小學(xué)語文第四冊(cè)北京亮起來了

英漢句法對(duì)比英漢句法對(duì)比11、Synthetic&Analytic1）Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.2）Ananalyticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntheticrelations.English:synthetic-analyticlanguage(oldEnglishwassynthetic+modernEnglishisanalytic)Chinese:atypicalanalyticlanguage1、Synthetic&Analytic1）Asyn21.1

Inflectional&Non-inflectional

Inflection:Ingrammar,aninflectionisachangeintheformofawordthatshowsitsgrammaticalfunction.Notice:nouns,pronouns,verbsareinflected;theendings–er,-estarenon-inflectionalsuffixes.1、Synthetic&Analytic1.1Inflectional&Non-inflect3小學(xué)語文第四冊(cè)北京亮起來了4小學(xué)語文第四冊(cè)北京亮起來了51、Synthetic&Analytic表示語義引申and,notonly...butalso,aswellas,neither...nor表示選擇or,either...or表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ萣ut,yet,however,nevertheless表示因果關(guān)系for,so,therefore,henceCoordinator（并列連接詞）1、Synthetic&Analytic表示語義引申6Subordinator（從屬連接詞）

引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句when,while,as,after,before,since,untill,assoonas,once引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句because,as,since,nowthat,considering(that)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句if,evenif,unless,incase,provided/providing(that),suppose/supposing(that),as(so)longas,oncondition(that)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句although/though,evenif引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句than,as(so)...as引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句lest,sothat,inorderthat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句so...that,such...thatSubordinator（從屬連接詞）引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句w71、Synthetic&AnalyticChinesefunctionwords:

Particle（助詞）aspectparticle（動(dòng)態(tài)助詞）：著，了，過structuralparticle（結(jié)構(gòu)助詞）：的、地、得emotionalparticle（語氣助詞）：嗎，呢，吧

Connective（連接詞）1、Synthetic&AnalyticChinese8Englishsentencescanbereducedtofivebasicpatterns.Englishsubject-predicatestructureappearsrigid.Chinesesubject-predicatestructureisusuallyvaried,flexible,andsupple.2、Rigid&Supple

Englishsentencescanbereduc9Hypotaxis（形合法）：P47Parataxis（意合法）：P473、Hypotactic&Paratactic

Englishresortstoovertcohesion（顯性接應(yīng)）

relativesRelativeorconjunctivepronounsandadverbs(who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how)connectivesCoordinateorsubordinateconjunctions(and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,when,while,as,since,until)PrepositionsandothersHypotaxis（形合法）：P473、Hypotactic103、Hypotactic&Paratactic

Chinesereliesoncovertcoherence（隱性連貫）

Wordorder語序Contractedsentences緊縮句Four-characterexpressions四字格GrammaticalorrhetoricaldevicesRepetition,antithesis(對(duì)偶),parallelism(排比)3、Hypotactic&ParatacticChi114、Complex&Simplex

Englishsentencesarecomplex.Subordination(從屬結(jié)構(gòu))：subordinateclausesandphrasesChinesesentencesaresimple.Coordination(并列結(jié)構(gòu))Looseorminorsentences(松散句)Contractedsentences(緊縮句)Ellipticalsentences(省略句)Run-onsentences(流水句)Compositesentences(并列形式的復(fù)句)4、Complex&SimplexEnglishse12FormalwrittenEnglishisinanimpersonalstyle,featuredbypassives,sentencesbeginningwithintroductoryit,andabstractnounsassubjects.Chineseperferstouseapersonalstyle,featuredbymoreactives,activesinformbutpassivesinsense,personal(animate)subjects,orsubjectlessandsubject-omittedsentences.5、Impersonal&Personal

FormalwrittenEnglishisina13translationmethods:Englishimpersonalsubjects變?yōu)镃hinesepersonalsubjectsEnglishpassives變?yōu)镃hineseactives5、Impersonal&Personal

translationmethods:5、Imperson14Englishpreferstousepassives,andwhy?Theagentofanactionisself-evidentorunkown,oritisunnecessaryorimpossibletomentiontheagent.Syntacticfactors:forcohesion,balance,endfocus,endweightRhetoricalfactors:forvariationsStylisticfactors:morepassivesininformationwriting6、Passive&Active

Englishpreferstousepassive15Chinesepreferstouseactives,includingthoseactiveinformbutpassiveinsense.6、Passive&Active

Chinesepreferstouseactives167、Static&Dynamic

StaticNouns(theyrefertoentitiesthatareregardedasstable)dynamicVerbs(theycanindicateaction,activityandtemporaryorchangingconditions)Englishisfeaturedbynominalization(名詞化).Chineseismoredynamic,employingverbs,adverbs,verbalphrases,repetitionandreduplicationofverbs.7、Static&DynamicStaticNouns17translationmethods:theEnglishnominalstyle變?yōu)閠heChineseverbalstyle1)Englishnouns變?yōu)镃hineseverbs2)Englishadjectives變?yōu)镃hineseadverbs3)Englishprepositions變?yōu)镃hineseverbs7、Static&Dynamic

translationmethods:7、Static18InEnglish,nominalizationoftenresultsinabstraction.Chinesepreferstouseconcreteorspecificwordsandemploysrhetoricaldevices,expressingabstractideasbymetaphors,similes,allegoriesandsoon.translationmethods:Englishabstractwords變?yōu)镃hineseconcretewords,figurativeexpressionsorverbs8、Abstract&Concrete

InEnglish,nominalizationoft19translationmethods:

Englishabstractwords變?yōu)镃hineseconcretewords,figurativeexpressionsorverbs8、Abstract&Concrete

translationmethods:8、Abstrac20Englishisindirect.EuphemismUnderstatementLitotesIndirectnegationTactfulimplicationPeriphrasisChinesepreferstobedirectandstraightforward.

9、Indirect&DirectEnglishisindirect.9、Ind