大學(xué)生物專業(yè)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)單詞

大學(xué)生物專業(yè)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)單詞

1.Organism:

Anorganismreferstoanylivingentitythatcancarryoutthebasiclifeprocessesindependently.Itcanbeasingle-celledorganism,suchasabacterium,oracomplexmulticellularorganism,suchasahumanbeing.

2.Cell:

Acellisthesmalleststructuralandfunctionalunitofanorganism.Itiscomposedofcytoplasm,whichcontainsvariousorganelles,surroundedbyacellmembrane.

3.DNA:

DNAstandsfordeoxyribonucleicacidandisthehereditarymaterialfoundinalmostalllivingorganisms.Itcarriesgeneticinformationthatdeterminesanorganism'straitsandcharacteristics.

4.Protein:

Proteinsarelarge,complexmoleculesconsistingofaminoacids.Theyplayessentialrolesinthestructure,function,andregulationofcells,tissues,andorgans.

5.Enzyme:

Anenzymeisatypeofproteinthatactsasacatalyst,speedingupchemicalreactionsincells.Enzymesarecrucialforvariousbiologicalprocesseswithinorganisms.

6.Gene:

AgeneisaspecificsequenceofDNAthatcontainstheinstructionsformakingoneormoreproteins.Genesdetermineanorganism'sgenetictraitsorcharacteristics.

7.Evolution:

Evolutionistheprocessofchangeovertimeintheinheritedcharacteristicsofpopulationsoforganisms.Itisthecentralconceptinbiologyandexplainshowspeciesdiversifyandadapttotheirenvironments.

8.Ecology:

Ecologyisthestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment.Itexaminesthedistribution,abundance,andrelationshipsoforganismsintheirnaturalhabitats.

9.Biodiversity:

BiodiversityreferstothevarietyoflivingorganismspresentinaparticularecosystemoronEarthasawhole.Itincludesgeneticdiversity,speciesdiversity,andecosystemdiversity.

10.Photosynthesis:

Photosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplants,algae,andsomebacteriaconvertsunlight,carbondioxide,andwaterintoglucose(atypeofsugar)andoxygen.Itplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingoxygenlevelsintheatmosphere.

11.Respiration:

Respirationistheprocessbywhichorganismsobtainenergyfromglucose.Inhumansandmostanimals,respirationoccursthroughcellularrespiration,whichinvolvesthebreakdownofglucoseandthereleaseofenergy.

12.Mitosis:

Mitosisistheprocessofcelldivisionthatproducestwoidenticaldaughtercellsfromoneparentcell.Itplaysacrucialroleingrowth,development,andtissuerepair.

13.Meiosis:

Meiosisisaspecializedformofcelldivisionthatoccursinsexually-reproducingorganisms.Itproducesfournon-identicaldaughtercells,eachwithhalfthenumberofchromosomesastheparentcell.

14.Genetics:

Geneticsisthebranchofbiologythatstudieshowtraitsarepassedfromparentstooffspringthroughgenes.Itexploresconceptssuchasinheritance,variation,andgeneticdisorders.

15.Taxonomy:

Taxonomyisthescienceofnaming,defining,andclassifyingorganismsbasedonsharedcharacteristics.Itorganizesorganismsintohierarchicalcategories,suchaskingdoms,phyla,classes,andspecies.

16.Kingdom:

Inbiologicalclassification,akingdomisthehighesttaxonomicrank.ThefivemainkingdomsareMonera(bacteria),Protista(algaeandprotozoa),Fungi,Plantae(plants),andAnimalia(animals).

17.KingdomAnimalia:

KingdomAnimaliaincludesallanimals.Animalsaremulticellular,heterotrophicorganismsthatlackcellwallsandarecapableoflocomotion.

18.KingdomPlantae:

KingdomPlantaeincludesallplants.Plantsaremulticellular,autotrophicorganismsthatpossesscellwallsandchlorophyll,enablingthemtocarryoutphotosynthesis.

19.KingdomFungi:

KingdomFungiincludesorganismssuchasmushrooms,yeasts,andmolds.Fungiareeukaryotic,heterotrophicorganismsthatabsorbnutrientsfromtheirsurroundings.

20.KingdomProtista:

KingdomProtistaincludesdiverseeukaryoticorganismsthatdonotfitintotheotherkingdoms.Itconsistsprimarilyofunicellularorganisms,suchasalgaeandprotozoa.

21.KingdomMonera:

KingdomMoneraincludesprokaryoticorganisms,namelybacteria.Bacteriaaresingle-celledmicroorganismsthatlackanucleusandmembrane-boundorganelles.

22.Virus:

Avirusisasmallinfectiousagentthatcanreplicateonlywithinthecellsoflivingorganisms.Itconsistsofgeneticmaterial(DNAorRNA)enclosedinaproteincoat.

23.Vaccination:

Vaccinationistheadministrationofavaccinetostimulateanimmuneresponseagainstaparticularpathogen.Ithelpsprotectindividualsfromdevelopinginfectiousdiseases.

24.Ecosystem:

Anecosystemisacommunityoforganismsinteractingwiththeirphysicalenvironment.Itincludesliving(biotic)andnon-living(abiotic)components,suchasplants,animals,soil,water,andsunlight.

25.Foodchain:

Afoodchainrepresentsthetransferofenergyfromoneorganismtoanotherthroughfeedingrelationships.Itshowshowenergyandnutrientsflowthroughanecosystem.

26.Foodweb:

Afoodwebisamorecomplexrepresentationoffeedingrelationshipsinanecosystem.Itconsistsofinterconnectedfoodchainsandshowstheinteractionsbetweenmultiplespecies.

27.Endangeredspecies:

Endangeredspeciesarethoseatriskofbecomingextinctinthenearfuture.Factorssuchashabitatdestructionandclimatechangecontributetotheirdeclineinnumbers.

28.Extinction:

ExtinctionreferstothecompletedisappearanceofaspeciesfromtheEarth.Itcanbenaturalbutisoftencausedbyhumanactivities,includinghabitatdestructionandoverhunting.

29.Adaptation:

Adaptationisacharacteristicortraitthathelpsanorganismsurviveandreproduceinitsenvironment.Itcanbestructural,behavioral,orphysiological.

30.Behavior:

Behaviorreferstotheactionsandreactionsoforganismstostimuliintheirenvironment.Itencompassesawiderangeofactivities,includingfeeding,mating,andcommunication.

31.Biome:

Abiomeisalarge-scalecommunityofplantsandanimalsadaptedtoaspecificclimateandgeographicregion.Examplesincludetropicalrainforests,deserts,andtundras.

32.Classification:

Classificationistheprocessofgroupingorganismsbasedonsharedcharacteristics.Itallowsfortheorganizationandidentificationofspecieswithinahierarchicalsystem.

33.Cloning:

Cloningisthecreationofgeneticallyidenticalcopiesofanorganismthroughasexualreproduction.Itcanoccurnaturallyorbeartificiallyinducedinthelaboratory.

34.Reproduction:

Reproductionisthebiologicalprocessbywhichnewindividualsofaspeciesareproduced.Itcanbesexual(involvingtwoparents)orasexual(withouttheinvolvementofgametes).

35.Homeostasis:

Homeostasisistheabilityofanorganismtomaintainastableinternalenvironmentdespitechangesintheexternalenvironment.Itinvolvesvariousphysiologicalmechanisms.

36.Nervoussystem:

Thenervoussystemisacomplexnetworkofcellsthatallowsorganismstoreceiveandrespondtostimuli.Itincludesthebrain,spinalcord,andnerves.

37.Circulatorysystem:

Thecirculatorysystem,alsoknownasthecardiovascularsystem,transportsoxygen,nutrients,hormones,andwasteproductsthroughoutthebody.Itconsistsoftheheart,bloodvessels,andblood.

38.Respiratorysystem:

Therespiratorysystemenablesorganismstoexchangeoxygenandcarbondioxidewiththeenvironment.Itincludesthelungs,trachea,andotherrespiratorystructures.

39.Digestivesystem:

Thedigestivesystembreaksdownfoodintonutrientsthatcanbeabsorbedandusedbythebody.Itincludesorganssuchasthestomach,intestines,andliver.

40.Skeletalsystem:

Theskeletalsystemprovidessupport,protection,andmovementfororganisms.Itiscomposedofbones,cartilage,ligaments,andotherconnectivetissues.

41.Muscularsystem:

Themuscularsystemallowsforvoluntaryandinvoluntarymovementinorganisms.Itconsistsofmusclesandassociatedtendons,whichconnectmusclestobones.

42.Immunesystem:

Theimmunesystemdefendsorganismsagainstpathogens,suchasbacteriaandviruses.Itincludesvariouscells,proteins,andorgansthatworktogethertopreventandfightinfections.

43.Hormones:

Hormonesarechemicalmessengersproducedbyglandsintheendocrinesystem.Theyregulatevariousphysiologicalprocesses,includinggrowth,metabolism,andreproduction.

44.Genetics:

Geneticsisthestudyofhowtraitsarepassedfromparentstooffspringthroughgenes.Itexploresconceptssuchasinheritance,variation,andgeneticdisorders.

45.Genotype:

Genotypereferstothegeneticmakeupofanorganism.Itdeterminesitsphysicalcharacteristicsandtraits.

46.Phenotype:

Phenotypereferstotheobservabletraitsorcharacteristicsofanorganism.Itisdeterminedbytheinteractionbetweenthegenotypeandtheenvironment.

47.Dominant:

Adominanttraitisagenetictraitthatmasksthepresenceofarecessivetraitwhenbotharepresent.Itisrepresentedbyacapitalletteringeneticnotation.

48.Recessive:

Arecessivetraitisagenetictraitthatisonlyexpressedwhentheindividualhastwocopiesoftherecessiveallele.Itisrepresentedbyalowercaseletteringeneticnotation.

49.Allele:

Analleleisanalternativeversionofagenethatcanoccupythesamelocation(locus)onachromosome.Itdeterminesaspecifictraitorcharacteristic.

50.Mutation:

AmutationisachangeintheDNAsequenceofagene.Itcanresultinmodifiedtraits,diseases,orvariationswithinapopulation.

51.Biotechnology:

Biotechnologyinvolvestheuseoflivingorganismsortheirproductstodevelopormodifyusefulproductsorprocesses.Ithasapplicationsinmedicine,agriculture,andenvironmentalscience.

52.Geneticengineering:

Geneticengineeringisthemanipulationofanorganism'sgeneticmaterialtointroducespecifictraitsormodifyexistingones.Itisusedinvariousfields,includingmedicineandagriculture.

53.Bioinformatics:

Bioinformaticsistheapplicationofcomputerscienceandinformationtechnologytostore,analyze,andinterpretbiologicaldata.Itplaysacrucialroleingenomicsandproteomicsresearch.

54.Ecology:

Ecologyisthestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment.Itexaminesthedistribution,abundance,andrelationshipsoforganismsintheirnaturalhabitats.

55.Population:

Apopulationisagroupoforganismsofthesamespecieslivinginthesamegeographicarea.Itrepresentsafundamentalunitofecologicalstudy.

56.Community:

Acommunityreferstoallthepopulationsofdifferentspecieslivinginaparticularareaandinteractingwitheachother.Itrepresentsahigherlevelofecologicalorganizationthanapopulation.

57.Ecosystem:

Anecosystemisacommunityoforganismsinteractingwiththeirphysicalenvironment.Itincludesliving(biotic)andnon-living(abiotic)components,suchasplants,animals,soil,water,andsunlight.

58.Biome:

Abiomeisalarge-scalecommunityofplantsandanimalsadaptedtoaspecificclimateandgeographicregion.Examplesincludetropicalrainforests,deserts,andtundras.

59.Habitat:

Ahabitatisthespecificenvironmentinwhichanorganismlivesandobtainsitsresources.Itprovidesthenecessaryconditionsforthesurvivalandreproductionoforganisms.

60.Niche:

Anichereferstoanorganism'sroleorpositionwithinitshabitat.Itincludestheorganism'sinteractionswithotherspeciesandtheresourcesitutilizes.

61.Foodchain:

Afoodchainrepresentsthetransferofenergyfromoneorganismtoanotherthroughfeedingrelationships.Itshowshowenergyandnutrientsflowthroughanecosystem.

62.Foodweb:

Afoodwebisamorecomplexrepresentationoffeedingrelationshipsinanecosystem.Itconsistsofinterconnectedfoodchainsandshowstheinteractionsbetweenmultiplespecies.

63.Producer:

Aproducer,alsoknownasanautotroph,isanorganismthatcanproduceitsownfoodthroughphotosynthesisorchemosynthesis.Itformsthebaseofthefoodchain.

64.Consumer:

Aconsumer,alsoknownasaheterotroph,isanorganismthatobtainsenergybyconsumingotherorganisms.Consumerscanbeherbivores,carnivores,oromnivores.

65.Decomposer:

Adecomposerisanorganismthatbreaksdowndeadorganicmatterintosimplercompounds,recyclingnutrientsbackintotheecosystem.Examplesincludebacteriaandfungi.

66.Trophiclevel:

Atrophiclevelreferstothepositionofanorganisminafoodchainorweb.Itrepresentstheenergyflowandnutrienttransferwithinanecosystem.

67.Energypyramid:

Anenergypyramidisagraphicalrepresentationofthetrophiclevelsinanecosystem.Itillustratesthedecreasingamountofenergyavailableasyoumoveupthepyramid.

68.Succession:

Successionisthegradualchangeinthecompositionandstructureofanecosystemovertime.Itcanoccurafteradisturban