《高考英語學科復習關鍵問題指導與訓練》-閱讀理解中的問題突破與指導 閱讀科普文章

2022屆高三考英語學科復習關鍵問題指導與訓練》第二次選送——閱讀理解中的問題突破與指導閱讀理解在新高考英語試卷中，賦予了較多的內容和較高的分值，主要考查學生能否正確理解閱讀文本并從文本中找到解決問題答案的能力，對學生英語學科素養(yǎng)要求較高，是高中英語的教學與復習的重點與難點。目前，在高三復習階段教學和測試中，學生在閱讀理解中語篇整體意義、邏輯關系和內在連貫等綜合閱讀能力方面把握不足，尋找關鍵詞能力較差，聯系前后句、根據上下文意思把握不準，即使找到信息也無法較好地對信息進行概括、整合與分析。語篇中長難句依然是學生閱讀理解過程中最大的障礙。在高考中考生在閱讀理解中D篇得分率較低，失分尤其突出。為了使閱讀復習更有針對性，有效解決閱讀中學生的問題，尋找進一步的突破，我們組織了中國教育學會普通高中新課程實施“領航計劃”福建省高中教師新高考適應能力提升培訓班的老師制作54個了“閱讀中關鍵問題的突破和指導”的課件，我們將陸續(xù)分3次推出，供大家參考使用。同時，我們也推出各設區(qū)市近年來選送的30篇閱讀科普文章供學生訓練。(一)TheIndiangovernmentmayuse3Dpaintingsasvirtualspeedbreakers(減速帶)onmajorhighwaysandroads,inordertocheckspeedingandcarelessdriving,andfinallymakeitsdeadlyroadsalittlesafer.“Wearetryingout3Dpaintingsusedasvirtualspeedbreakerstoavoidunnecessaryrequirementsofspeedbreakers,”India’stransportministerNitinGadkariwrote.Theopticalillusions(視覺錯覺)aresupposedtoencouragedriverstoslowdownautomatically.Earlier,Indiahadorderedtheremovalofallspeedbreakersfromhighways,whichareconsideredtobeasafetyhazardforhigh-speedvehicles.Indiahasthehighestnumberofroadaccidentdeathsintheworld.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganisation,over200,000peoplearekilledbyroadaccidents.TheuseofopticalillusionsasspeedbreakerswasfirstpioneeredintheAmericancityofPhiladelphiain2008,aspartofacampaignagainstspeedingmotorists.ThetechniquehasalsobeentriedoutinChinatocreatefloating3Dcrossings.InIndia,citiessuchasAhmedabadandChennaihavealreadyexperimentedwith3Dzebracrossingsinthelastoneyear.InAhmedabadforinstance,amotherandherdaughter,bothartists,havepainted3Dcrosswalksinthefirstfewmonthsof2016.Theartistssaytheirmottois“toincreasetheattentionofdrivers”,andthattheconcepthasbeensuccessfullytestedinaccident-pronezonesonahighway.However,criticsarguethatoncedriversknowthatthesespeedbreakersarevisualillusions,theymayignorethem.OthersalsopointoutthatIndia’sdecisiondoesnotconsiderthesafetyofalargenumberofpedestrians.Intheend,thenewpolicymaybejustonesteptowardsimprovingroadsafety.1.Whyare3Dpaintingsusedonmainhighwaysandroads?A.Tomakethesurroundingsmorebeautiful.

B.Toattracttheattentionoftourists.

C.Toshowtheadvancedtechnology.

D.Toreducetherateoftrafficaccidents.2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisclosesttothemeaningof“hazard”inparagraph2?A.Reminder

B.Regulation C.Threat

D.Theory3.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3and4?A.PhiladelphiaisthesecondplacetousevirtualspeedbreakersintheUS.B.TheuseofopticalillusionsasspeedbreakersiscontroversialinIndia.C.TheideatestedinAhmedabadrecentlyhasbeenafailure.D.Thenewpolicyof3Dzebracrossingsmustbecarriedout.4.Whatdoweknowabout3Dzebracrossingsfromthetext?A.Theyaredesignedtoincreasedrivers’attention.B.Theycanimmediatelylowerthedeathrate.C.TheyhavebeenwidelyusedinIndiasofar.D.Theyarewelcomedbybothdriversandpedestrians.參考答案：DCBA(二)Thethird-generationhybridrice(雜交水稻)whichwasdevelopedbyYuanLongping,the“fatherofhybridrice”,andhisteamunderwentitsfirstpublicyield（產量)monitoringfromMondaytoTuesdayandachievedhighoutput.Thefinalyieldofthetestedvariety,G3-1S/P19,cameto1046.3kgpermu(about667squaremeters),basedontwoplotsoflandinQingzhuVillageunderthecityofHengyangincentralChina’sHunanProvince.“Someprevioushigh-yieldinghybridricevarietiesinChinatook160toeven180daysfromsowingtoharvesting,whilethefigurewasshortenedtoaround125daysforthenewvariety.Thisisoneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofthethird-generationhybridricethatcanreducetheuseofpesticidesandfertilizers,thusoftheChinaNationalRiceResearchInstitute.Unliketheprevioustwogenerationsthatrequiredalargeamountofwaterandfertilizersaswellasdemandinggrowingconditionsandtechnologicalsupport,thethird-generationhybridriceiseasiertobecultivated(種植)byordinaryfarmers.Sothesoil,altitudeandclimateofthetestsitewerenot“idealconditions”carefullyselectedbeforehandbutwereclosetothepaddiesofordinaryfarmers.Nowadays,China’saverageyieldofriceisabout500kgpermu.Ordinaryfarmerscanproduce600kgto700kgofricepermubygrowingsomeexcellentsecond-generationhybridricevarieties.However,underthesameplantingconditionsandenvironment,theyieldofthethird-generationhybridricecouldreach800kgpermu.Chinanowfeedsaround20percentoftheworld’spopulationwithlessthan9percentoftheworld’sarable(可耕種的)land.Atpresent,Yuan’steamhasninethird-generationhybridricecombinationsundertrial,whichareexpectedtoachievecommercialseedproductioninthefollowingthreetofouryearsandhopetoapplythetechnologyintotheresearchofsearice.Thethird-generationhybridricehasthecomprehensivestrengthtopromoteagreenerandmoresustainabledevelopmentofChina’sriceproductionwithhigherqualityandyield.1.WhatfeatureofthenewhybridricedoesQianQianmainlytalkabout?A.Itsavesalotmorewater. B.Itachievesahigheryield.C.Itsavesmuchmorefarmland. D.Ithasashortergrowingperiod.2.Whyisthenewhybridricenottestedinidealareas?A.Theordinaryfarmersmasterplantingtechnology.B.Theresearcherswanttoreducetheexperimentcost.C.Thegrowingconditionsthenewhybridriceneedsaresimple.D.Thepreviousricefarmingprovidesresearcherswithexperience.3.Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A.Thehighoutputofthethird-generationhybridrice.B.Thepromisingfutureofthenewhybridricevariety.C.Theadvancedtechnologyoftheresearchonhybridrice.D.Thedifferencesbetweenthethreehybridricevarieties.4.Whichonecouldbethebesttitleofthetext?A.TheDevelopmentofChina’sRiceB.TheContributionoftheGreatScientistC.TheHighYieldoftheNewHybridRiceD.TheWaytoFeedtheWorld’sPopulation參考答案：DCAC(三)Google’snewcamera,calledClips,isasmall,smartdevice.Itcomeswithacasethathasaclip(夾子),butit’snotdesignedtobewornonyourclothing.Mostinterestingly,itusesartificialintelligencetotakephotographyoutofyourhandssoitcancapturemomentsonitsown.Thisroughly2-inchby2-inchcamera,withathree-hourbatterylifeandGorillaGlassfortoughness,isintendedforcandidmoments,likewhenachilddoessomethingcutethatmayhappentooquicklyforyoutopulloutyoursmartphone.OnboardtheClipsdevice,itusesmachinelearningalgorithms(計算程序)tohelpcapturescenes.Thosealgorithmsincludefacerecognition.“Onceitlearnsthatthere’safaceyouseefrequently,it’lltrytogetnicephotosofthosefaces,”saidJustonPayne,thedevice’sproductmanager.Andtheyalsowantittorecognizefacialexpressions,whichinvolved“trainingittoknowwhathappinesslookslike”.TheGoogleteamalsotrainedittorecognizewhatnottoshoot—likewhenachild’shandisoverthelens,orifitistossedinadarkpurse.Theonlywaytoseetheimagesisbyconnectingthecamerawithyourphone,asithasnoscreenforviewingorediting.Werepeopleconcerneditcouldseemstrange?Yes,Payneadmitted.Buttheysaidtheyaddressedthatbymakingitobviouswhatitis.Agreenlightonthefrontsignalsthatitison.Besides,unlikeacamerameanttomonitoryourhome,itisnotconnectedtotheInternet.“Thisproductisonlypossiblebecauseofthewaythatsiliconhasadvanced,”Paynesaid,notingthatitwasonlyinthepastyearorsothattheycouldsqueezethetechnologydownintoadevicethissize.Goingforward,we’relikelytogetmoreassistancefromtheartificialintelligencepackedintoourappsandgadgets.1.WhatisthemostoutstandingfeatureofClips?A.Itisequippedwithtoughglass. B.ItenableseasyInternetaccess.C.Itallowsofhands-freephotography. D.Itcanbewornonyourclothing.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“candid”inParagraph2mean?A.Brief. B.Touching. C.Unforgettable. D.Embarrassing.3.WhatmakesClipsarealityaccordingtoJustonPayne?A.ThepopularityoftheInternet. B.Theadvanceintechnology.C.Theriseofthesmartphoneindustry. D.Thereductioninthepriceoflens.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ANewDigitalCamerafromGoogle. B.NewGadgetsintheAgeofApps.C.ArtificialIntelligenceinEverydayLife. D.AnAlternativeWaytoPhotograph.參考答案：CABA(四)Youcan’talwayspredictaheavyrainorrememberyourumbrella.ButdesignerMikhailBelyaevdoesn’tthinkthatforgettingtochecktheweatherforecastbeforeheadingoutshouldresultinyougettingwet.That’swhyhecreatedLampbrella,alamppostwithitsownrain-sensingumbrella.ThedesignersayshecameupwiththeideaafterwatchingpeoplegetwetonstreetsinRussia.“Once,IwasdrivingonacentralSaintPetersburgstreetandsawthestreetlampslightinguppeopletryingtohidefromtherain.Ithoughtitwouldbeappropriatetohaveacanopy(傘蓬)builtintoastreetlamp,”hesaid.TheLampbrellaisastandard-lookingstreetlampfittedwithanumbrellacanopy.Ithasabuilt-inelectricmotorwhichcanopenorclosetheumbrellaondemandSensors(傳感器)thenensurethattheumbrellaofferspedestriansshelterwheneveritstartsraining.Inadditiontotherainsensor,there’salsoa360°motionsensoronthefiberglassstreetlampwhichdetectswhetheranyoneisusingtheLampbrella.Afterthreeminutesofnotbeingusedthecanopyisclosed.Accordingtothedesigner,theLampbrellawouldmoveatarelativelylowspeed,soasnottocauseharmtothepedestrians.Besides,itwouldbegroundedtoprotectfrompossiblelightningstrike.EachLampbrellawouldofferenoughshelterforseveralpeople.Beinginstalled(安裝)at2metresofftheground,itwouldonlybeadangerforthetallestofpedestrians.WhiletherearenoplanstotaketheLampbrellaintoproduction,BelyaevsaysherecentlyintroducedhiscreationtooneMoscowDepartment,andinsistshiscreationcouldbeinstalledonanystreetwherealotofpeoplewalkbuttherearenocanopiestoprovideshelter.1.ForwhatpurposedidBelyaevcreatetheLampbrella?

A.Topredictaheavyrain.B.Tochecktheweatherforecast.C.Toprotectpeoplefromtherain.D.Toremindpeopletotakeanumbrella2.WhatdoweknowfromBelyaev’swordsinParagraph2?A.Hiscreationwasinspiredbyanexperience.B.ItrainsalotinthecityofSaintPetersburg.C.Streetlampsareprotectedbycanopies.D.Heenjoyedtakingwalksintherain.3.WhatdoesParagraph5mainlytellusabouttheLampbrella?A.Itsmovingspeed. B.Itsappearance. C.Itsinstallation. D.Itssafety.4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Thedesignerwillopenacompanytopromotehisproduct.B.TheLampbrellacouldbeputintoimmediateproduction.C.Thedesignerisconfidentthathiscreationispractical.D.TheLampbrellawouldbeputonshowinMoscow.參考答案：CADC(五)Plastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.

ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊狀物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.

FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,”sheexplains,“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”

JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?

Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”1.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.2.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto____.A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzyme

C.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed3.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight____.A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.參考答案：CBDC(六)Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(裝置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife—fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn’tthrowoutouroldones.“Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices—wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat’sthesolution(解決方案)?Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.2.WhydidBabbitt’steamconducttheresearch?A.Toreducethecostofminerals.B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.3.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?A.Thebox-setTV. B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV. D.Thedesktopcomputer.4.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A.Stopusingthem. B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem. D.Recyclethem.參考答案：ADBA(七)ArtificialIntelligence(AI)ismakingitpossibleforcompaniestomonitorworkers’behavioringreatdetailandinrealtime.Starttoslackoff(懈怠),andAIcouldtalktoyourboss.OnecompanyofferingsuchservicesisLondon-basedstart-upStatusToday.ItsAIplatformreliesonaregularsupplyofemployeedata,includingeverythingfromthefilesyouaccesstowhenyouuseakeycard.Fromthis,itbuildsapictureofhowemployeesnormallyfunctionandsignalsanyunusualperformance.Theideaistospotwhensomeonemightbecomeasecurityriskbydoingsomethingdifferentfromtheirusualbehavioralpatterns.“Allofthisgivesusafingerprintofauser,soifwethinkthefingerprintdoesn’tmatch,weraiseawarning,”saysMirceaDumitrescu,thecompany’schieftechnologyofficer.

Thesystemalsoaimstocatchemployeeactionsthatcouldaccidentallycauseasecuritybreach(漏洞),likeopeningmalware(惡意軟件).“We’renotmonitoringifyourcomputerhasavirus.”saysDumitrescu.“We’remonitoringhumanbehavior.”

Butcatchingthesecuritybreachmeansmonitoringeveryone,andtheAIcanalsobeusedtotrackemployeeproductivity.“ItseemsliketheyarejustusingthereputationofAItogiveanairoflawfulnesstoold-fashionedworkplacesurveillance(監(jiān)視),”saysJavierRuizDiazofdigitalcampaigningorganizationtheOpenRightsGroup.“Youhavearighttoprivacyandyoushouldn’tbeexpectedtogive

that

upatwork.”

Exactlyhowcompaniesusethesystemwillbeuptothem,butit’shardtoshakethepictureofanAIconstantlylookingoveremployees’shoulders.“Itwillbotherpeople,andthatcouldbecounterproductiveifitaffectstheirbehavior,”saysPaulBemalattheUniversityofEastAnglia.

PhilLeggattheUniversityoftheWestofEnglandsaysitwillnevercatcheverysecurityrisk.“Ifpeopleknowthey’rebeingmonitored,theycanchangetheirbehavior,”hesays.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“afingerprintofauser”inParagraph3referto?A.Anemployee’sgeneralbehavior.B.Evidenceagainstanemployee.C.Anemployee’sbestrecordD.Accesstoanemployee.What’sJavierRuizDiaz’sattitudetowardsthesystem?Curious. B.Appreciative.C.Casual. D.Negative.WhatisPhilLegg’sconcernforthesystem?A.Itistooriskytobeusedatwork.B.Itwillaffectemployees’emotions.C.Itmaynotbesoeffectiveasexpected.D.Itcannotchangeemployees’behavior.What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A.WatchoutforsecuritybreachesB.It’stimetoimproveyourjobperformanceC.BeawareofyourprivacyintheworkplaceD.WorkplaceAImaytellyourbossifyou’reslacking.參考答案：ADCD(八)Self-drivingvehicleswillrelyoncameras，sensorsandartificialintelligence(AI)torecognizeandrespondtoroadandtrafficconditions，butsensingisthemosteffectiveforobjectsandmovementintheneighborhoodofthevehicle.Noteverythingimportantinacar’senvironmentwillbecaughtbythevehicle’scamera.Anothervehicleapproachingathighspeedonacollision(碰撞)trackmightnotbevisibleuntilit’stoolate.Thisiswhyvehicle-to-vehiclecommunicationisundergoingrapiddevelopment.Ourresearchshowsthatcarswillneedtobeabletochatandcooperateontheroad，althoughthetechnicalchallengesareconsiderable.Applicationsforvehicle-to-vehiclecommunicationrangefromvehiclesdrivingtogetherinarow，tosafetymessagesaboutnearbyemergencyvehicles.Vehiclescouldalerteachothertoavoidcollisionsorsharenoticesaboutpassers-byandbicycles.Fromasfarasseveralhundredmetersaway，vehiclescouldexchangemessageswithoneanotherorreceiveinformationfromroadsideunits(RSUs)aboutnearbyincidentsordangerousroadconditionsthrough4Gnetwork.AhighlevelofAIseemsrequiredforsuchvehicles，notonlytoself-drivefromAtoB,butalsotoreactintelligentlytomessagesreceived.Vehicleswillneedtoplan,reason,strategizeandadaptinthelightofinformationreceivedinrealtimeandtocarryoutcooperativebehaviors.Forexample,agroupofautonomousvehiclesmightavoidaroutetogetherbecauseofpotentialrisks,oravehiclecoulddecidetodropsomeoneoffearlierduetomessagesreceived,aforeseencrowdingahead.includinghowtoperformcooperativebehavior.1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Thereasonsfortheaccidentsbyself-drivingvehicles.B.Theresearchaboutapplicationsforself-drivingvehicles.C.Theimportanceofartificialintelligenceofself-drivingvehicles.D.Thereasonsfordevelopingcommunicationbetweenself-drivingvehicles.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“alert”meaninParagraph2?A.Alarm. B.Condemn. C.Ignore. D.Govern.3.Whatcanwelearnaboutroadsideunits(RSUs)?A.Theyclassifythevehiclesontheroad.B.Theycanimprovebadroadconditions.C.Theytakeoverthepassingvehicles.D.Theyserveasefficientinformationstations.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.WhenDoVehiclesCommunicate?B.TheReasonsWhyaHighLevelofAIIsImportantC.Vehicle-to-vehicleCommunicationIsComingD.WhatDoApplicationsforVehicle-to-vehicleCommunicationNeed?參考答案：DADC(九)Researcherscontinuetoshowthepowerbehindoursenseofsmell.Recentstudieshavefound,amongotherthings,thatthesmelloffoodslikepizzacancauseuncontrollableangerindriversonroads.Thestudyexplainsthatsmellisuniqueinitseffectsonthebrain.AccordingtoConradKing,theresearcherwhocarriedoutthestudy,“morethananyothersenses,thesenseofsmellgoesthroughthelogicalpartofthebrainandactsonthesystemsconcernedwithfeelings.Thisiswhythesmellofbakingbreadcandestroythebestintentionsofadieter.”Smell,whichdeterminestheunbelievablecomplexityoffoodtastes,hasalwaysbeentheleastunderstoodofoursenses.Ournosesareabletodetectupto10,000distinctsmells.Ourabilitytosmellandtastethisextremelylargerangeofsmellsiscontrolledbysomethinglike1,000genes(基因),whichmakeupanamazing3%ofthehumangenome.AccordingtoConradKing’sstudy,smellingfreshpizzaoreventhepackagingoffastfoodscanbeenoughtomakedriversfeelimpatientwithotherroadusers.Theyarethenmorelikelytospeedandexperienceuncontrollableangeronroads.Themostreasonableexplanationisthatthesecanallmakedriversfeelhungry,andthereforedesperatetosatisfytheirappetites.Incontrast,thesmellsofpeppermintandcinnamonwereshowntoimproveconcentrationlevelsaswellasreducedrivers’impatience.Similarly,thesmellsoflemonandcoffeeappearedtopromoteclearthinkingandmentalfocus.However,thewaygenescontrolsmelldiffersfrompersontoperson.AstudybyresearchersinIsraelhasidentifiedatleast50olfactory(嗅覺)geneswhichareswitchedoninsomepeopleandnotinothers.Theybelievethismayexplainwhysomeofuslovesomesmellsandtasteswhileothershatethem.TheIsraelresearcherssaytheirstudyshowsthatnearlyeveryhumanbeingshowsadifferentpatternofactiveandinactivesmell-detectingreceptors.1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofhumansenseofsmell?A.Itispowerful. B.Itisuncontrollable.C.Itischangeable. D.Itiscomplex.2.WhydidConradKingconducttheresearchaboutsmell?A.Tofindouthowsmellinfluencespeople.B.Toteachpeoplehowtochooseproperfood.C.Tostudywhysomefoodlikepizzaharmpeople.D.Toexplainwhydifferentpeoplelovedifferentfoods.3.Whatcanweconcludefromthelastparagraph?A.Onlyafewgenesdecideoursenseofsmell.B.Differentgeneshavedifferenteffectonpeople.C.Differentpeoplearesensitivetodifferentsmells.D.Everypersonownsatleast50differentolfactorygenes.4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Logicandbehavior.

B.Smellanditsinfluence.C.Senseabilityandfoodtastes.

D.Olfactorygenesandourolfactorysystem.參考答案：AACB(十)Asthesayinggoes,manstrugglesupward；waterflowsdownward.Waterrunsdownhillfrommountaintopstostreams,rivers,andoceans.Butitisn’ttheonlywaythatwatermoves.Anewstudymeasureshowwatertravelsfromcountrytocountryforhumanconsumption.Thisflowisn’tthetypeweusuallythinkabout.Thesescientistslookedatthewaterusedtogrowandmaketheproductswhichgetshippedfromnationtonationasimportsorexports.Theycallthisaflowof“virtualwater(虛擬水)”.Wetypicallythinkaboutwaterastheliquidthatflowsfromatap.However,92％ofthewaterusedbypeoplegoesintogrowingcrops,accordingtowaterresearcherArjenHoekstra.Herecentlystudiedthehiddentravelsofvirtualwaterusedinproductsmadefromthingslikecropsandmeats.Theseproductsareshippedaroundtheworld.Forexample,considerasugarysoftdrink.Hoekstraestimatedthattoproduceonehalf-literofthedrinkrequiresbetween170and310litersofthewater—about95％isusedtogrowandprocesstheingredients(原料).Another4％goesintothepackagingandlabeling.InHoekstra’scalculation,whenonecountryproducesahalf-literofsodaandsellsitabroad,thevirtualwateritexportswouldfillalargerefrigerator.AccordingtoHoekstra’snewreport,drycountrieslikeIsraelandKuwait,bothintheMiddleEast,getthemajorityoftheirvirtualwaterfromothercountries,throughimportedproducts.Moresurprisingly,somewettercountries,liketheNetherlandsandtheUnitedKingdom,alsogetthemajorityoftheirvirtualwaterfromotherplaces.Thatmeansthatmostofthewaterusedtogroworproducetheproductsandfoodconsumedinthosecountriescamefromothercountries.IntheUnitedStatesmostofthevirtualwaterusedcomesfromAmericansources.InChinaevenlessofth