷的原因。百萬(wàn)年的冰芯記

錄將為檢驗(yàn)這一理論提供必要的二氧化碳記錄）”可知，百萬(wàn)年的冰芯記錄將為檢驗(yàn)這一理論提供必要的二

氧化碳記錄，也就是說(shuō)百萬(wàn)年的冰芯記錄有潛在的價(jià)值，故選D項(xiàng)。

（江西省重點(diǎn)中學(xué)協(xié)作體2023屆高三第二次聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)試卷）Weallknowthere,sgoodCholeSterOl（膽固

醉）andbadcholesterol.Itturnsoutthere,sgoodandbadfat,too.Thegoodfatismedicallyknownasbrownfat.

It,sgoodbecauseitbumscalories.Themorefamiliarfat,knownaswhitefat,storesupcaloriesandstubbornly

accumulatesaroundwaistlinesandbottoms.

Scientistshaveknownaboutbrownfatfordecades.Smallmammalsandhumaninfants（嬰兒）havedeposits

ofitaroundtheirshoulderblades.Itgeneratesheatandhelpsmaintainthebody,scoretemperature.Recently,three

studiesintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinesuggestthatbrownfat—whichbecomesgraduallylesswithage

—mightserveasawholenewwaytohelppeopleloseweight.44Wecalculatethatifyouhadthreeounces,worthof

brownfat,thatwouldbeenoughtobumup400to500caloriesperday,“saysDr.AaronCypess,anauthorofone

ofthenewstudies.

Thenewstudies,whichcomefromtheUniversityofMaastrichtintheNetherlands,studiedbrownfatactivity

in24healthyyoungmen-10ofthemlean（瘦且健康的）andtheothersoverweight.Studysubjectsspenttwo

hoursinamildlychillyroom——16.1℃.ThentheyunderwentPETscansandCTscanstomeasurethelocation

andmetabolic（新陳代i?t的）activityofbrownfatdeposits.Brownfatshowedupas“hotspots“inthescansof23

outofthe24volunteers.Theonewithnodetectablebrownfatwasthemostobese.

Theresearchersalsofoundthatexposuretochillytemperaturescausedanincreaseinthemetabolicrateof

brownfatintheirhealthyadultvolunteers.Theyfigurethatifawaycanbefoundtoactivatethetypicalperson,s

storesofbrownfat,itwillburnoffatleast9poundsofregularwhitefatayear.Sittingathomeat16℃maybea

simplewaytoachievethatandothercandidatetargetsarealreadyknown.

13.Whomayhavethemostbrownfataccordingtothetext?

A.Anenergeticteenager.B.Amiddle-agedman.

C.Alovelybaby.D.Anoldwoman.

14.WhichstatementwillDr.AaronCypessprobablyagreewith?

A.Itdoesn,ttakemuchbrownfattobumcalories.

B.Peoplearesupposedtofocusonlosingweight.

C.Whitefatmainlyaccumulatesaroundshoulderblades.

D.Smallmammalstakeadvantageofbrownfattobeatheat.

15.Whatdothestudiesmentionedinparagraph3show?

A.Youngmenpreferbrownfattowhitefat.

B.Peoplebecomeoverweightforlackofbrownfat.

C.Thelocationofbrownfatdepositsishardtomeasure.

D.Obesepeoplemayhavelessbrownfatthanleanpeople.

16.Whatwillbetalkedaboutinthenextparagraph?

A.Benefitsofstayinginfreezingrooms.B.Waysofactivatingstoresofbrownfat.

C.Targetsofkeepingahealthyweight.D.Risksofeatingtoomuchheavyfood.

【答案】13.C14.A15.D16.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了不同脂肪的類(lèi)型以及棕色脂肪可以幫助人們減肥。

13.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段"Scientistshaveknownaboutbrownfatfordecades.Smallmammalsand

humaninfants（嬰兒）havedepositsofitaroundtheirshoulderblades.（科學(xué)家們幾十年前就知道了棕色脂

肪。小型哺乳動(dòng)物和人類(lèi)嬰兒的肩胛骨周?chē)羞@種沉積物）”可知,一個(gè)可愛(ài)的嬰兒的棕色脂肪最多。故選C。

14.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“"Wecalculatethatifyouhadthreeounces9worthofbrownfat,thatwouldbe

enoughtoburnup400to500caloriesperday,“saysDr.AaronCypess,anauthorofoneofthenewstudies.

（其中一項(xiàng)新研究的作者Aan）IICyPeSS博士說(shuō)：“我們計(jì)算出，如果你有三盎司的棕色脂肪，那就足以每天

燃燒400到500卡路里?！睉艨芍?，AanmCyPeSS認(rèn)為燃燒卡路里不需要很多棕色脂肪。故選A。

15.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Thenewstudies,whichcomefromtheUniversityofMaastrichtinthe

Netherlands,studiedbrownfatactivityin24healthyyoungmen—10ofthemlean（瘦且健康的）andthe

othersoverweight.Studysubjectsspenttwohoursinamildlychillyroom—16.1℃.Thentheyunderwent

PETscansandCTscanstomeasurethelocationandmetabolic（新陳代謝的）activityofbrownfatdeposits.

BrownfatshowedupasuhotSPotS”inthescansof23outofthe24volunteers.Theonewithnodetectable

brownfatwasthemostobese.（荷蘭馬斯特里赫特大學(xué)的這項(xiàng)新研究對(duì)24名健康年輕男性的棕色脂肪活動(dòng)

進(jìn)行了研究，其中10名是瘦子，其余的是超重的。研究對(duì)象在16.1。C的微冷房間里待了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。然后，

他們接受了PET掃描和CT掃描，以測(cè)量棕色脂肪沉積物的位置和代謝活動(dòng)。在24名志愿者中，有23人

的掃描結(jié)果顯示棕色脂肪是“熱點(diǎn)”。沒(méi)有檢測(cè)到棕色脂肪的人是最肥胖的）”可推知，第3段提到的研究表

明肥胖的人可能比瘦人有更少的棕色脂肪。故選D。

16.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Theyfigurethatifawaycanbefoundtoactivatethetypicalperson,sstores

ofbrownfat,itwillburnoffatleast9poundsofregularwhitefatayear.Sittingathomeat16℃maybea

simplewaytoachievethatandothercandidatetargetsarealreadyknown.（他們認(rèn)為，如果能找到一種方法

來(lái)激活普通人儲(chǔ)存的棕色脂肪，那么每年至少會(huì)燃燒掉9磅的普通白色脂肪。坐在16℃的家中可能是實(shí)現(xiàn)

這一目標(biāo)的簡(jiǎn)單方法，其他候選目標(biāo)已經(jīng)知道）”可推知，下一段將討論激活棕色脂肪儲(chǔ)存的方法。故選B。

（2023屆山東省臨沂市高三下學(xué)期二模英語(yǔ)試題）Haveyoueverwishedyoucouldbebetterorganisedor

moresociable?Perhapsyou,reaconstantworrier,andyou,dprefertobealittlemorecarefree?

Manysurveysshowthatatleasttwo-thirdsofpeoplewouldliketochangesomeelementsoftheirpersonality.

Inthepast,suchdesiresappearedtobeunachievable.Liketheproverbialleopardthatcouldneverchangeitsspots,

ourvirtuesandflawswerebelievedtobewovenintothefabricofourminds.

Recentscientificresearch,however,provesthisexpectationofpersonality,spermanencewrong.Withtheright

psychologicalstrategiesandenougheffort,manypeoplecansuccessfullyshapetheircorepersonalitiesintowhat

theydesire.

Ourgenesalmostcertainlyplayarole:it,swhypeoplc,spersonalitiesoftenreflecttheirbiologicalparents9

ones.Theinfluenceofoursocialenvironmentwasthoughttoendinearlyadulthood,asthebrainreachedmaturity.

Ifthisweretrue,itwouldn'tbepossibletoshiftpersonalityatwill.Yetthatisexactlywhatpsychologyprofessor

NathanHudsonandhiscolleagueshaveshownwithaseriesofgroundbreakingstudies.

Theinterventionsintheirstudiestypicallyinvolvearrangingregularactivitiesthatreflectthepersonalities

peoplewishtoadopt.Aquietpersonwhowishedtobemoreoutgoing,forexample,mighthavethegoalof

introducingthemselvestoastrangeronceaweek,ormakingsmalltalkwiththecashierattheirlocalsupermarket.

Theaimisforthethinkingpatternsandbehaviourstheygeneratetobecomehabitual.Inthefirsttrial,

providedparticipantsactuallycompletedthosearrangedtasks,theirpersonalitiesshiftedinthedesireddirection.

Similarlyexcitingresultscouldbeseeninalatertrial.Thedifferencesofparticipants,personalitiesbeforeandafter

theinterventionwerestillapparentthreemonthsaftertheexperimenthadended.AsAristotlearguedmorethan

2,300yearsago,WebecomewhatWerepeatedlydo.

Theunexpectedplasticityofourmindsshouldbegoodnewsforanyonewhowishestheywereabitmore

sociable,organised,orhappy-go-lucky.Anotherpotentialbenefitisthatawarenessofthisresearchcouldhelp

improvementalhealth.

17.Whyis“l(fā)eopard"mentionedinparagraph2?

A.Toexplainthatourmindsconsistofvirtuesandflaws.

B.Toshowthesimilaritybetweenleopardsandhumanbeings.

C.Toproveapossibilitythatpeoplecanchangetheirpersonality.

D.Todemonstratethepreviousbeliefthatpersonalitiesremainfixed.

18.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthe“interventions”?

A.Thetwotrialsreacheddifferentconclusions.B.Activitiesaretailoredtospecificpersonalitites.

C.Thepurposeistobetterpeople,spersonalities.D.People,spersonalitiescanbechangedbutcan,tlast.

19.WhathasNathanHudson'steamshownthroughtheirstudies?

A.Thepreviousexpectationofpersonality,spermanencewasconfirmed.

B.Theinfluenceofoursocialenvironmentendswhenthebrainmatures.

C.Thedesiretochangesomeelementsofourpersonalitycanbeachieved.

D.Ourgenesplayagreaterroleinourpersonalitythansocialenvironment.

20.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.WeAreWhatWeDoB.HabitsMakeThingsEasier

C.YourPersonalityIsNotSetInStoneD.ALeopardNeverChangesItsSpots

【答案】17.D18.B19.C20.C

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。最近的科學(xué)研究證明，這種對(duì)人格持久性的期望是錯(cuò)誤的。通過(guò)正確的心理策

略和足夠的努力，許多人可以成功地將他們的核心個(gè)性塑造成他們想要的樣子。文章介紹了研究開(kāi)展的過(guò)

程以及發(fā)現(xiàn)和意義：對(duì)于那些希望自己更善于交際、更有條理或更隨遇而安的人來(lái)說(shuō)，我們大腦意想不到

的可塑性應(yīng)該是個(gè)好消息。另一個(gè)潛在的好處是，意識(shí)到這項(xiàng)研究可以幫助改善心理健康。

17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Manysurveysshowthatatleasttwo-thirdsofpeoplewouldliketochangesome

elementsoftheirpersonality.Inthepast,suchdesiresappearedtobeunachievable.Liketheproverbial

leopardthatcouldneverchangeitsspots,ourvirtuesandflawswerebelievedtobewovenintothefabricof

ourminds.（許多調(diào)查顯示，至少三分之二的人想要改變他們性格中的某些元素。在過(guò)去，這樣的愿望似乎

是無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。就像諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)的“江山易改本性難移”一樣，我們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是編織在我們的思想

結(jié)構(gòu)中）”可推知，在第二段提到了“豹”是為了證明先前的觀點(diǎn)，即人格是固定的。故選D。

18.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段"Theinterventionsintheirstudiestypicallyinvolvearrangingregularactivities

thatreflectthepersonalitiespeoplewishtoadopt.Aquietpersonwhowishedtobemoreoutgoing,for

example,mighthavethegoalofintroducingthemselvestoastrangeronceaweek,ormakingsmalltalkwith

thecashierattheirlocalSUPermarket.（在他們的研究中，干預(yù)通常包括安排反映人們希望采用的個(gè)性的定期

活動(dòng)。例如，一個(gè)安靜的人希望變得更外向，他的目標(biāo)可能是每周向陌生人介紹自己一次，或者在當(dāng)?shù)爻?/p>

市與收銀員閑聊一次）”可推知，活動(dòng)是為特定的個(gè)性量身定制的。故選B。

19.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Inthefirsttrial,providedparticipantsactuallycompletedthosearranged

tasks,theirpersonalitiesshiftedinthedesireddirection.Similarlyexcitingresultscouldbeseeninalater

trial.Thedifferencesofparticipants9personalitiesbeforeandaftertheinterventionwerestillapparentthree

monthsaftertheexperimenthadended.AsAristotlearguedmorethan2,3θ0yearsago9webecomewhatWe

repeatedIydo.（在第一次試驗(yàn)中，如果參與者確實(shí)完成了這些安排好的任務(wù)，他們的性格就會(huì)朝著預(yù)期的方

向轉(zhuǎn)變。在隨后的試驗(yàn)中也可以看到同樣令人興奮的結(jié)果。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束三個(gè)月后，參與者在干預(yù)前后的性格

差異仍然很明顯。正如亞里士多德在2300多年前所說(shuō)的那樣，我們反復(fù)做什么，我們就會(huì)成為什么）”可知，

內(nèi)森?哈德森的團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)他們的研究表明了改變我們個(gè)性的某些元素的愿望是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。故選C.

20.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Recentscientificresearch,however,provesthisexpectationofpersonality,s

permanencewrong.Withtherightpsychologicalstrategiesandenougheffort,manypeoplecansuccessfully

shapetheircorepersonalitiesintowhattheydesire.（然而，最近的科學(xué)研究證明，這種對(duì)人格持久性的期望

是錯(cuò)誤的。通過(guò)正確的心理策略和足夠的努力，許多人可以成功地將他們的核心個(gè)性塑造成他們想要的樣

子）”可知，文章主要介紹了最近的科學(xué)研究證明，這種對(duì)人格持久性的期望是錯(cuò)誤的。通過(guò)正確的心理策

略和足夠的努力，許多人可以成功地將他們的核心個(gè)性塑造成他們想要的樣子，C選項(xiàng)“你的性格不是一成

不變的”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。

（2023屆吉林省長(zhǎng)春市高三質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)（四）英語(yǔ)試題）Spaceelevators一yes,literalelevatorsthatwillcarry

usintoorbit-maynotbeasfarfromrealityaswethink,saysStephenCohen,aspaceengineerandphysicsprofessor.

Accordingtohisideas,suchawildconceptcouldberealisticrelativelysoon.

So,whatexactlyisaspaceelevator?Well,humansareheadedtoMarsby2040,ifallgoeswell,andoneofthe

largestissuesisthetransport.Gettingpeopleuptospaceisadifficultandexpensivetask.Amuchbetterway,some

believe,couldbetoputareally,reallylongcable（電纜）fromtheEarth,ssurfaceallthewaytoorbit,andpassa

pod（分離艙）upanddownthecable.Itwouldsaveonfuel,reduceoverallexpenses,andbefarlessdangerousthan

rockets.

However,asyoucanimagine,though,spaceelevatorsdonotcomewithoutsignificantquestions.Forexample,

howwouldtheropestaytight?Howcouldweensurethatnothingcomesalonganddestroysthecable,liketerrible

weatherorspacejunk?Howwouldyouevenbuildsuchathing?

StephenCohen,along-timespaceelevatorenthusiast,believeshehasalltheanswers:Basically,asatellite

orbitingEarthdropsacable（avery,verylongone）whileusingfueltogetawayfromtheEarthfurtherintospace.In

thiswaythecableremainstightasitisfastenedtotheground.

Unfortunately,moderntechcan,tsolvethisbecausethecableneedsaspecificstrengthofaround50timesthat

ofsteel.ButaccordingtoCohen,we,relikelyaround10yearsawayfromthematerialbeingmadeandweshallbe

walkingonMarsevenbefore2040.

Mostscient