越軌社會學 第12版 課件 C3 Constructionist Theories

DeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter3ConstructionistTheoriesCopyright?2019,2013,2010PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReservedLearningObjectives3.1:Outlinethesymbolicinteractionsthatoccurwhenapersonislabeleddeviant3.2:Describephenomenologicalapproachestodeviance3.3:Explainhownarrativesimpactourunderstandingofdeviance3.4:RelateconflicttheoriestocrimeIntroductionLabelingTheory(1of6)Objective:OutlinethesymbolicinteractionsthatoccurwhenapersonislabeleddeviantAversionofsymbolicinteractionism;emphasizesimportanceoflabelingTwocentralideasInteractionSymbolicLabelingTheory(2of6)Wholabelswhom?Labelersrepresent

manythingsLabelingTheory(3of6)ConsequencesoflabelingDeviancelabelsproducenegativeconsequencesforthosereceivinglabelTannenbaum:becomingacriminalLabelingTheory(4of6)EdwinLemertmadeexplicitthedistinctionbetweenthesetwoformsofbehaviorPrimarySecondaryLabelingTheory(5of6)ConsequencesforthelabelerEriksonLabelingTheory(6of6)EvaluatinglabelingtheoryHasdrawnalotofcriticismPhenomenologicalTheory(1of4)Objective:DescribephenomenologicalapproachestodevianceDelvesintopeople'ssubjectivityCritiqueofpositivistsPhenomenologicalTheory(2of4)Tophenomenologists,whatdeviancemeansisfundamentallyproblematicThemeaningsthatpositivistsascribetodevianceareabstractinnaturePhenomenologicalTheory(3of4)Useofethnography(appliedphenomenology)HaroldGarfinkelJackKatzPhenomenologicalTheory(4of4)EvaluatingphenomenologicaltheoryPositivistscannotgetattheessenceofdeviantrealityDevianceasDramaandWarrior

NarrativesObjective:ExplainhownarrativesimpactourunderstandingofdevianceDramaturgyandStigmaGoffmanWarriorNarrativesJordanandCowanCriticalTheory(1of9)Modernsocietyispluralistic,diverse,andfullofconflictsSocialconflictCulturalconflictCriticalTheory(2of9)Chambliss:identifiedthedifferencebetweenlawonthebooks&lawinactionQuinney:blamesunjustlawonthecapitalistsystemCriticalTheory(3of9)CriticalTheory(4of9)ConflicttheoryMarxisttheoristsCapitalismCriticalTheory(5of9)CriticaltheoryVictimizationOldercriminologistsstilluse“conflicttheory”ZerotoleranceCriticalTheory(6of9)FeministtheoryAlltheoriesaremeanttoapplytobothsexesWhatdoyouthinkFeministtheoristsbelieve?CriticalTheory(7of9)PowertheoryPowerfularemorelikelytogetinvolvedinprofitabledeviancethanthepowerlessPowercanalsobeanimportantcauseofdevianceCriticalTheory(8of9)PostmodernisttheoryEmergedinphilosophicalmovementinFrancethatquestionedthebasicvaluesofmodernismNewideasCriticalTheory(9of9)EvaluatingcriticalandconflicttheoryCan’texplaincommon-lawcrimesandvicesWronginassumingthatautopian,socialistsocietywouldbefreeofdeviantbehaviorTable3.1ConstructionistTheoriesofDeviance(1of2)LabelingTheory:Relativelypowerfulpersonsaremorelikelytolabelthelesspowerfulasdeviantthanviceversa,andbeinglabeleddeviantbysocietyleadspeopletoseethemselvesasdeviantandliveuptothisself-imagebyengaginginmoredeviancy.PhenomenologicalTheory:Lookingintopeople’ssubjectiveinterpretationoftheirownexperiencesiskeytounderstandingtheirdeviantbehavior.Table3.1ConstructionistTheoriesofDeviance(2of2)ConflictTheory:LegalReality:Lawenforcementfavorstherichandpowerfuloverthepoorandweak.SocialReality:Thedominantclassproducescrimebymakinglaws,enforcinglaws,oppressingsubordinateclasses,andspreadingcrimeideology.Marxist:Devianceandcrimestemfromtheexploitativenatureofcapitalism.Feminist:Conventionaltheoriesofdeviancemightbeinapplicabletowomen,andthestatusofwomenasvictimsandoffendersreflectsthecontinuingsubordinationofwomeninpatriarchalsociety.Usinggenderasalenstostudysocietyrevealsmuchaboutbothmenandwomen,asdoesintegratingclassandraceintoanalyses.Power:Becauseofstrongdeviantmotivation,greaterdeviantopportunity,andweakersocialcontrol,thepowerfularemorelikelytoengageinprofitable