晶硅太陽能電池組件背板材料產(chǎn)品技術(shù)原材料測試方法及質(zhì)量問題

Chemicaltreatmentofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsasamethodofrecoveringpuresiliconfromphotovoltaicmodules

RenewableEnergyPhotovoltaictechnologyisusedworldwidetoprovidereliableandcost-effectiveelectricityforindustrial,commercial,residentialandcommunityapplications.TheaveragelifetimeofPVmodulescanbeexpectedtobemorethan25years.ThedisposalofPVsystemswillbecomeaprobleminviewofthecontinuallyincreasingproductionofPVmodules.Thesecanberecycledforaboutthesamecostastheirdisposal.Photovoltaicmodulesincrystallinesiliconsolarcellsaremadefromthefollowingelements,inorderofmass:glass,aluminiumframe,EVAcopolymertransparenthermetisinglayer,photovoltaiccells,installationbox,Tedlar?protectivefoilandassemblybolts.Fromaneconomicpointofview,takingintoaccountthepriceandsupplylevel,puresilicon,whichcanberecycledfromPVcells,isthemostvaluableconstructionmaterialused.Recoveringpuresiliconfromdamagedorend-of-lifePVmodulescanleadtoeconomicandenvironmentalbenefits.Becauseofthehighqualityrequirementfortherecoveredsilicon,chemicalprocessingisthemostimportantstageoftherecyclingprocess.Thechemicaltreatmentconditionsneedtobepreciselyadjustedinordertoachievetherequiredpurityleveloftherecoveredsilicon.ForPVsystemsbasedoncrystallinesilicon,aseriesofetchingprocesseswascarriedoutasfollows:etchingofelectricconnectors,anti-reflectivecoatingandn-pjunction.Thechemistryofetchingsolutionswasindividuallyadjustedforthedifferentsiliconcelltypes.Effortsweremadetoformulateauniversalcompositionfortheetchingsolution.Theprincipaltaskatthispointwastooptimisetheetchingtemperature,timeandalkaliconcentrationinsuchawaythatonlyasmuchsiliconwasremovedasnecessary.Engineering,institutions,andthepublicinterest:EvaluatingproductqualityintheKenyansolarphotovoltaicsindustry

EnergyPolicySolarsalesinKenyaareamongthehighestpercapitaamongdevelopingcountries.WhilethiscommercialsuccessmakestheKenyamarketagloballeader,productqualityproblemshavebeenapersistentconcern.Inthispaper,wereportperformancetestresultsfromtoforfivebrandsofamorphoussilicon(a-Si)photovoltaic(PV)modulessoldintheKenyamarket.Threeofthefivebrandsperformedwell,buttwoperformedwellbelowtheiradvertisedlevels.Theseresultssupportpreviousworkindicatingthathigh-qualitya-SiPVmodulesareagoodeconomicvalue.Thepresenceofthelowperformingbrands,however,confirmsaneedformarketinstitutionsthatensurethequalityofallproductssoldinthemarket.Priorworkfrom1999indicatedasimilarqualitypatternamongbrands.Thisconfirmsthepersistentnatureoftheproblem,andtheneedforvigilant,long-termapproachestoqualityassuranceforsolarmarketsinKenyaandelsewhere.Followingthereleaseofour/testresultsinKenya,theKenyaBureauofStandardsmovedtoimplementandenforceperformancestandardsforbothamorphousandcrystallinesiliconPVmodules.ThisappearstorepresentapositivesteptowardstheinstitutionalizationofqualityassuranceforproductsintheKenyasolarmarket.ElectricalperformanceresultsfromphysicalstresstestingofcommercialPVmodulestotheIEC61215testsequence

SolarEnergyMaterialsandSolarCellsThispaperpresentsstatisticalanalysisofthebehaviouroftheelectricalperformanceofcommercialcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaic(PV)modulestestedintheSolarTestInstallationoftheEuropeanCommission'sJointResearchCentrefrom1990uptototheIECStandard61215anditsdirectpredecessorCECSpecification503.Astrongcorrelationbetweendifferenttestresultswasnotobserved,indicatingthatthestandardisasetofdifferent,generallyindependentstressfactors.TheresultsconfirmtheappropriatenessofthetestingschemetorevealdifferentmoduledesignproblemsrelatedrathertotheproductionqualitycontrolthanmaterialweaknessincommercialPVmodules.Efficiencymodelforphotovoltaicmodulesanddemonstrationofitsapplicationtoenergyyieldestimation

Anewmethodhasbeenproposed[W.Durisch,K.H.Lam,J.Close,Behaviourofacopperindiumgalliumdiselenidemoduleunderrealoperatingconditions,in:ProceedingsoftheWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVII,PergamonPress,Oxford,Elsevier,Amsterdam,,ISBN0-08-044079-7]forthecalculationoftheannualyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatselectedsites,usingsite-specificmeteorologicaldata.Theseyieldsareindispensableforcalculatingtheexpectedcostofelectricitygenerationfordifferentmodules,thusallowingthetypeofmoduletobeselectedwiththehighestyield-to-costratioforaspecificinstallationsite.Theefficiencymodeldevelopedandusedforcalculatingtheyieldstakesthreeindependentvariablesintoaccount:celltemperature,solarirradianceandrelativeairmass.Openparametersofthemodelforaselectedmoduleareobtainedfromcurrent/voltage(I/V)characteristics,measuredoutdoorsatPaulScherrerInstitute'stestfacilityunderrealoperatingconditions.Fromthemodel,cellandmoduleefficienciescanbecalculatedunderallrelevantoperatingconditions.Yieldcalculationswereperformedforfivecommercialmodules(BPSolarBP585F,KyoceraLA361K54S,Uni-SolarUPM-US-30,SiemensCISST40andWuerthWS11003)forasunnysiteinJordan(AlQawairah)forwhichreliablemeasuredmeteorologicaldataareavailable.Theserepresentmono-crystalline,poly-crystallineandamorphoussiliconaswellaswithcopper–indium-diselenide,CuInSe2PVmodules.Theannualyieldforthesemoduleswillbepresentedanddiscussed.Experimentalvalidationofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsrecyclingbythermalandchemicalmethods

Inrecentyears,photovoltaicpowergenerationsystemshavebeengainingunprecedentedattentionasanenvironmentallybeneficialmethodforsolvingtheenergyproblem.Fromtheeconomicpointofviewpuresilicon,whichcanberecoveredfromspentcells,isthemostimportantmaterialowingtoitscostandlimitedsupply.Thearticlepresentsachemicalmethodforrecyclingspentordamagedmodulesandcells,andtheresultsofitsexperimentalvalidation.TherecyclingofPVcellsconsistsoftwomainsteps:theseparationofcellsandtheirrefinement.Cellsarefirstseparatedthermallyorchemically;theseparatedcellsarethenrefined.Duringthisprocesstheantireflection,metalcoatingandp–njunctionlayersareremovedinordertorecoverthesiliconbase,readyforitsnextuse.Thisrefinementstepwasperformedusinganoptimisedchemicalmethod.Siliconwaferswereexaminedwithanenvironmentalscanningelectronmicroscope(ESEM)coupledtoanEDXspectrometer.Thesiliconwaferswereusedforproducingnewsiliconsolarcells,whichwerethenexaminedandcharacterizedwithinternalspectralresponseandcurrent–voltagecharacteristics.Thenewcells,despitethefactthattheyhavenoSiNxantireflectivecoating,haveaverygoodefficiencyof13–15%.TheimpactofsiliconfeedstockonthePVmodulecost

Theimpactoftheuseofnew(solargrade)siliconfeedstockmaterialsonthemanufacturingcostofwafer-basedcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesisanalyzedconsideringeffectsofmaterialcost,efficiencyofutilisation,andquality.CalculationsbasedondataprovidedbyEuropeanindustrypartnersarepresentedforabaselinemanufacturingtechnologyandforfouradvancedwafersilicontechnologieswhichmaybereadyforindustrialimplementationinthenearfuture.Iso-costcurvesshowthetechnologyparametercombinationsthatyieldaconstanttotalmodulecostforvaryingfeedstockcost,siliconutilisation,andcellefficiency.Alargevariationoffeedstockcostfordifferentproductionprocesses,fromnearsemiconductorgradeSi(30

€/kg)toupgradedmetallurgicalgradeSi(10

€/kg),changesthecostofcrystallinesiliconmodulesby11%forpresentmoduletechnologiesorby7%foradvancedtechnologies,ifthecellefficiencycanbemaintained.However,thiscostadvantageiscompletelylostifcellefficiencyisreduced,duetoqualitydegradation,byanabsolute1.7%forpresentmoduletechnologyorbyanabsolute1.3%foradvancedtechnologies.Thin-filmmonocrystalline-siliconsolarcellsmadebyaseedlayerapproachonglass-ceramicsubstrates

Solarmodulesmadefromthin-filmcrystalline-siliconlayersofhighqualityonglasssubstratescouldlowerthepriceofphotovoltaicelectricitysubstantially.Onewaytocreatecrystalline-siliconthinfilmsonnon-siliconsubstratesistousetheso-called“seedlayerapproach”,inwhichathincrystalline-siliconseedlayerisfirstcreated,followedbyepitaxialthickeningofthisseedlayer.Inthispaper,wepresentthefirstsolarcellresultsobtainedon10-μm-thickmonocrystalline-silicon(mono-Si)layersobtainedbyaseedlayerapproachontransparentglass-ceramicsubstrates.Theseedlayersweremadeusingimplant-inducedseparationandanodicbonding.TheselayerswerethenepitaxiallythickenedbythermalCVD.Simplesolarcellstructureswithoutintegratedlighttrappingfeaturesshowedefficienciesofupto7.5%.Comparedtopolycrystalline-siliconlayersmadebyaluminum-inducedcrystallizationofamorphoussiliconandthermalCVD,themono-Silayershaveamuchhigherbulkdiffusionlifetime.Wavedglass:Towardsoptimallightdistributiononsolarcellsurfacesforhighefficientmodules

Amethodtoimprovethemoduleefficiencyofsolarcellsbymodifyingthesurfaceoftheglasscoverofthesolarcellsmoduleisproposed.Amodelisbuilttoshowthatabetterefficiencycanbeachievedbyoptimizingthelightdistributiononthecell,whichreducestheshadowlossesandtherebyallowsthefingerspacingtobedecreased,whichinturndecreasesthe(resistive)ohmiclosses.Thismethodisillustratedbyconsideringindustrialcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsasanexample,however,itappliestoallsolarcellsthatarecharacterizedbyametallizationpatternonthesurfaceofthesolarcell.Itisestimatedthatthismethodcanimprovetherelativemoduleefficiencybyabout5%andhalvethefrontsidelosses.Analysisofseriesresistanceofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellwithtwo-layerfrontmetallizationbasedonlight-inducedplating

Improvingthefrontmetallizationqualityofsiliconsolarcellsshouldbeakeytoenhancecellperformance.Inthiswork,weinvestigatedatwo-layermetallizationschemeinvolvinglight-inducedplating(LIP)andtriedtoquantifyitsimpactontheseriesresistanceofthefrontgridmetalsandFFsonfinishedcells.ToestimatetheeffectofLIPprocessingonaprintedandfiredseedlayer,individualcomponentsofseriesresistanceweremeasuredbeforeandafterLIPprocessing.Amongthem,gridresistanceandcontactresistancewerecloselyobservedbecauseoftheirlargecontributiontoseriesresistance.Tooptimizetheplatingontheseedmetalgrid,thegridresistanceofthetwo-layermetalgridstructurewascalculatedasafunctionofcrosssectionareaoftheplatedlayer.ContactresistivityofthegridbeforeandafterLIPprocessingwasanalyzedtounderstandthecontactresistancereduction,aswell.Asaresult,theefficiencyofsolarcellswith80

μmseedmetalgridwidthincreasedby0.3%absolutecomparedwithconventionalsolarcellsof120

μmmetalgridwidth.Thetotalareaofelectrodesinconventionalcellswas1800

mm2andelectrodesareaofLIPprocessedsolarcellswas1400

mm2.Theefficiencygainwasduetoreductionofshadowinglossfrom7.7%to6.0%withouttheincreaseofresistanceduetotwo-layerfrontmetallization.Simulationofhetero-junctionsiliconsolarcellswithAMPS-1D

Mono-andpoly-crystallinesiliconsolarcellmodulescurrentlyrepresentbetween80%and90%ofthePVworldmarket.Thereasonsarethestability,robustnessandreliabilityofthiskindofsolarcellsascomparedtothoseofemergingtechnologies.Then,inthemid-term,siliconsolarcellswillcontinueplayinganimportantrolefortheirmassiveterrestrialapplication.Oneimportantapproachisthedevelopmentofsiliconsolarcellsprocessedatlowtemperatures(lessthan300

°C)bydepositingamorphoussiliconlayerswiththepurposeofpassivatingthesiliconsurface,andavoidingthedegradationsufferedbysiliconwhenprocessedattemperaturesabove800

°C.ThiskindofsolarcellsisknownasHITcells(hetero-junctionwithanintrinsicthinamorphouslayer)andarealreadyproducedcommercially(SanyoLtd.),reachingefficienciesabove20%.Inthiswork,HITsolarcellsaresimulatedbymeansofAMPS-1D,whichisaprogramdevelopedatPennsylvaniaState太陽能硅電池旳軟件仿真設(shè)計與制造MappingtheperformanceofPVmodules,effectsofmoduletypeanddataaveraging

記錄實驗與數(shù)據(jù)收集解決：太陽能發(fā)電電池背板組件模塊旳效用與背板材料開發(fā)方向選用SolarEnergyAmethodispresentedforestimatingtheenergyyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatarbitrarylocationsinalargegeographicalarea.ThemethodappliesamathematicalmodelfortheenergyperformanceofPVmodulesasafunctionofin-planeirradianceandmoduletemperatureandcombinesthiswithsolarirradiationestimatesfromsatellitedataandambienttemperaturevaluesfromgroundstationmeasurements.ThemethodisappliedtothreedifferentPVtechnologies:crystallinesilicon,CuInSe2andCdTebasedthin-filmtechnologyinordertomaptheirperformanceinfixedinstallationsacrossmostofEuropeandtoidentifyandquantifyregionalperformancefactors.ItisfoundthatthereisacleartechnologydependenceofthegeographicalvariationinPVperformance.Itisalsoshownthatusinglong-termaveragevaluesofirradianceandtemperatureleadstoasystematicpositivebiasintheresultsofupto3%.Itissuggestedtousejointprobabilitydensityfunctionsoftemperatureandirradiancetoovercomethisbias.Outdoorperformanceevaluationofphotovoltaicmodulesusingcontourplots

戶外太陽能電池背板發(fā)電效果/轉(zhuǎn)化率評估評價CurrentAppliedPhysicsTheimpactofenvironmentalparametersondifferenttypesofSi-basedphotovoltaic(PV)modules(singlecrystallineSi(sc-Si),amorphousSi(a-Si)anda-Si/microcrystallineSi(μc-Si))whichhavedifferentspectralresponseswerecharacterizedusingcontourplots.ThecontourplotsofPVperformanceasafunctionofmoduletemperatureandspectralirradiancedistributionwerecreatedtoseparatetheimpactofthetwoenvironmentalparameters.Theperformanceofthesc-SiPVmodulewasdominatedbythemoduletemperaturewhilethoseofa-Sianda-Si/μc-Sionesweremainlyinfluencedbythespectralirradiancedistribution.Furthermore,thefrequencyofoutdoorconditionsandthereliabilityofthecontourplotsofthePVperformancewerediscussedfortheevaluationofPVmodulesbymeansofenergyproduction.最新應(yīng)用物理學(xué)學(xué)報Solarphotovoltaicchargingoflithium-ionbatteries

太陽能——鋰電池充電器PowerSourcesSolarphotovoltaic(PV)chargingofbatterieswastestedbyusinghighefficiencycrystallineandamorphoussiliconPVmodulestorechargelithium-ionbatterymodules.ThistestingwasperformedasaproofofconceptforsolarPVchargingofbatteriesforelectricallypoweredvehicles.Theironphosphatetypelithium-ionbatteriesweresafelychargedtotheirmaximumcapacityandthethermalhazardsassociatedwithoverchargingwereavoidedbytheself-regulatingdesignofthesolarchargingsystem.Thesolarenergytobatterychargeconversionefficiencyreached14.5%,includingaPVsystemefficiencyofnearly15%,andabatterychargingefficiencyofapproximately100%.ThishighsystemefficiencywasachievedbydirectlychargingthebatteryfromthePVsystemwithnointerveningelectronics,andmatchingthePVmaximumpowerpointvoltagetothebatterychargingvoltageatthedesiredmaximumstateofchargeforthebattery.Itisenvisionedthatindividualhomeownerscouldchargeelectricandextended-rangeelectricvehiclesfromresidential,roof-mountedsolararrays,andthuspowertheirdailycommutingwithclean,renewablesolarenergy.SelectiveablationwithUVlasersofa-Si:Hthinfilmsolarcellsindirectscribingconfiguration

材料配比方案與實驗選擇配備措施AppliedSurfaceScience應(yīng)用表面材料科學(xué)學(xué)報Monolithicalseriesconnectionofsiliconthin-filmsolarcellsmodulesperformedbylaserscribingplaysaveryimportantroleintheentireproductionofthesedevices.Inthecurrentlaserprocessinterconnectionthetwolaststepsaredevelopedforaconfigurationofmoduleswheretheglassisessentialastransparentsubstrate.Inaddition,thechangeofwavelengthintheemployedlasersourcesissometimesenforcedduetothenatureofthedifferentmaterialsofthemultilayerstructurewhichmakeupthedevice.Theaimofthisworkistocharacterizethelaserpatterninginvolvedinthemonolithicinterconnectionprocessinadifferentconfigurationofprocessingthantheusuallyperformedwithvisiblelasersources.Tocarryoutthisstudy,weusenanosecondandpicosecondlasersourcesworkingat355

nmofwavelengthinordertoachievetheselectiveablationofthematerialfromthefilmside.ToassessthisselectiveremovalofmaterialhasbeenusedEDX(EnergyDispersiveUsingX-Ray)analysis,electricalmeasurementsandconfocalprofiles.Inordertoevaluatethedamageinthesiliconlayer,Ramanspectroscopyhasbeenusedforthelastlaserprocessstep.Ramanspectragivesinformationabouttheheataffectedzoneintheamorphoussiliconstructurethroughthecrystallinefractioncalculation.Theuseofultrafastsources,suchaspicosecondslasers,coupledwithUVwavelengthgivesthepossibilitytoconsidermaterialsandsubstratesdifferentthancurrentlyused,makingtheprocessmoreefficientandeasytoimplementinproductionlines.ThisapproachwithUVlasersourcesworkingfromthefilmsideoffersnorestrictioninthechoiceofmaterialswhichmakeupthedevicesandthepossibilitytooptforopaquesubstrates.Keywords:laserscribing;selectiveablation;a-Si:H.Useofdigitalimagecorrelationtechniquetodeterminethermomechanicaldeformationsinphotovoltaiclaminates:Measurementsandaccuracy

數(shù)字化圖像匹配技術(shù)在太陽能材料評估實驗中旳應(yīng)用：決策精確性旳提高SolarEnergyMaterialsandSolarCells太陽能材料與電磁學(xué)報AnexperimentaltechniquetomeasurethedeformationofsolarcellsintransparentPVmodulesispresented.Thismethodusesthedigitalimagecorrelationtechniquewithastereocamerasystem.Deformationsresultingfromthermalloading,whererathersmalldeformationsoccurcomparedtotensileorbendingexperiments,aremeasuredbyviewingthroughthewindowofaclimatechamber.Weapplythismethodtomeasurethethermomechanicaldeformationofthegapbetweentwocrystallinesiliconsolarcellsbyviewingthroughthetransparentbacksheetofthelaminate.TwoPVlaminatesareprepared,eachwiththreec