網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全期貨2030年新基礎(chǔ)白皮書

CybersecurityFutures2030NewFoundations

WHITEPAPER

DECEMBER2023

Images:GettyImages

Contents

Foreword3

Executivesummary4

Introduction6

1

Findingsandinsightsfromtheworkshops7

1.1Overarchingobservations7

1.2Thenewdigitalsecuritylandscapefor20308

1.3Regionalvariances10

2

What’snext?Howtousethisreport11

2.1Whatstrengthsmatter11

2.2Whatweaknessesmatter12

2.3Whatobjectivesmatter12

Contributors14

Endnotes15

Disclaimer

Thisdocumentispublishedbythe

WorldEconomicForumasacontribution

toaproject,insightareaorinteraction.

Thefindings,interpretationsand

conclusionsexpressedhereinarearesult

ofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedand

endorsedbytheWorldEconomicForum

butwhoseresultsdonotnecessarily

representtheviewsoftheWorldEconomic

Forum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,

Partnersorotherstakeholders.

?2023WorldEconomicForum.

Allrightsreserved.

CybersecurityFutures2030NewFoundations2

December2023

CybersecurityFutures2030:

NewFoundations

Foreword

AnnCleaveland

ExecutiveDirector,CLTC,UCBerkeley

DawnThomas

Co-Director,InstituteforPublicResearch,CNA

Theglobalcybersecuritylandscapeisconstantlyandrapidlychanging.By2030,itwillonceagainberadicallytransformed.Tobetterunderstandhowtechnological,political,economicand

environmentalchangesareimpactingthe

futureofcybersecurityforgovernmentsand

organizations,theUCBerkeleyCenterforLong-TermCybersecurity(CLTC),theWorldEconomicForumCentreforCybersecurityandCNA’s

InstituteforPublicResearchhavecollaboratedonCybersecurityFutures2030,aforesight-

focusedresearchinitiativethataimstoinformcybersecuritystrategicplansaroundtheglobe.

OurengagementintheCybersecurityFutures2030initiativereflectsasharedcommitmenttopromotedigitalsecurityasastrategicpriorityandunderstandhowsystemiccybersecurity

challengesareexperiencedandaddressed

indifferentregionsaroundtheworld.

AkshayJoshi

HeadofIndustryand

Partnerships,CentreforCybersecurity,World

EconomicForum

Throughaseriesofin-depthworkshopsheldinsixinternationallocations,weexploredvarious

alternativedigitalfuturesconsideringhow

cybersecurityissettotransformoverthenextfivetosevenyears.Thereportincludesinsightsfromtheglobalworkshopsthatarebroadlyapplicableacrosscountriesandregions.Thefindingsaim

tohelpdecision-makersingovernment,industry,academiaandcivilsocietyseizeopportunities

andmitigaterisksjustoverthehorizon.

Weextendourgratitudetothosewhocontributedtothisinitiative,recognizingthatonlythrough

collaborativeeffortscanwesecurelyharnessthepromiseandpotentialoftechnologicalprogress.Maytheinsightscontainedhereinspurmeaningfuldialogue,inspireactionandguideourcollective

journeytowardamoresecureandinclusivedigitalfuture.

CybersecurityFutures2030NewFoundations3

Executivesummary

Digitalinnovationisaccelerating.Decision-makersneedlong-termstrategicforesighttoseizeopportunitiesandmitigaterisks.

ThisreportpresentsfindingsfromCybersecurity

Futures2030,aglobalresearchinitiativefocusedonexploringhowdigitalsecuritycouldevolveoverthenextfivetosevenyears.Thegoalofthisprojectistohelpshapeafuture-focusedresearchandpolicyagendathatiswidelyapplicableacrosscountries

andsectors.

Thefindingsarebasedondiscussionsheldat

aseriesofin-personworkshopsconducted

throughout2023inDubai(UnitedArabEmirates),WashingtonDC(USA),Kigali(Rwanda),NewDelhi(India)andSingapore,aswellasavirtualworkshopwithparticipantsfrommultipleEuropeancountriesandtheUnitedKingdom.Theworkshopscentredondiscussionoffourscenariosthatportray

diverse“cybersecurityfutures”thatarefictional

(butplausible)depictionsoftheworldroughlyin

theyear2030.UCBerkeleyCenterforLong-TermCybersecurity(CLTC)independentlydesignedthescenariostoexploretrade-offsingoalsandvaluesthatdecision-makerswillhavetocontendwithinthenearfuture.

Keyfindings

–Accelerationintechnologyandbusiness

modelinnovation(bothlicitandcriminal)will

underpinthenewdigitalsecuritylandscapefor2030.Societiesmustfundamentallyreorient

theirresponsestoperennialdigitalsecuritychallenges,includingdataprivacy,talentdevelopmentandsustainability.

–Shoringuptrustwillbeakeygoalof

cybersecurityeffortsoverthenextdecade.Theonlinespreadofmis-anddisinformationarenowcorecybersecurityconcerns.

Cybersecuritywillbecomelessabout

protectingtheconfidentialityandavailabilityofinformationandmoreaboutprotectingitsintegrityandprovenance.

–Stablegovernmentsthatfollowthroughonlong-termtechnologyandcybersecurity

strategiescanbecometrusted“brands”,

gainingadvantagesinattractingtalent,

seizingleadershipopportunitiesinmultilateralstandards-settingprocessesandcounteringdisinformationcampaigns.

–Public-privatepartnershipswillbeimperativetomovetheneedleoncombatingsovereignandcriminalcyberattacksandinformation

operationsbutnewincentivestructureswillbeneededtoachievesuchpartnerships.

–Thereisawindowofopportunityforemerginganddevelopingcountriestoimplement“securebydesign”principlesthatthefirstwavesof

digitalizationhavelargelyfailedtoembed.

Decision-makersshouldmonitorthepaceof

digitalizationandtheabilityofpopulationsto

integratenewtechnologiessafelyandsecurely.

–Transformativeinvestmentincybersecuritytalentandtrainingwillbeapriorityobjective.Countries’abilitytoprojectthemselvesas

trustedglobalbrands,attractglobaltalent,retainhomegrowntalentandprovidea

productiveenvironmenttocapitalizeon

thattalentmatterssignificantly.Promoting

educationandawarenessofdigitalsecuritywillbecritical.

–Decision-makersacrossregionsare

strugglingtobalancetechnologyvalue-

chaininterdependenciesandself-sufficiency.Evenasnationaldataregulationsproliferate,

trustedstandardsareneededthatincentivizeinteroperabilityincybersecurityandartificial

intelligence(AI)security.Insomeregions,thereisasenseofagloballeadershipvoid,alack

oftrustedandexpertregulatorybodiesand

insufficientcapacityforenforcementofsecurityandprivacylawsandstandards.

–Thefocusinthenextthreetofiveyearswillbeonthepracticalitiesofnavigatingaworldin

flux.Thisdynamicwillvaryacrossregions,willbeinfluencedbytheirrelationshipswithChinaand/ortheUSandwillholdsteadyregardlessofthestrengthorweaknessoftheUS-Chinarelationshipoverthenextfiveyears.

CybersecurityFutures2030NewFoundations4

Takeawaysfordecision-makers

–Organizationswillneedtoensuretheyhave

astableandsecuresupplychainofresources,includingtechnologycomponents,rawmaterialsandskilled,affordableworkers.

–Effectivedigitalpoliciesandregulationsshoulddemonstrateclearandstable

prioritiesofcompanies,governmentsandotherorganizations.

–Resilience,humourandoptimismaboutthe

future–andtheopportunitiesthatawaitthosewillingandabletoseizethem–arecriticalintherun-upto2030.

–Havingadigitallyliteratepublicandcustomer

basethatismediasavvyandinoculatedagainstmis-,dis-andmal-information(MDM)willbeasourceofstrengthfororganizationsthatwishtosucceedinaneraofdegradingtrust.

–Leadersshouldactivelylookforwaysto

ensurethatemergingtechnologieshelpthegeneralpopulation,forexamplebystabilizingnationaleconomies,addressinghighcostsofliving,providingfoodsecurityandadvancingrenewableenergy.

–Thepublicandprivatesectorsshouldinvestineducation(e.g.medialiteracyandcybersecurityhygiene)forthegeneralpopulationtodecreasetheattacksurfaceandin-jobtrainingtoupskilladigitalworkforce.

–LeaderswillneedtostrategicallyandtacticallyuseregulationtoguardagainstthedownsidesofAIproductsastheyriseinprominenceandmusttakemeaningfulmeasurestocombat

MDMbeforeitfurtherdegradestrustandunity.

–Countriesshouldformandstrengthentrustedresearchinstitutions,particularlyinless-

developedeconomies,tosupportgovernmentsinaddressingthemostchallengingsocialandtechnicalcybersecurityproblemsof2030.

Thenextphaseofthisprojectwillincludeworkingwithdecision-makerstogenerateadditional

prioritiesandthinkingmorebroadlyabout

howfindingsfromthisreportcouldreshape

organizations’futures.Grapplingwiththese

kindsofquestionsshouldbeadefiningfocus

in2024forC-suites,boardsandgovernment

agenciesinternationally.

CybersecurityFutures2030NewFoundations5

Thisbroaderlookatcybersecuritycanbestbeunderstoodasdefendingagainstharmandpromotingopportunityanywheretechnology

touchessociety.

Introduction

CybersecurityFutures2030isaforesight-

focusedresearchinitiativethataimstoinform

cybersecuritystrategicplanningaroundtheglobe.

Awiderangeofissueshavechangedthe

cybersecurityagendaoverthepastfiveyears–fromdigitaltransformationduringaglobalpandemicto

thecommercializationoflargelanguagemodels

andfromthelargestmilitaryconflictsofthecyber

agetoaninternationalransomwarescourge.As

KenMcCallum,theDirector-GeneraloftheBritish

SecurityService,recentlyremarked:“Ifyouare

workingatthecuttingedgeoftechnologytoday,youmaynotbeinterestedingeopolitics,butgeopoliticsiscertainlyinterestedinyou.”1Thenextfiveyearswillbringanothersetofunprecedentedcybersecurity

challengesandopportunities.Thosewithstrategicforesightwillbebettersituatedtotiltthedigitalworldinadirectionthatismoresecure.

Tolookoverthehorizon,theUCBerkeleyCenterforLong-TermCybersecurity(CLTC),withthe

supportoftheWorldEconomicForum’sCentreforCybersecurity(C4C)andCNA’sInstituteforPublicResearch,launchedCybersecurityFutures2030,aglobalinitiativethatexploreshowdigitalsecuritycouldevolveoverthenextfivetosevenyears.Theaimistohelpshapeafuture-focusedresearch

andpolicyagendathatiswidelyapplicableacrosscountriesandsectors.Thisbroaderlookat

cybersecuritycanbestbeunderstoodasdefendingagainstharmandpromotingopportunityanywheretechnologytouchessociety.

BetweenJanuaryandApril2023,theCLTC

independentlydevelopedasetoffourscenariosthatportraypossible“cybersecurityfutures”

lookingforwardtoroughly2030.Thescenariosweredesignedtoexaminesomeofthetrade-

offsingoalsandvaluesthatdecision-makers

willhavetocontendwithinthenearfuture.The

scenariosfocusonwhatisrelevantandplausible,whilealsochallengingimplicitbeliefsandtoday’sconventionalwisdom.Ratherthanpredictthe

future,theyarespecificallydesignedtoelicitmeaningfullydifferentglobalperspectives.

BetweenMayandSeptember2023,theinitiativetookthesescenariostofiveinternationallocationsthatwillhavedifferentinfluencesandperspectivesonthedigitalsecuritylandscapeofthenext

decade:Dubai(UnitedArabEmirates),WashingtonDC(USA),Kigali(Rwanda),NewDelhi(India)

andSingapore.Inaddition,therewerevirtual

workshopswithparticipantsfrommultipleEuropeancountriesandtheUnitedKingdom.Aworkshop

ineachlocationhadamixofparticipantsfrom

government,business,civilsociety,academiaandotherdomains.Similarworkshopprocesseswereruntoextractreactionsandinsightsthatwould

becomparable.Thesecomparisonsarethemostimportantimmediateproductoftheworkshops.

Ofcourse,thesecomparisonscomewithcaveats,themostimportantofwhichistheuseofaggregategeographicalcategoriesasplaceholders.A

singleworkshopinNewDelhi(despitebroad

representationfromexpertsinacademia,industry,governmentandcivilsociety)cannotrepresentthecomprehensiveperspectiveofcitizensintheworld’smostpopulouscountry.Norcanaworkshopin

KigalispeakforthewholeAfricancontinent.The

geographiclabelsarebestthoughtofasimperfectproxiesthatshedlightoncommonalitiesand

differencesacrossmanyregionsthatwillimpactthefutureoftheglobaldigitalsecuritylandscape,but

therewasnocapacitytoconveneworkshopsinallpartsoftheworld.Anothercaveatisrecencybias;theworkshopparticipantsarepeopleandpeople

readfuturescenariosinthecontextofwhatismostimportantandurgentintheirmindsatthatmoment.Inthiscontext,itislikelyunsurprisingthatworkshopparticipantsmentionedartificialintelligence(AI)morethanotheremergingtechnologiesbyafactorof

10.Finally,scenariosthemselveshaveblindspots,evenastheystretchimaginationstotheedgeof

plausibility.Theworkshopprocesswasdesignedtominimizethesekindsofbiasesbutitisimpossibletofullyeliminatethem.

Theworkshopshelpedexposehowattitudesandperspectivesaredevelopinganddivergingacrossgeographies.Theinsightsreportedbelowarelikelytoreframethedecision-makingenvironmentand

willhelpdecision-makersingovernment,industry

andcivilsocietyreducefrictions,seizeopportunitiesforcooperationandbetterprepareforthefuture.

CybersecurityFutures2030NewFoundations6

Cybersecuritywillbecomelessaboutprotectingtheconfidentialityandavailability

ofinformationandmoreaboutprotectingits

integrityand

provenance.

Digitalsecurityisbeingreframedasthe

abilityofsocietiestomatchthespeed

oftrustwiththespeedofinnovation.In

eachworkshop,participantsvoicedfears

thatthespeedoftechnologicalandcriminal

2

1

Findingsandinsights

fromtheworkshops

Aseriesofinternationalworkshopsrevealed

criticalchallenges,uncertaintiesand

opportunitiesforgovernmentsandorganizationsinarapidlyevolvingcybersecuritylandscape.

Thisreportdetailsthreeoverarchingobservationsandthreeproposedelementsofthenewlandscapein2030thatemergedfromtheworkshops.

Eachdeservesfocusedattentioninstrategicplanningandfuturedecision-making.

1.1Overarchingobservations

1

innovationhassurpassedhumanity’sability

toensurethetrustworthinessofdigital

productsandinformation,whichhasprofoundconsequencesforthelegitimacyofnational

andinternationalinstitutions.Shoringup

trustemergedasakeygoalofcybersecurityeffortsoverthenextdecade.Atastrategic

level,stablegovernmentsthatfollowthroughonlong-termtechnologyandcybersecurity

strategiescanbecometrusted“brands”,

gainingadvantagesinattractingtalent,

seizingleadershipopportunitiesinmultilateralstandard-settingprocessesandcountering

disinformationcampaigns.ThisoutlookwasmostpronouncedinSingapore,IndiaandtheUnitedArabEmirates.Atamoreoperationallevel,participantsalsodiscussedregulators’roleinmonitoringmultinationalcompanies

closelywitheffectiveaccountabilitymeasures.

ThissentimentwasmostpronouncedinAfricaandtheEU.IntheUS,therewasmuchmore

tensionaboutwhois“incharge”oftrust–thegovernmentortheprivatesector.Agreement

thatpublic-privatepartnershipsareimperativetomovetheneedleoncombatingsovereign

andcriminalcyberattacksandinformation

operationswasaccompaniedbyanequal

senseofdisillusionmentaboutthefeasibility

ofsuchpartnershipsgivencurrentincentive

structures.Participantsvoicednearlyuniversalagreementthattheonlinespreadofmis-,

dis-andmal-information(MDM)arenowcorecybersecurityconcerns.Cybersecuritywill

becomelessaboutprotectingtheconfidentiality

andavailabilityofinformationandmoreaboutprotectingitsintegrityandprovenance.

Thepaceandscaleofdigitalizationwill

drivechangestotheglobalsecurity

landscapeasmuchas(ormorethan)

thespecificcapabilitiesofemerging

technologies.Workshopparticipants

focusedonAIandautomationmorethan

othertechnologiesbyafactorof10,thoughthecurrentandpotentialcapabilitiesof

quantumcomputing,theinternetofthings

(IoT)andadvancesinspacealsoemerged

aspriorities.Inthecontextofuncertainties

andvulnerabilities,participantscautioned

aboutfuturecleavagesthatcouldemerge

withquantumtechnologiesandidentifiedthedevelopmentanddeploymentofquantum-safecryptographyasapriority.Preparing

technicallyandbycreatingnormsand

boundariescouldhavesweepingpositive

impactsforgovernments,businessesandsocieties.Space–giventheintegrationofadvancedtechnologiesinspace-based

systems–cameupasanotherenvironmentwhereemergingtechnologycouldcause

futurecleavagesandasadomainripeforcountriestoinnovateandadvance.Yetthe

biggestthreattothedigitalsecuritylandscapeisstillmorehumanthantechnical.Thesecurityconsequencesofrapiddigitaltransformationhadparticularrelevanceinemergingand

developingcountrieswithlargepopulations.Cybersecuritychallengesandopportunitiesofthenextdecadewillbeproportionatetothepaceandscaleatwhichcountriesdigitalize.AsparticipantsinIndiapointedout,larger

populationscorrespondtoalargertargetforattacks,rangingfromdisinformation

CybersecurityFutures2030NewFoundations7

3

campaignstofraudandextortion–familiar

attacksthatwillonlybecomemorecomplexascriminalsgaineasierandcheaperaccesstomoresophisticatedtechnologies.The

upsideisthatthereisawindowofopportunityforemerginganddevelopingcountriesto

implement“securebydesign”principles

thatthefirstwavesofdigitalizationinmore

developedcountrieshavelargelyfailed

toembed.Toanticipateandaddressthe

cybersecuritychallengesofthenextdecade,decision-makersshouldmonitorthepaceofdigitalization–andtheabilityofpopulationstointegratenewtechnologiessafelyand

securely–ascloselyastheydothesecurityspecificationsofthetechnologyitself.

Debatesaboutinternetfragmentation

versusa“freeandopen”internet

aremorphingintomorepractical

conversationsabouttrade-offsbetween

digitalsovereigntyandinteroperability.

Decision-makersacrossregionsare

strugglingtocreatetherightbalancebetweentechnologyvalue-chaininterdependencies

andself-sufficiency.Forexample,even

asnationaldataregulationsproliferate,

includingacrossthecontinentofAfrica,

participantsvoicedmoreuniformandurgentcallsfortrustedstandardsthatincentivize

interoperabilityincybersecurityandAI

security.InSingapore,therewasmore

confidencethatthegovernmentcande-risk

itsdependenciesbyexertinginfluencethroughregulation,standardsandpartnershipsto

ensurethattechnologiesusedinthecountrymeethighcybersecuritystandards.Inotherregions,thereisaprofoundsenseofa

globalleadershipvoid,alackoftrustedand

expertregulatorybodiesandinsufficient

capacityfortheenforcementofsecurityand

privacylawsandstandards.Tomeetthis

need,multi-alignedcountriesmaybebest

positionedtofacilitatemultilateraleffortsandmostabletoadvancecommonnormsand

standardsthatbenefitcollectivecybersecurity,whilesimultaneouslyinvestingtolimittheir

technologyandsupplychaindependencies.Thispragmaticsenseofopportunitywas

heardmoststronglyinSingapore,theUnitedArabEmiratesandIndia.Thefocusinthenextthreetofiveyearswillbeonthepracticalitiesofnavigatingaworldinflux.

Thisdynamicseemstogaintractionas

countriesbecomeincreasinglyawareoftheconsequencesoftechnologicalcolonialism

thatregionshaveexperiencedtovarying

degreesdependingontheirrelationships

withChinaand/ortheUS,andholdssteadyregardlessofthestrengthorweaknessof

theUS-Chinarelationshipoverthenextfiveyears.Europeansworriedaboutafalsesenseofsecurityandaskedthequestion:“Ifthe

regionisreliantonexternallargetechnologycompaniestomanageourdataanddevelopAI,howcanweknowwhichtechnology

productsaresafetouse?”Chinesetools

permeateIndiaandRwanda(andAfrica

morebroadly),andChinesetechnology

companiescontinuetobeseenaspotentialpartnersforadvancingdigitalinfrastructureintheseregions.ThereisalsoconsiderableconcernaboutChina’sabilityandwillingnesstoprotectpartnertechnology,potentiallossofprivacyandtheendoflow-cost,high-

qualitytechnologyproductsiftheUSand

Chinacooperateinsteadofcompeting.

Participantsanticipatethatglobalalliancesaresettoreshuffleinthecomingyears,withopportunitiesforcountriestocreatenew

polesinamoremultipolarworld.

1.2Thenewdigitalsecuritylandscapefor2030

to2030willbeforcountries,communities

andindividualstonegotiateafairreturnon

investment(ROI)incontrolledandresponsibleuseoftheirdata.Whatdoesthismeanforthefutureofdigitalsecurityandprivacy?Europeanparticipantssawatightropewalkbetween

leadingtheworldindigitalregulationand

enforcementononesideandthefinancialandeconomicreturnsthatdata-poweredinnovationcouldgenerateontheother.InRwanda,

Theobjectivein2030willbeforcountries,

communities

andindividualstonegotiateafairreturnon

investmentin

controlledandresponsibleuseoftheirdata.

Accelerationintechnologyandbusinessmodel

innovation(bothlicitandcriminal)willunderpin

thenewdigitalsecuritylandscapefor2030.The

workshopsuncoveredauniversalsensethatthis

accelerationisnotlikelytobeincremental.Thenew

landscapewillrequiresocietiestofundamentally

reorienttheirresponsestoperennialdigital

securitychallenges,threeofwhicharechanging

inparticularlyimportantways:dataprivacy,talent

developmentandsustainability.

concernsemergedaboutAImodelsthatare

movingaheadwithoutAfricandata.African

representationintrainingdataiscriticalinorderforAIproductstobesafeandtrustworthyto

deployinanAfricancontextbuttechnology

producersandAfricandataownersmustbe

equalparticipantsinthetransaction.IntheUS,firmsmakinginvestmentsindataprotectionand

–“Makesureyouaregettingsomethinginreturn

foryourpersonaldata,”wasarefrainheard

aroundtheworld.Intheworkshopdiscussions,

almostnoonebelievedthatitisstillplausibleor

desirabletofullyrestrictflowsofpersonaldata.

Rather,thesentimentisthat“thecatisoutof

thebag”andthattheobjectiveinthedecade

CybersecurityFutures2030NewFoundations8

Transformativeinvestmentin

cybersecurity

talentandtrainingemergedasa

priorityobjectiveacrossscenariosandgeographies.

usewillneedtocontendwithemergingsocietalmovementsadvocatingformoreself-owned

orself-manageddata.Thereisalsopotentialforplatformfirmsandtheiruserstobecomenewalliesindisincentivizinglarge-scaledatascrapingbythirdparties.Butthe“Makesureourdataisoutthere–andusedsecurelyinwaysthatbenefitcommunities”sentiment

isapronouncedchangeinattitudetowardspersonaldatathanheardinthepast.

–Transformativeinvestmentincybersecurity

talentandtrainingemergedrobustlyasapriorityobjectiveacrossgeographies.Toafargreater

degreethanseeninthepast,participantsinallworkshoplocationsrecognizedtheimportanceofhumancapitalformanagingtechnology

andcybersecurity,regardlessoftechnologicaladvances.Severalintersectingdynamicswereuniversallycited:

a.Theintensifyingcompetitionforglobal

talent.Thebarforcybersecuritytalentis

gettinghigher.Participantsnotedthatas

automationandAIfulfillmanyentry-level

technicaljobs,therewillbeincreasingneedandopportunitiesforpeopletrainedin

supervisoryandpolicyrolesforcybersecurityandAIsecurity.Inaddition,thedemandforpeoplewhocandesign,buildanddeploy

securemachinelearningandAIproducts

isskyrocketing.Theabilityofcountriesto

projectthemselvesastrustedglobalbrands,attractglobaltalent,retainhomegrowntalentandprovideaproductiveenvironmentto

capitalizeonthattalentmatterssignificantly.Participantsexpressedacuteawareness

oftheriskofazero-sumgamedynamic–

wherebycountriescompeteoverthesamelimitedpooloftalent–ifcountriesdon’t

simultaneouslyinvestinthedevelopment

andretentionoflocaltalent,withparticularconsequencesforlessdevelopedcountries.Insteadof“braindrain”,decision-makerswillneedtoconsiderideaslike“braincirculation”(bywhichforeign-borntechnologists

transfertechnicalandinstitutionalknow-howbetweendistantregionaleconomies)inthenextdecade.2

b.Theurgencyforbroadcyberliteracytrainingtocombatdisinformationandgarden-varietycybercrime.Educationandawarenessof

digitalsecuritywillbecritical.Participantssawprofoundupsideforcompanies,

governmentsandNGOsthatsuccessfullycreateupdatedcampaignsandcurricula

toeducatethepublicondigitalsecurity

issuesandbestpractices.Thisisespeciallytruefornewtechnologyusersinless

developedcountries.

c.Localandregionaleducationandskilling

programmestoreshoresupplychainsand

enableeconomicdevelopment.Then