3-Central-Processing-Unit市公開課一等獎省賽課微課金獎課件

Unit3

CentralProcessingUnit1/26Aprocessorisafunctionalunitthatinterpretsandcarriesoutinstructions.WhatIsaProcessor?Aprocessorisafunctionalunitthatinterpretsandcarriesoutinstructions.處理器是一個解釋和執(zhí)行指令功效單元。EveryprocessorcomeswithauniquesetofoperationssuchasADD,STORE,orLOADthatrepresenttheprocessor'sinstructionset.Aprocessorisafunctionalunitthatinterpretsandcarriesoutinstructions.處理器是一個解釋和執(zhí)行指令功效單元。EveryprocessorcomeswithauniquesetofoperationssuchasADD,STORE,orLOADthatrepresenttheprocessor'sinstructionset.每一個處理器都有一個諸如ADD、STORE或LOAD之類獨立操作集,這個操作集即該處理器指令系統(tǒng)。2/26Computerdesignersarefondofcallingtheircomputersmachines,sotheinstructionsetissometimesreferredtoasmachineinstructionsandthebinarylanguageinwhichtheyarewritteniscalledmachinelanguage.Computerdesignersarefondofcallingtheircomputersmachines,sotheinstructionsetissometimesreferredtoasmachineinstructionsandthebinarylanguageinwhichtheyarewritteniscalledmachinelanguage.befondof:樂于……，喜歡……bereferredtoas:被稱為……

Computerdesignersarefondofcallingtheircomputersmachines,sotheinstructionsetissometimesreferredtoasmachineinstructionsandthebinary

languageinwhichtheyarewritteniscalledmachinelanguage.befondof:樂于……，喜歡……bereferredtoas:被稱為……

計算機設計者習慣將計算機稱為機器，所以指令集也常被稱為機器指令；編寫指令所使用二進制語言則被稱為機器語言。3/26Youshouldconfusetheprocessor'sinstructionsetwiththeinstructionsfoundinhigh-levelprogramminglanguages,suchasBASICorC.Youshouldconfusetheprocessor'sinstructionsetwiththeinstructionsfoundinhigh-levelprogramminglanguages,suchasBASICorC.你可能會將處理器指令系統(tǒng)和高級程序語言（如BASIC或C）中指令相混同。Aninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.Youshouldconfusetheprocessor'sinstructionsetwiththeinstructionsfoundinhigh-levelprogramminglanguages,suchasBASICorC.你可能會將處理器指令系統(tǒng)和高級程序語言（如BASIC或C）中指令相混同。Aninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.操作碼用于指明要執(zhí)行功效；操作數(shù)則表示要操作數(shù)據(jù)。

指令是由操作碼和操作數(shù)組成，4/26Forexample,ifaninstructionistoperformtheoperationofaddingtwonumbers,itmustknowwhatthetwonumbersareandwherethetwonumbersare.比如，指令要執(zhí)行兩個數(shù)相加操作，它必須知道是哪兩個數(shù)字以及這兩個數(shù)存放在哪里。Whenthenumbersarestoredinthecomputer'smemory,theyhaveaddressestoindicatewheretheyare,soifanoperandreferstodatainthecomputer'smemoryitiscalledanaddress.當數(shù)據(jù)存在計算機存放器中時，會有對應地址表明這些數(shù)據(jù)存放位置。所以假如一個操作數(shù)指是計算機存放器中數(shù)據(jù)，那么這個操作數(shù)被稱為地址。5/26Theprocessor'sjobistoretrieveinstructionsandoperandsfrommemoryandtoperformeachoperation.Havingdonethat,itsignalsmemorytosenditthenextinstruction.

havingdonethat：指“完成以上操作之后”處理器工作是從存放器中取出指令和操作數(shù)以執(zhí)行每個操作。Thisstep-by-stepoperationisrepeatedoverandoveragainatawesomespeed.這種按部就班操作以驚人速度周而復始地重

復著。取回；挽回；檢索Theprocessor'sjobistoretrieveinstructionsandoperandsfrommemoryandtoperformeachoperation.Havingdonethat,itsignalsmemorytosenditthenextinstruction.向…發(fā)信號完成以上操作后，處理器會通知存放器發(fā)送下一個指令。按部就班；逐步讓人驚嘆；使人敬畏6/26Atimercalledaclockreleasespreciselytimedelectricalsignalsthatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor'swork.一個被稱為時鐘計時器定時地準確地發(fā)出電信號，準確地；嚴格地；確切地同時，定時，時控Atimercalledaclockreleasespreciselytimedelectricalsignalsthatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor'swork.一個被稱為時鐘計時器定時地準確地發(fā)出電信號，這些電信號為處理器工作提供規(guī)律脈沖。Thetermthatisusedtomeasurethecomputer'sspeedisborrowedfromthedomainofelectricalengineeringandiscalledamegahertz(MHz),whichmeansmillioncyclespersecond.

Atimercalledaclockreleasespreciselytimedelectricalsignalsthatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor'swork.一個被稱為時鐘計時器定時地準確地發(fā)出電信號，這些電信號為處理器工作提供規(guī)律脈沖。Thetermthatisusedtomeasurethecomputer'sspeedisborrowedfromthedomainofelectricalengineeringandiscalledamegahertz(MHz),whichmeansmillioncyclespersecond.電氣工程用于衡量計算機速度術語是從電氣工程領域借用來，稱作兆赫(MHz)，即每秒百萬個周期。MB兆赫茲7/26Forexample,inan8-MHzprocessor,thecomputer'sclockticks8milliontimestoevery1secondtickofanordinaryclock.比如，對于一個8MHz處理器來說，普通時鐘每秒滴答一次，而該計算機時鐘則滴答了800萬次。Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits-acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit-andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.Forexample,inan8-MHzprocessor,thecomputer'sclockticks8milliontimestoevery1secondtickofanordinaryclock.比如，對于一個8MHz處理器來說，普通時鐘每秒滴答一次，而該計算機時鐘則滴答了800萬次。Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits-acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit-andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.

處理器是由兩個功效部件和一組稱為存放器特殊工作空間組成。8/26Forexample,inan8-MHzprocessor,thecomputer'sclockticks8milliontimestoevery1secondtickofanordinaryclock.比如，對于一個8MHz處理器來說，普通時鐘每秒滴答一次，而該計算機時鐘則滴答了800萬次。Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits-acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit-andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.

處理器是由兩個功效部件（控制器和算術邏輯運器）和一組稱為存放器特殊工作空間組成9/261.TheControlUnitThecontrolunitisthefunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationsoftheentirecomputersystem.控制器是負責監(jiān)控整個計算機系統(tǒng)操作功效部件。監(jiān)督；管理；指導10/26Insomeways,itisanalogoustoatelephoneswitch-boardwithintelligencebecauseitmakestheconnectionsbetweenvariousfunctionalunitsofthecomputersystemandcallsintooperationeachunitthatisrequiredbytheprogramcurrentlyinoperation.

beanalogousto：類似于…，與…相同

adj.相同，可比擬；Insomeways,itisanalogoustoatelephoneswitch-boardwithintelligencebecauseitmakestheconnectionsbetweenvariousfunctionalunitsofthecomputersystemandcallsintooperationeachunitthatisrequiredbytheprogramcurrentlyinoperation.

beanalogousto：類似于…，與…相同

它在某種程度上類似于智能電話交換機，

電話交換機Insomeways,itisanalogoustoatelephoneswitch-boardwithintelligencebecauseitmakestheconnectionsbetweenvariousfunctionalunitsofthecomputersystemandcallsintooperationeachunitthatisrequiredbytheprogramcurrentlyinoperation.

beanalogousto：類似于…，與…相同

它在某種程度上類似于智能電話交換機，

因為它能在計算機系統(tǒng)各個功效部件之間進行連接，Insomeways,itisanalogoustoatelephoneswitch-boardwithintelligencebecauseitmakestheconnectionsbetweenvariousfunctionalunitsofthecomputersystemandcallsintooperationeachunitthatisrequiredbytheprogramcurrentlyinoperation.

beanalogousto：類似于…，與…相同

它在某種程度上類似于智能電話交換機，

analog11/26analog因為它能在計算機系統(tǒng)各個功效部件之間進行連接，Insomeways,itisanalogoustoatelephoneswitch-boardwithintelligencebecauseitmakestheconnectionsbetweenvariousfunctionalunitsofthecomputersystemandcallsintooperationeachunitthatisrequiredbytheprogramcurrentlyinoperation.

beanalogousto：類似于…，與…相同

它在某種程度上類似于智能電話交換機，

此處相當于“callseachunitintooperation”，因為后面定語從句是用于修飾“eachunit”，所以將“eachunit”放置到后面，變成“callsintooperationeachunit”并依據(jù)當前正在運行程序要求，調(diào)動各部件進行操作。12/26Thecontrolunitfetchesinstructionsfrommemoryanddeterminestheirtypeordecodesthem.Thecontrolunitfetchesinstructionsfrommemoryanddeterminestheirtypeordecodesthem.控制器從內(nèi)存取出指令，確定指令類型或?qū)ζ溥M行譯碼。Itthenbreakseachinstructionintoaseriesofsimplesmallstepsoractions.然后將每個指令分解成一系列簡單小步驟或動作。Bydoingthis,itcontrolsthestep-by-stepoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.經(jīng)過這么，它控制了整個計算機系統(tǒng)每一

步操作。經(jīng)過這么做13/262.TheArithmetic/LogicUnitThearithmetic/logicunit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.算術邏輯運算器（即ALU）是為計算機提供邏輯和計算功效部件。DataarebroughtintotheALUbythecontrolunit,andtheALUperformswhateverarithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstruction(SeeFig.3-1).控制器將數(shù)據(jù)送到ALU中，然后由ALU執(zhí)行完成指令所需算術或邏輯操作（見圖3-1）。2.TheArithmetic/LogicUnitThearithmetic/logicunit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.算術邏輯運算器（即ALU）是為計算機提供邏輯和計算功效部件。DataarebroughtintotheALUbythecontrolunit,andtheALUperformswhateverarithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstruction(SeeFig.3-1).控制器將數(shù)據(jù)送到ALU中，14/26Arithmeticoperationsincludeadding,subtracting,multiplying,anddividing.Logicoperationsmakeacomparisonandtakeactionbasedontheresults.Arithmeticoperationsincludeadding,subtracting,multiplying,anddividing.Logicoperationsmakeacomparisonandtakeactionbasedontheresults.算術操作包含加、減、乘、除。邏輯操作則執(zhí)行比較運算，并依據(jù)運算結果進行操作。Forexample,twonumbersmightbecomparedtodetermineiftheyareequal.Iftheyareequal,processingwillcontinues;iftheyarenotequal,processingwillstop.比如，比較兩個數(shù)是否相等。假如相等，則繼續(xù)處理；若不相等，則停頓處理。采取行動15/263.RegistersAregisterisastoragelocationinsidetheprocessor.Registersinthecontrolunitareusedtokeeptrackoftheoverallstatusoftheprogramthatisrunning.

控制器中存放器用于統(tǒng)計運行中程序總體狀態(tài)。3.RegistersAregisterisastoragelocationinsidetheprocessor.Registersinthecontrolunitareusedtokeeptrackoftheoverallstatusoftheprogramthatisrunning.存放器是處理器內(nèi)部一個存放單元。Controlunitregistersstoreinformationsuchasthecurrentinstruction,thelocationofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted,andtheoperandsoftheinstruction.它存放信息包含當前運行指令、下一條要運行指令地址，以及指令操作數(shù)等。與……保持聯(lián)絡；統(tǒng)計；跟蹤全部；綜合16/26IntheALU,registersstoredataitemsthatareadded,subtracted,multiplied,divided,andcompared.Otherregistersstoretheresultsofarithmeticandlogicoperations.在ALU中，存放器存放用于加、減、乘、除以及比較運算數(shù)據(jù)項。其它存放器則存放算術和邏輯運算結果。Animportantfactorthataffectsthespeedandperformanceofaprocessoristhesizeoftheregisters.

IntheALU,registersstoredataitemsthatareadded,subtracted,multiplied,divided,andcompared.Otherregistersstoretheresultsofarithmeticandlogicoperations.在ALU中，存放器存放用于加、減、乘、除以及比較運算數(shù)據(jù)項，其它存放器則存放算術和邏輯運算結果。Animportantfactorthataffectsthespeedandperformanceofaprocessoristhesizeoftheregisters.影響處理器速度和性能一個主要原因就是存放器容量大小。17/26Technically,thetermwordsize(alsocalledwordlength)describesthesizeofanoperandregister,butitisalsousedmorelooselytodescribethesizeofthepathwaystoandfromtheprocessor.

Technically,thetermwordsize(alsocalledwordlength)describesthesizeofanoperandregister,butitisalsousedmorelooselytodescribethesizeofthepathwaystoandfromtheprocessor.從技術上看，術語“字大小”（也被稱為字長）描述了操作數(shù)存放器大小，渙散地；粗略地；不嚴格地；通道；路徑但從非嚴格意義上來說，它也能夠用于描述出入處理器通道大小。18/26Currently,wordsizesingeneral-purposecomputersrangefrom8to64bits.Iftheoperandregistersofaprocessorare16bitswide,theprocessorissaidtobea16-bitprocessor.

Currently,wordsizesingeneral-purposecomputers

rangefrom8to64bits.Iftheoperandregistersofaprocessorare16bitswide,theprocessorissaidtobea16-bitprocessor.當前，通用計算機字長范圍從8位到64位不等，

假如處理器操作數(shù)存放器是16位，則該處理器就被稱為16位處理器。EarlyCPUswerecustom-designedasapartofalarger,sometimesone-of-a-kind,computer.早期CPU都是專門為一臺大型甚至是

獨一無二計算機設計。專門設計；定做每種只有一個；獨一無二19/26However,thiscostlymethodofdesigningcustomCPUsforaparticularapplicationhaslargelygivenwaytothedevelopmentofmass-producedprocessorsthataremadeforoneormanypurposes.昂貴；

代價高However,thiscostlymethodofdesigningcustomCPUsforaparticularapplicationhaslargelygivenwaytothedevelopmentofmass-producedprocessorsthataremadeforoneormanypurposes.不過，這種為某個專門應用而設計定制CPU高代價方式，讓位于；給…讓路；被……取代很大程度上已經(jīng)被為了某個或多個目而大量生產(chǎn)CPU發(fā)展趨勢所取代。application20/26Thisstandardizationtrendgenerallybeganintheeraofdiscretetransistormainframesandminicomputersandhasrapidlyacceleratedwiththepopularizationoftheintegratedcircuit(IC).Thisstandardizationtrendgenerallybeganintheeraofdiscretetransistormainframesandminicomputersandhasrapidlyacceleratedwiththepopularizationoftheintegratedcircuit(IC).這種標準化趨勢始于分離式晶體管大型機和小型機時代，分立式晶體管加緊；增速普及并伴隨集成電路(IC)普及加速發(fā)展。Thisstandardizationtrendgenerallybeganintheeraofdiscretetransistormainframesandminicomputersandhasrapidlyacceleratedwiththepopularizationoftheintegratedcircuit(IC).

TheIChasallowedincreasinglycomplexCPUstobedesignedandmanufacturedtotolerancesontheorderofnanometers.制造；生產(chǎn)并制造至納米級公差。Thisstandardizationtrendgenerallybeganintheeraofdiscretetransistormainframesandminicomputersandhasrapidlyacceleratedwiththepopularizationoftheintegratedcircuit(IC).

TheIChasallowedincreasinglycomplexCPUstobedesignedandmanufacturedtotolerancesontheorderofnanometers.集成電路使得日益復雜CPU得以設計屬于…一類納米趨勢程度；公差；21/26BoththeminiaturizationandstandardizationofCPUshaveincreasedthepresenceofthesedigitaldevicesinmodernlifefarbeyondthelimitedapplicationofdedicatedcomputingmachines.小型化，微型化標準化BoththeminiaturizationandstandardizationofCPUshaveincreasedthepresenceofthesedigitaldevicesinmodernlifefarbeyondthelimitedapplicationofdedicatedcomputingmachines.CPU微型化和標準化使其越來越多地出現(xiàn)在當代生活數(shù)碼設備中，Modernmicroprocessorsappearineverythingfromautomobilestocellphonesandchildren'stoys.當代微處理器出現(xiàn)在從汽車到手機、兒童玩具每件事物中。大量超出專用而不再僅僅局限于專業(yè)計算機中應用。22/26Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext:1.

Whyisthebinarylanguagecalledmachinelanguage?2.

Whatdoesaninstructionconsistof?3.

Whatisaprocessorcomposedof?4.

What'sthefunctionofthecontrolunit?5.What'sthefunctionofthearithmetic/logicunit?23/261.Becausecomputerdesignersarefondofcallingtheircomputersmachines,sotheinstructionsetissometimesreferredtoasmachineinstructionsandthebinarylanguageinwhichtheyarewritteniscalledmachinelanguage.2.Aninstructionconsistsofoperationsandoperands.3.Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits-acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit-andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.4.Thecontrolunitisthefunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.5.Thearithmetic/logicunit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.24/26II.Matchthefollowingtermstotheappropriatedefinition:

1.____Processor 2.____Instructionset3.____Clock 4.____Machinelanguag