《英漢對(duì)照分子生物學(xué)導(dǎo)論》課件 王勇 Chapter 0 引言、Chapter 1 Amino Acids to Proteins、Chapter 2 Nucleic acids

TextbookAnIntroductionofMolecularBiologywithChineseTranslation

《英漢對(duì)照分子生物學(xué)導(dǎo)論》

TeachingActivityTimeTeachingactivityFirstpartUseEnglishtoteach(60minutes)用英語(yǔ)教學(xué)SecondpartUseChinesetoexplainthe(30minutes)majorpoints

用漢語(yǔ)對(duì)主要內(nèi)容進(jìn)行講解JamesD.Watsonetc.MolecularBiologyoftheGeneReferencebooksBenjaminLewinGeneVIIIIntroduction/引言1.Whatismolecularbiology?

什么是分子生物學(xué)？2.Whatshouldwelearn?

我們應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)什么內(nèi)容？3.Howtolearn?

如何學(xué)習(xí)？1.Whatismolecularbiology?Molecularbiology:“Howdoesasetofmoleculesmakeadynamiclivingorganism?”Themostfundamentalfeatureofallknownlifeistheabilitytoreproduceandtheabilitytogrow.Iforganismswerenotabletoreproduce,lifewouldbeimpossible.Ifthecelldoesnotgrow,…400kg200kg100kg50kg25kg12.5kgG0G1G2G3G4G5G66.3kg3.1kgG7Atiger?You’rekiddingme!ThecellgrowsbeforeitdividesDivideGrowDivideProteinsarethekeyplayerReproductionandgrowtharelargelytheworkofproteins.DivideGrowDivideProteinsProteinsProteinsNucleicacids:theinformationcarrierInformationformakingproteinsisstoredinnucleicacids.ProteinsNucleicacids(mainlyDNA)ThecentraldogmaTranscriptionProteinsNucleicacids(mainlyDNA)RNATranslationMolecularbiologystudies…Molecularmechanismsofeverystepinthecentraldogma.中心法則每一步的分子機(jī)理2.Whatshouldwelearn?MolecularmechanismsofDNAreplication,transcriptionandtranslation.DNA復(fù)制、轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)譯的分子機(jī)理。Molecularmechanismsoftranscriptionalandtranslationalregulation.轉(zhuǎn)錄與轉(zhuǎn)譯調(diào)控的分子機(jī)理。MolecularmechanismsofDNArecombinationandmutationrepairetc.DNA重組與突變修復(fù)等的分子機(jī)理。3.Howtolearn?Becausewehavesomanythingstolearn,itisveryeasytogetlostinthesedetails,andsobeforewebegintostudy,weneedsomeguidingprinciplestogiveasenseofordertomanyofthesedetails.因?yàn)槲覀冇羞@么多內(nèi)容要學(xué)，而一旦深入到細(xì)節(jié)中又很容易迷失方向，因此在開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)之前，我們需要一些指導(dǎo)原則來(lái)幫助梳理這些細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。Theguidingprinciples/指導(dǎo)原則1)Evolution/進(jìn)化2)Physics/物理學(xué)3)Availableresources

可利用資源1)Evolution/進(jìn)化Alllifeformsaretheproductofevolution.Life’scomplexityistheaccumulationofsmalladvantageouschangesoverlongperiodsoftime.所有生命形式都是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物。生命的復(fù)雜性是在漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間里一點(diǎn)一滴地積累了小的有利變化的結(jié)果。2)Physics/物理學(xué)Likeallmatter,themoleculesthatmakelifearesubjecttothelawsofphysics.Cellneedstoobtainenergyfromitsenvironmenttokeepitsorder.像所有物質(zhì)一樣，組成生命的分子也服從物理學(xué)定律。細(xì)胞需要從環(huán)境中獲取能量來(lái)保持有序性。3)Availableresources/可利用的資源Cellsarelimitedbytheresourcesavailableintheirenvironments.Manycellularmechanismsareshapedbyaneedtobeefficient.細(xì)胞受到它們環(huán)境中可利用資源的限制。許多細(xì)胞機(jī)理是為了有效地使用資源而塑造出來(lái)的。Pleasedon’tcomplainabout

“toomanymechanisms”E.coli:“Ilikeusingglucose.YetIhaveonlylactosenow.Ihavetohavethemechanismforutilizinglactose.”E.coli:“Sometimesbothglucoseandlactosearenotavailable.Then,whatdoIliveon?Don’tworry,Ihavethemechanismstouse…Awonderfulmolecularworld!Chapter1AminoAcidstoProteins1.1ProteinComposition1.2ProteinConformations1.3ProteinStructureandFunction:AFewExamples1.4TheDynamicsofProteins1.5Experiments1.1蛋白質(zhì)的組成1.2蛋白質(zhì)的構(gòu)象1.3蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能：幾個(gè)例子1.4蛋白質(zhì)動(dòng)力學(xué)1.5實(shí)驗(yàn)研究Chapter1AminoAcidstoProteins第1章氨基酸到蛋白質(zhì)Lifeismostdirectlytheworkofproteins.Proteinsalloworganismstogrowandreproduce.Theyprovideshape,strengthandmovement.Inthecell,proteinsareeverywhereanddoalmosteverything.生命幾乎就是蛋白質(zhì)的杰作。蛋白質(zhì)讓生物可以生長(zhǎng)和繁殖。它們?yōu)樯锾峁┝送庑魏土α?，以及運(yùn)動(dòng)功能。在細(xì)胞中，蛋白質(zhì)無(wú)處不在，行使著幾乎任何功能。1.1ProteinComposition/蛋白質(zhì)的組成9623Thetwentyaminoacidsand

theirabbreviationStructuresofhydrophobicaminoacidsStructuresofthehydrophilicaminoacidsStructuresofthe20commonaminoacidsNegativechargePositivechargeTheformationofapeptidebondPartialdoublebond/部分雙鍵PartialdoublebondRigidandflexiblebonds3DstructureN-terminusandC-terminus/N-末端和C-末端1.2ProteinConformations/1.2蛋白質(zhì)的構(gòu)象1.2.1DescribingProteinStructure1.2.2ChemicalandPhysicalBasisforProteinFolding1.2.1描述蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)1.2.2蛋白質(zhì)折疊的化學(xué)和物理基礎(chǔ)1.2.1DescribingProteinStructureαhelix/α螺旋Hydrogenbondβsheet/β折疊HydrogenbondParallelandantiparallelβsheetsTertiarystructure/三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)αhelix

βsheetTurnQuaternarystructure/四級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)OnesubunitPhysicalinteractionsinvolvedinproteinfolding1)Covalentbonding2)Hydrogenbonding3)Ionicbonding4)VanderWaalsforces5)Hydrophobicinteraction1.2.2ChemicalandPhysicalBasis

forProteinFolding1)Covalentbond/共價(jià)鍵SharedelectronsH－HH+1H+1+1+1CovalentbondCovalentbond/共價(jià)鍵CovalentbondCovalentbond/共價(jià)鍵Covalentbond2)Hydrogenbond/氫鍵HydrogenbondPartialchargesvs.FullchargesClδ–δ+δ+NaHydrogenbond/氫鍵Hydrogenbond3)Ionicbond/離子鍵Theionicbondofsodiumchloride,NaClNa+11Cl+17Ionicbond/離子鍵GluLysNowshowing

ChemicalBondFormationFile:biophoto7\Life\ChemicalBondFormation.(8’)4)VanderWaalsforces/范德華力Atom1Atom2vanderWaalsforceVanderWaalsforces

vs.

IonicbondAtom1Atom2VanderWaalsforcesTheatomitselfhasnegativeandpositivepartsTheinteractionistransientIonicbondThewholeatomiseithernegativeorpositiveTheinteractionisstableAtom1Atom2VanderWaalsforces

vs.

hydrogenbondAtom1Atom2VanderWaalsforcesTheatomitselfhasnegativeandpositivepartsTheinteractionistransientHydrogenbondThewholeatomiseitherpartially

negativeorpositiveTheinteractionisstableAtom1Atom2δ–δ+δ–δ+5)Hydrophobicinteraction?NonpolarmoleculesareforcedtogetherWatermoleculesgetcontactswitheachother.Hydrophobicinteraction/疏水相互作用1.3ProteinStructureandFunctionActin/肌動(dòng)蛋白AnactinfilamentKinesin/驅(qū)動(dòng)蛋白1.4TheDynamicsofProteinsInduced-fitvs.lock-and-keymodelsATPsynthetase/ATP合成酶Nowshowing

ElectronTransportandATPSynthesis

File:biophoto7\Life\ElectronTransportandATPSynthesis(4’)Allostericregulation/別構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)Nowshowing

AllostericRegulationofEnzymesFile:biophoto7

LifeAllostericRegulationofEnzymes(2’)lacrepressor/lac阻遏蛋白1.5Experiments /1.5實(shí)驗(yàn)研究Nucleicacids:theinformationcarrierInformationformakingproteinsisstoredinnucleicacids.ProteinsNucleicacids(mainlyDNA)Chapter2Nucleicacids2.1PropertiesofaGeneticMaterial2.2NucleicAcidsandDNAstructure2.3DNAastheGeneticMaterial2.4DNAintheCell2.5RNA(RibonucleicAcid)2.6Experiments2.1遺傳物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)2.2核酸與DNA結(jié)構(gòu)2.3DNA作為遺傳物質(zhì)2.4細(xì)胞中的DNA2.5RNA（核糖核酸）2.6實(shí)驗(yàn)研究2.1PropertiesofaGeneticMaterialItmustbeabletoholdinformationforhowtomakeproteins.Itmustbestable.Itmusthavesomecapacityforchange.Itmustbeabletobecopied.它必須能夠保持如何生產(chǎn)蛋白質(zhì)的信息。它必須是穩(wěn)定的。它必須具有容忍變化的能力。它必須能夠被復(fù)制。Itmustbeabletoholdinformationforhowtomakeproteins

1．它必須能夠保持如何生產(chǎn)蛋白質(zhì)的信息Itmustbestable/2．它必須是穩(wěn)定的Lizard:1,000,000B.C.Lizard:2008A.D.Nochange!Itmustbestable/它必須是穩(wěn)定的Age:15Age:45Age:75Nochange!Nochange!3.Itmusthavesomecapacityforchange

3．它必須具有容忍變化的能力Itmusthavesomecapacityforchange

它必須具有容忍變化的能力MUTAtiOnItmustbeabletobecopied

4．它必須能夠被復(fù)制2.2NucleicAcidsandDNAstructure

2.2核酸與DNA結(jié)構(gòu)2.2.1Nucleotides /2.2.1核苷酸Nucleotidesarecomposedofthreeparts:1)anitrogenousbase,2)asugar,and3)atriphosphate.N-glycosidicbond1)Nitrogenousbase

/含氮堿基2)Sugar/糖Nooxygenhere!Ribonucleotidesanddeoxyribonucleotides

核糖核苷酸與脫氧核糖核苷酸3)Triphosphate

/三磷酸2.2.2GeneralStructureofNucleicAcids

2.2.2核酸的一般結(jié)構(gòu)deoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)ribonucleicacid(RNA)Phosphodiesterbond

/磷酸二酯鍵Threeprimeend

andfiveprimeend

三一撇末端與

五一撇末端Sugar-phosphatebackbone/糖-磷酸骨架NegativechargesNucleosome

/核小體Chapter72.2.3StructureofDNA/2.2.3DNA的結(jié)構(gòu)Double-strandedDNAHydrogenbondsBasepair/堿基對(duì)ComplementarybasepairsAntiparallelDNAstrands

反向平行的DNA鏈TheDNAdoubleHelix/DNA雙螺旋MinorgrooveMajorgroove2nanometers1turn=10bases=3.4nanometersBasestackingDenaturationofDNA/DNA變性L(fǎng)ightabsorbancebyDNADNA對(duì)光的吸收λ=260nmλ=260nmssDNAdsDNANowshowing

Macromolecules–NucleicAcidsFile:biophoto7\Life\Macromoleculs–NucleicAcids(3’)2.3DNAastheGeneticMaterial

2.3DNA作為遺傳物質(zhì)StoreinformationStableAllowmutationEasyreplication1.Storinginformation/保存信息2.Stability/穩(wěn)定性2)Covalentbondsareverystrong4)Doublehelix3)Manyhydrogenbonds1)Basesareprotected3.