定語從句-2010年專升本-英語復習

GrammarTheAttributiveClause定語從句定語從句及其相關(guān)概念;關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句;關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句;限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句定語從句及其相關(guān)概念定語從句定義：在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。例如：Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetables.Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh.定語從句所修飾的詞叫“先行詞”，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。引導定語從句的詞叫“關(guān)系詞”。關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。常用的關(guān)系代詞有:who/whom(指人)，whose(指人的或物的),which(指物),that(指人或物)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語,賓語和定語。關(guān)系副詞有:when(指時間),where(指地點),why(指原因)。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用。ThestorythatyoureadisTheRescue.由關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句I.That在從句中作主語或賓語1.指物Theplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Thenoodles(that)Icookedweredelicious.2.指人Let’saskthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere.Thegirl(that)wesawyesterdayisJim’ssister.II.Which在從句中作主語或賓語(指物）Theyplantedthetreeswhichdidn’tneedmuchwater.Thefish(which)weboughtwerenotfresh.III.Who,whom在從句中作主語和賓語（指人）TheforeignerwhovisitedoutschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMr.Li.由“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導的定語從句1.在英語里，把介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前的用法更加正式。通常情況下介詞放在關(guān)系代詞和動詞的后面。2.關(guān)系代詞的介詞的選用，必須依據(jù)從句中謂語動詞的搭配，先行詞的需要，或者句子所要表達的全部意義來確定。TheladderonwhichIwasstandingbegantoslip.我站的那個梯子開始滑動。（stand與on搭配）Thisisthefactoryinwhichmyfatherworkedtenyears.(in與thefactory搭配）試把下面的兩個句子合成一個句子。1.Westayedatthehotel.Thehotelwasnearthestation.Thehotel

westayedwasnearthestation.

Thestationwherewestayedwasnearthestation.2.Italkedtoafriendlyoldman.ThemanwasChinese.Theman

ItalkedtowasChinese.Theman

ItalkedwasChinese.3.Ilookedatthepainting.ThepaintingwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.Thepainting

IlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.IV.whose在從句中作定語(指人也能指物）MissFloweristheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.Thebikewhosebrakewasdamagedhasbeennowrepaired.注：1)that和which在從句中作主語時，不能省略；作賓語時，在口語和非正式文體中經(jīng)常省略。Whom也常可省略。Theplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2)關(guān)系代詞whom，which在從句中作介詞賓語時，可以和介詞一起放在先行詞和從句之間。為了使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的詞，也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面。如：Theathletetowhomyoutalkedisafamousrunner.Theathletewhomyoutalkedtoisafamousrunner.但含有介詞的短語動詞一般不分開，介詞仍放在動詞的后面。如：Isthisthewatchheislookingfor?Theoldmanwhomthenursearelookingafterisverywellnow.3)關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞不能放在它的前面，只能放在從句中相關(guān)介詞的后面。如：Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.Thecityinwhichshelivesisveryfaraway.4)關(guān)系代詞whose還可以在從句中與它所修飾的詞一起作介詞賓語。如：Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.修飾物體時關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)分使用that的情況：1.當先行詞是all,everything,nothing,something,anything,everyone,everybody,nobody,anyone,anybody等不定代詞時。eg.Doyouhaveanythingthatisimportanttotellme?2.當先行詞被all,any,some,no,not,every,each等修飾時。eg.Ihavesomebooksthatareverygood.3.當先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞所修飾時。Eg.ThisisthefirstbookthatIboughtmyself.ThebiggestbirdthatIcaughtisthisbird.4.當先行詞被thevery,thelast,thenext,theonly等詞修飾時。eg.ThisistheverybookthatIlostyesterday.5.當先行詞又有人又有物時。eg.Iwon’tforgetthethingsandthepersonsthatIsaw.只能使用which的情況1.非限制性定語從句中。eg.Maryhasabook,whichisveryprecious.2.在介詞之后。eg.Thisisahouseinwhichlivesanoldman.3.當主句中的主語被that修飾時。eg.ThatdogwhichIfoundinthestreetbelongstoMary.Exercises1.Thisistheonlybook____Igotlastyear.2.Isthisthebookin____youareinterested?3.Thisisthelargestanimal____Tomsawinthezoo.4.Rosestillremembersthetreesandteachers____exist(存在)inthemotherschool.

5.Allthedesks____areboughtlookreallywonderful.6.Doyouhaveanymoney____isusedtobuildthefactory?7.Thisisthesecondwatch____myfatherboughtforme.關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句When指時間Istillremembertheday

whenIfirstcametoBeijing.We’llneverforgetthehappytimewhenweworkedonthefarm.Where指地點Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.Why指原因Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan’tdothat.Hecouldn’tgivetheteacheragoodreasonwhyshewaslateforschool.限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句定語從句分兩種:限制性定語從句(RestrictiveAttributiveClauses)和非限制性定語從句(Non-restrictiveAttributiveClauses)比較如下兩組句子：1)PeoplewhospeakSpanishworkthere.(Whoworkthere?)John,whospeaksSpanish,worksthere.2)ThevillagewhereIwasbornisbeautiful.(Whichvillageisbeautiful?)Lijiang,whereIwasborn,isbeautiful.限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句

的區(qū)別限制性定語從句1.與主句關(guān)系密切2.不可省3.無逗號與主句分開4.常譯作定語

非限制性定語從句1.只是對先行詞詞義的補充2.省去不影響主句意思3.用逗號于主句分開4.常譯為并列句或從句5指物或事只能用which

限制性定語從句的翻譯Myfatherisamanwhomyoucandependon誤譯:我爸爸是個人,你可以信賴.正譯:我爸爸是個你可以信賴的人.Heisamanthatpeoplelikeatfirstsight.誤譯:他是一個人,人們一見就喜歡.正譯:他是一個人們一見就喜歡的人.非限制性定語從句的翻譯Myfather,whoisnowonvisittoSuzhou,phonedusyesterday.誤譯:我去蘇州訪問爸爸昨天給我們打來了電話.正譯:我爸爸去蘇州訪問了,他昨天給我們打來了電話.Heisaveryableman,whosesonisanengineer.誤譯:他是一個兒子是工程師,是個能力很強的人.

正譯:他是個能力很強的人,其兒子是個工程師.注:非限制性定語從句還可以修飾整個主句,一般由which和as引導.Which譯成“這…”，as譯成“正如...”。Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.太陽照熱了大地，這就使植物得以生長。Theearthgoesroun