《細胞的結構與功能》課件

2、細胞的結構與功能及微生物分類StructureandFunctionofCellandClassificationofMicroorganism1精選課件ppt2、細胞的結構與功能及微生物分類Structureand2．1微生物細胞化學組成六大元素:碳、氫、氧、氮、硫和磷(無論什么生物，都含有這些元素)，對于單分子生物，這六大類元素可以占到整個生物的100%，如蛋白類。而在細胞生物體中，這六類元素的總量大約占干物質(zhì)的90～97％大量元素（macroelementsormacronutrients）還有鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵等。微量元素：鉬、鋅、錳、硼、鈷、碘、鎳、釩等2精選課件ppt2．1微生物細胞化學組成六大元素:碳、氫、氧、氮、硫和磷微生物細胞中幾種常量元素的含量3精選課件ppt微生物細胞中幾種常量元素的含量3精選課件ppt微生物細胞中幾種常量元素的含量元素含量元素含量元素含量C50P3Ca0.5O20S1Mg0.5N14K1Fe0.5H8Na1其它0.54精選課件ppt微生物細胞中幾種常量元素的含量元素含量元素含量元素含量C52．2微生物分類MicrobialTaxonomyMicroorganismsaretremendouslydiverseinsize,shape,physiology,andlifestyle.5精選課件ppt2．2微生物分類MicrobialTaxonomy5精GeneralIntroductionandOverviewconsistsofthreeseparatebutinterrelatedparts:Classificationisthearrangementoforganismsintogroupsortaxa(s.,taxon)basedonmutualsimilarityorevolutionaryrelatedness.Nomencltureisthebranchoftaxonomyconcernedwiththeassignmenntofnamestotaxonomicgroupsinagreementwithpublishedrules.Identificationisthepracticalsideoftaxonomy,theprocessofdeterminingthataparticularisolatedbelongstoarecognizedtaxon.6精選課件pptGeneralIntroductionandOvervUniversalPhylogeneticTree7精選課件pptUniversalPhylogeneticTree7生物無細胞生物單分子純蛋白原生生物純核酸多分子核酸與蛋白復合體，細胞生物原核生物細菌Bacteria古細菌Archaea真核生物Eucarya8精選課件ppt生物無細胞生物單分子純蛋白原生生物純核酸多分子核酸與蛋白復合非細胞生物單分子純蛋白（，瘋牛病蛋白）原生生物Protista

純核酸質(zhì)粒？多分子核酸與蛋白復合體，病毒類9精選課件ppt非細胞生物單分子純蛋白（，瘋牛病蛋白）原生生物純核酸質(zhì)粒？多原核生物Procaryote細菌BacteriaAquifex原生生物ProtistaThermotogaGreennonsulfurbacteriaFlavobacteriaGram-positivebacteriaCyanobacteriaSpirochetesProteobacteria古細菌Archaea

PyrodictiumThermoproteusThermococcusMethanococcusMethanobacteriumMethanosarcinaThermoplsamaHalobacteria10精選課件ppt原核生物細菌BacteriaAquifex原生生物Proti真核生物EucaryaDiplomonads后生生物MetazoanMicrosporidiaTrichomonadsFlagellates鞭毛蟲，鞭毛藻Entamoeba內(nèi)生阿米巴SlimemoldsCiliatesAnimals后生生物MetazoanFungi原生生物Plants后生生物Metazoan11精選課件ppt真核生物Diplomonads后生生物Microsporid2．3原核生物的大小形狀Size,Shape,andArrangementProcaryoticCellOrganization12精選課件ppt2．3原核生物的大小形狀Size,Shape,andFigure2.1RepresentativeBacteria13精選課件pptFigure2.1RepresentativeBacUnusuallyShapedBacteria(a)放線菌.(b)肺炎枝原體.(c)螺原體屬.(d)生絲微菌屬.(e)Walsby's方形細菌.(f)含鐵嘉氏鐵柄桿菌14精選課件pptUnusuallyShapedBacteria(a)放15精選課件ppt15精選課件ppt2．4細菌16精選課件ppt2．4細菌16精選課件pptMorphologyofaGram-PositiveBacterium.17精選課件pptMorphologyofaGram-Positive18精選課件ppt18精選課件pptTable3.1FunctionsofProcaryoticStructuresPlasmamembraneSelectivelypermeablebarrier,mechanicalboundaryofcell.nutrientandwastetransport,locationofmanymetabolicprocesses(respiration,photosynthesis).detectionofenvironmentalcuesforchemotaxisGasvacuoleBuoyancyforfloatinginaquaticenvironmentsRibosomesProteinsynthesisInclusionbodiesStorageofcarbon,phosphate,andothersubstancesNucleoidLocalizationofgeneticmaterial(DNA)PeriplasmicspaceContainshydrolyticenzymesandbindingproteinsfornutrientprocessinganduptakeCellwallGivesbacteriashapeandprotectionfromlysisindilutesolutionsCapsulesandslimelayersResistancetophagocytosis~adherencetosurfacesFimbriaeandpiliAttachmenttosurfaces,bacterialmatingFlagellaMovementEndosporeSurvivalunderharshenvironmentalConditions19精選課件pptTable3.1FunctionsofProca2.2.1TheNucleoid20精選課件ppt2.2.1TheNucleoid20精選課件ppt核區(qū)(nuclearregionorarea)核質(zhì)體(nuclearbody)原核(prokaryon)擬核(nucleoid)核基因組(genome)染色質(zhì)體（chromatinbody)是指原核生物所特有的無核膜結構、無固定形態(tài)的原始細胞核，21精選課件ppt核區(qū)(nuclearregionorarea)21精選核區(qū)一般每個細胞含核區(qū)1～4個。在快速生長的細菌中，核區(qū)DNA可占細胞總體積的20％。擬核與間體（mesosome）或質(zhì)膜（plasmamembrane）有聯(lián)系。細菌的核區(qū)除在染色體復制的短時間內(nèi)呈雙倍體外，一般均為單倍體，有些也具有線狀的DNA染色體。對完全除掉膜的擬核分析發(fā)現(xiàn)它是由重量占60%DNA,30%RNA和10%蛋白質(zhì)組成。22精選課件ppt核區(qū)一般每個細胞含核區(qū)1～4個。在快速生長的細菌中，核區(qū)DN核區(qū)planctomycetes的兩個屬的擬核區(qū)有膜包被，Pireltula具有單層膜包被核區(qū)，形成pirellalosome，其中含有纖維狀的擬核和類似核糖體的顆粒。Gemmataobscuriglobus的核區(qū)被雙膜包被。一些細菌在染色質(zhì)之外還含有質(zhì)粒。23精選課件ppt核區(qū)planctomycetes的兩個屬的擬核區(qū)有膜包被，P2．2．3TheCytoplasmicMatrix2．2．3.1InclusionBodies2．2．3.2Ribosomes24精選課件ppt2．2．3TheCytoplasmicMatrix2．

ACrossSectionofBacteriumEscherichiacoli

25精選課件pptACrossSectionofBacterium26精選課件ppt26精選課件ppt2．2．2ProcaryoticCellMembranes27精選課件ppt2．2．2ProcaryoticCellMembran28精選課件ppt28精選課件pptInternalMembraneSystems29精選課件pptInternalMembraneSystems29精選課internalmembranesystems30精選課件pptinternalmembranesystems30精選2.2.5TheProcaryoticCellWall31精選課件ppt2.2.5TheProcaryoticCellWal2.2.5.1PeptidoglycanStructure32精選課件ppt2.2.5.1PeptidoglycanStructur33精選課件ppt33精選課件ppt34精選課件ppt34精選課件ppt35精選課件ppt35精選課件pptGram-PositiveCellWalls36精選課件pptGram-PositiveCellWalls36精選課件TeichoicAcidStructure.37精選課件pptTeichoicAcidStructure.37精選課Gram-NegativeCellWalls38精選課件pptGram-NegativeCellWalls38精選課件39精選課件ppt39精選課件pptLipopolysaccharideStructure40精選課件pptLipopolysaccharideStructure441精選課件ppt41精選課件pptFigure3.31FlagellarDistribution.42精選課件pptFigure3.31FlagellarDistribTheUItrastructureofGram-NegativeFlagella.43精選課件pptTheUItrastructureofGram-NegTheUItrastructureofBacterialFlagella44精選課件pptTheUItrastructureofBacteriaGrowthofFlagellarFilaments45精選課件pptGrowthofFlagellarFilamentsFlagellarMotility46精選課件pptFlagellarMotility46精選課件ppt鞭毛運動的機理47精選課件ppt鞭毛運動的機理47精選課件pptFigure4.1RepresentativeExamplesofEucaryoticMicroorganisms.(a)Parameciumasseenwithinterference-contrastmicroscopy(×115).(b)Mixeddiatomfrustules(×100).(c)Penicilliumcolonies,and(d)amicroscopicviewofthemold'shyphaeandconidia(×220).(e)StentorTheciliatedprotozoaareextendedandactivelyfeeding,dark-fieldmicroscopy(×100)(f)Amanitamuscaria,alargepoisonousmushroom(×5).48精選課件pptFigure4.1RepresentativeExamEucaryoticCellUltrastructure49精選課件pptEucaryoticCellUltrastructure50精選課件ppt50精選課件pptFunctionsofEucaryoficOrganelles

PlasmamembraneMechanicalcellboundary,selectivelypermeablebarrierwithtransportsystems,mediatescell-cellinteractionsandadhesiontosurfaces,secretionCytoplasmicmatrixEnvironmentforotherorganelles,locationofmanymetabolicprocessesMicrofilaments

Cellstructureandmovements,formthecytoskeletonintermediatefilaments,andmicrotubulesEndoplasmicreticulumTransportofmaterials,proteinandlipidsynthesisRibosomesProteinsynthesisGolgiapparatusPackagingandsecretionofmaterialsforvariouspurposes,lysosomeformationLysosomesIntracellulardigestionMitochodriaEnergyproductionthoroughuseofthetricarboxyllcacidcycle,electrontransportoxidativephosphorylation,andotherpathwaysChloroplastsPhotosynthesis-trappinglightenergyandformationofcarbohydratefromCO2andwaterNucleusRepositoryforgeneticinformation,controlcenterforcellNucleolusRibosomalRNAsynthesis,ribosomeconstructionCellwallandpellicleStrengthenandgiveshapetothecellCiliaandflagellaCellmovementVacuoleTemporarystorageandtransport,digestion(foodvacuoles),waterbalance(contractilevacuole)51精選課件pptFunctionsofEucaryoficOrgane微管結構微管結構

52精選課件ppt微管結構微管結構52精選課件ppt53精選課件ppt53精選課件pptGolgiApparatusStructure54精選課件pptGolgiApparatusStructure54精選LysosomeStructure,Formation,andFunction.55精選課件pptLysosomeStructure,Formation,LysosomeStructure,Formation,andFunction56精選課件pptLysosomeStructure,Formation,MembraneFlowintheVacuome57精選課件pptMembraneFlowintheVacuome5ProteasomeDegradationofProteins58精選課件pptProteasomeDegradationofProt59精選課件ppt59精選課件pptChloroplastStructure60精選課件pptChloroplastStructure60精選課件ppTheNucleus61精選課件pptTheNucleus61精選課件pptTheEucaryoticCellCycle62精選課件pptTheEucaryoticCellCycle62精選63精選課件ppt63精選課件pptCoordinationofCiliaryActivity64精選課件pptCoordinationofCiliaryActiviCiliaandFlagellaStructure65精選課件pptCiliaandFlagellaStructure6ComparisonofProcaryoticandEucaryoticCellstructure.66精選課件pptComparisonofProcaryoticandTable4.2ComparisonofProcaryoticandEuearyoticCellsPropertyProcaryotesEucaryotesOrganizationofGeneticMaterialTruemembrane-boundnucleusAbsentPresentDNAcomplexedwithhistonesNoYesNumberofchromosomesOneaMoreth