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LaboratoryBiosafety

實驗室生物安全Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20241實驗室生物安全.Objectives目的了解:Classificationsofbiohazardousmaterial危險生物材料分類Riskgrouppathogens病原體危險性分組–定義Routesofexposure接觸途徑Barriersforcontainment隔離設施Methodsofdecontamination排除污染的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20242實驗室生物安全.Definition定義BiohazardousMaterials危險生物材料:Biologicalagentsorsubstancespresentin,orarisingfrom,theworkenvironmentwhichpresents,ormaypresent,ahazardtothehealthorwellbeingoftheworkerorcommunity存在、或產(chǎn)生于工作環(huán)境,可能導致群體或個人的健康危害的生物介質(zhì)或物質(zhì)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20243實驗室生物安全.BiohazardousAgents

危險生物介質(zhì)Classifiedintoeightgroups分為8組:culturedanimalcellsandthepotentiallyinfectiousagentsthesecellsmaycontain培養(yǎng)的動物細胞,并可能發(fā)生感染primatebodyfluidsandotherpotentiallyinfectedclinicalspecimens靈長類動物體液和可能傳染的醫(yī)用樣品microorganismsincludingBacteria,Viruses,Fungi,RickettsiaeandChlamydiae微生物類包括細菌、病毒、真菌、立克次氏體和Chlamydiae等Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20244實驗室生物安全.BiohazardousAgents

危險生物介質(zhì)Parasites寄生蟲Allergens過敏原、tissuesfromexperimentalanimalsincludinganimaldander實驗動物組織包括動物頭屑plantviruses,bacteriaandfungi植物病毒、細菌和真菌toxins(bacterial,animalorplant)生物毒素(細菌、動物或植物)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20245實驗室生物安全.LaboratoryBiosafety

實驗室生物安全TwomainsourcesofBiohazardousmaterialinuseinmostLaboratories實驗室常用危險生物材料的兩個主要來源:PathogensusedandtestedforinMicroDept微生物實驗室試驗用病原體Biologicalfluidsamples(eg.Plasma,urine),submittedforchemicalanalysis用于化學分析的生物液體樣品(如血漿、尿)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20246實驗室生物安全.LaboratoryBiosafety

實驗室生物安全TheriskgroupofpathogensasclassifiedbyWHO世界衛(wèi)生組織對病原體危險性分組RiskGroup1Agents第一組介質(zhì)Lowindividualandcommunityrisk低個體和群落風險RiskGroup2Agents第二組介質(zhì)Moderateindividualrisk,limitedcommunityrisk中度個體風險,有限群落風險RiskGroup3Agents第三組介質(zhì)Highindividualrisk,lowcommunityrisk高個體風險,低群落風險RiskGroup4Agents第四組介質(zhì)Highindividualrisk,highcommunityrisk高個體風險,高群落風險Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20247實驗室生物安全.RiskGroup1Agents

第一組介質(zhì)Non-pathogenicbacteria,fungi非病原體細菌、真菌Nospecialfacilities,equipmentorproceduresarerequired無需特殊設備或操作Standardwell-designedexperimentalanimalandlaboratoryfacilitiesandbasicsafelaboratorypracticessuffice標準的設計合理的實驗動物、實驗設備及滿足基本安全試驗操作Hand-washingfacilitiesmustbeprovided必須提供洗手池Disinfectantsmustbeproperlyused必須合理使用消毒劑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20248實驗室生物安全.RiskGroup2Agents

第二組介質(zhì)E.Coli,Salmonella,ringwormfungi,influenzavirus,herpessimplexvirus大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、ringworm真菌、流行性感冒病毒和單純皰疹病毒Laboratoryseparatedfromotheractivities,biohazardsign,roomsurfacesimperviousandreadilycleanable實驗室與其它活動分開,貼有危險生物標志,室內(nèi)臺面防滲,隨時可進行清潔Equipmentshouldincludeanautoclave,certifiedHEPAfilteredclassIorIIbiologicalsafetycabinet實驗設施包括高壓滅菌鍋、高效空氣過濾器、一級或二級生物安全柜Allcontaminatedmaterialtobeproperlydecontaminated所有污染材料須經(jīng)凈化Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/20249實驗室生物安全.RiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)Anthrax,tuberculosis,HIV,hantavirus炭疽、結(jié)核、愛滋和hanta病毒Specializeddesignandconstructionoflaboratories,withcontrolledaccessdoubledoorentryandbodyshower實驗室須專門設計,雙道門和淋浴Allwallpenetrationsmustbesealed所有墻體滲漏必須進行密封Ventilationsystemdesignmustensurethatairpressureisnegativetosurroundingareasatalltimes,withnorecirculationofair通風系統(tǒng)必須保證與周圍區(qū)域一直呈負壓,不可使空氣再流通Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202410實驗室生物安全.RiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AirexhaustedthroughadedicatedexhaustorHEPAfiltrationsystem空氣排放須經(jīng)過專用排氣系統(tǒng)或高效空氣過濾器系統(tǒng)Laboratorywindowssealedandunbreakable實驗室窗戶須密閉并不可擊碎Backuppoweravailable應有備用發(fā)電機CertifiedHEPAfilteredclassIIbiologicalsafetycabinet經(jīng)鑒定的高效空氣過濾器二級生物安全柜Dedicatedhandwashingsinkwithfoot,kneeorautomaticcontrols,locatedneartheexit在出口處設有專門的可用腳、膝蓋或自動控制的洗手池Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202411實驗室生物安全.RiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)Infectiousagentsareallviruses具有傳染性的介質(zhì)全部為病毒Ebolaviruses埃博拉病毒HerpesBvirus(Monkeyvirus)B皰疹病毒FootandMouthVirus腳和口病毒FootandMouthVirusEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202412實驗室生物安全.RiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)Highestlevelofcontainment最高級別屏蔽Representsanisolatedunitthatiscompletelyself-containedtofunctionindependently設立一個設備齊全的隔離單元,完全能夠獨立操作Facilitiesarehighlyspecialized,securewithanairlockforentryandexit設備專門設計,由空氣鎖控制出入ClassIIIbiologicalsafetycabinetsorpositivepressureventilatedsuits三級生物安全柜,正壓通風Separateventilationsystemwithfullcontrolstocontaincontamination為全面控制污染物,采用單獨的通風系統(tǒng)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202413實驗室生物安全.RoutesofExposure

接觸途徑Themostcommonroutesofexposureare主要為:Oral口Respiratory呼吸Skinpuncture皮膚劃傷Penetrationthroughunbrokenskin皮膚滲透Conjunctival結(jié)膜Vectors(mosquitoes,fleas,ticks)帶菌者(蚊子、跳蚤、虱子)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202414實驗室生物安全.RoutesofExposure

接觸途徑Respiratoryexposuresaccountfor65-75%ofallinfectionsforwhichacauseisknown.傳染途徑中有65-75%是呼吸造成的Itisthereforecriticalforpeopleworkingwithbiohazardousandpotentiallyinfectiousmaterialstoknowtherisksassociatedwiththemandtheappropriatelaboratorytechniquestopreventunnecessaryexposures.因此實驗操作中接觸危險生物材料或潛在傳染性材料時,了解其危害,采用適當技術(shù)防止不必要的接觸十分關(guān)鍵Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202415實驗室生物安全.PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離primarycontainmentisthefirstlineofdefensewhenworkingwithinfectiousorganisms當工作中與傳染性生物體接觸時,第一道隔離是第一道防衛(wèi)gloveboxes手套箱biologicalsafetycabinets生物安全柜animalcagingequipment動物籠養(yǎng)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202416實驗室生物安全.PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離Thegeneralprinciplesapplicabletocontainmentwithinaprimarybarriersystemincludethefollowing:第一道隔離一般原則Minimizethevolumetobecontained.隔離體積最小化Providesafe(i.e.non-contaminating)transferofmaterialintoandoutofthecontainerwithoutdestroyingthebarrier.采用安全的從容器中取放材料的方法,勿毀壞隔離Providemeansfordecontaminationoftheenclosureandeffluents.采用凈化隔離欄和污物的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202417實驗室生物安全.BiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安全柜

Threetypes分為3種ClassI一級–protectsworkerandenvironment保護操作者和環(huán)境ClassII二級–protectsworker,environmentandproduct保護操作者、環(huán)境和產(chǎn)品ClassIII三級–forGroup4work,maximumprotectionofworker,environmentandproduct用于第4類危險品的操作,最大限度保護操作者、環(huán)境和產(chǎn)品Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202418實驗室生物安全.ClassIBSC一級生物安全柜SimilartochemicalfumehoodexceptexhaustpassesthroughHEPAfilter類似化學實驗室的通風櫥,排出的氣體要通過高效空氣過濾器Oftenusedtoencloseequipmentsuchascentrifugesorbalances常常用于放置離心機和天平Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202419實驗室生物安全.ClassIBSCSchematic

一級生物安全柜示意圖Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202420實驗室生物安全.ClassIIBSC

二級生物安全柜SuppliesadownwardflowofHEPAfilteredairtoprotectproduct提供氣流向下的經(jīng)高效空氣過濾器凈化的空氣,保護產(chǎn)品Furtherclassifiedbasedonratioofexhaustedvs.re-circulatedair進一步基于排氣/再循環(huán)空氣比值進行細化為A、B1、B2和B3型TypeA–75fpmfacevelocity,30%internalexhaustTypeB1–100fpm,>50%externalexhaustTypeB2–100fpm,100%externalexhaustTypeB3–100fpm,30%externalexhaustEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202421實驗室生物安全.ClassIIBSC二級生物安全柜TypeATypeB1Thecabinetexhaustneedstobeconnectedtothebuildingexhaust.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202422實驗室生物安全.ClassIIIBSC二級生物安全柜ForRiskGroup4materials第四組介質(zhì)Sealedunit密閉單元–“glovebox”“手套箱”ExhaustispassedthroughdoubleHEPAfiltersorotherwisetreated(e.g.airincineration)topreventescapeoflevel4materialtotheenvironment排氣須經(jīng)過雙層的高效空氣過濾器或其它處理方法(如空氣焚燒),阻止第四組介質(zhì)進入環(huán)境Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202423實驗室生物安全.ClassIIIBSC二級生物安全柜gloveportswithO-ringforattachingarm-lengthglovestocabinet圓形手套固定端口,可戴手臂長度的手套在安全柜中操作

B.sash窗框

C.exhaustHEPAfilter排氣濾膜

D.supplyHEPAfilter供氣濾膜

E.double-endedautoclaveorpass-throughbox雙頭高壓滅菌鍋或貫通箱Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202424實驗室生物安全.SecondaryBarriers第二道隔離Ifprimarybarriersfail第一道隔離失敗clothingandotheritemsofpersonalprotectiveequipmentbecomeanimportantlineofdefense工作服及其它個人防護用品成為重要的防線Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202425實驗室生物安全.Decontamination凈化Sterilization殺菌Completeinactivationoftheinfectivepotentialofabiologicalagent完全阻止生物介質(zhì)的可能傳染Usuallybyautoclave常用高壓滅菌鍋Disinfection消毒Reductioninnumberorviabilityofpathogenicmicroorganismsbelowthepointofbeingabletotransmitdisease減少微生物病原體的數(shù)量和繁殖,使其無法傳播疾病Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202426實驗室生物安全.Sterilization殺菌Bysteamatatemp.of121?C.for15minutes121?C蒸15分鐘Bydryheatatatemperatureof160-170?C.for2-4hours干燥加熱需160-170?2-4小時Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202427實驗室生物安全.Disinfection消毒ModeofactionCelllysis細胞溶解Proteincoagulationordenaturation蛋白凝固或變性Enzymedenaturationorinactivation酶變性或失活Destructionofenzymesubstrate酶作用物破壞Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202428實驗室生物安全.Disinfection消毒Manychemicaldisinfectantsavailable主要化學消毒劑Alcohols醇類Formaldehyde‘s甲醛PhenolicCompounds酚化合物QuaternaryAmmoniumCompoundsorQuats季銨鹽ChlorineCompounds氯化物IodineCompounds碘化物Glutaraldehyde‘s戊二醛Hydrogenperoxide‘s過氧化氫Chlohexidinecompounds六氯化合物Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202429實驗室生物安全.Alcohols醇類Ethanoloriso-propanol乙醇或丙醇Denatureproteins蛋白質(zhì)變性Effectiveagainstlipidcontainingviruses,envelopedvirusesandvegetativebacteria對含油脂病毒、膜包被病毒和植物細菌有效Lesseffectiveagainstmycobacteriumandfungi對分支桿菌和真菌作用小Flammable,inactivatedbyorganicmatter,volatile可燃、遇有機物活性差、揮發(fā)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202430實驗室生物安全.Aldehydes醛類Formaldehydeandglutaraldehyde蟻醛和戊二醛Effectiveagainstabroadspectrumofmicroorganisms對廣譜微生物有效Requireslong(20-30min)contacttime作用時間長(20-30分鐘)Lesssusceptibletoinactivationbyorganicmaterial對有機體的去活作用小Shortuse-life使用有效期短Humanhealthconcerns-respiratoryirritant,contactdermatitis對人體健康有害-呼吸刺激、接觸性皮炎Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202431實驗室生物安全.Phenolics酚類Usuallyphenoliccompoundwithdetergent常為分化合物清潔劑Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteria,fungiandlipid-containingviruses對植物細菌、真菌和含脂病毒有效EffectiveoverawidepHrangepH范圍寬Skinandeyeirritation皮膚和眼的刺激Noteffectiveagainstspores對孢子無效Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202432實驗室生物安全.QuaternaryAmmoniaComponds

季銨鹽化合物Cationicdetergents陽離子清潔劑/strongsurfactants強表面活性劑Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteria(some)andnon-lipid-containingviruses對植物細菌(部分)和不含脂病毒有效Stable,Non-irritating穩(wěn)定、無刺激Ineffectiveagainstmycobacteria,lipid-containingviruses,spores對分支桿菌、含脂病毒和孢子無效Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial(esp.proteins)與有機物(特別是蛋白)中和Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202433實驗室生物安全.ChlorineComponds氯化物Strongoxidant強氧化劑“Universal”decontaminant普遍采用的純化劑Maybepreparedas1/100or1/50(forsporesandmycobacteria)dilutionfromhouseholdbleachandtapwater用家用漂白劑或自來水稀釋制備成1/100或1/50(對孢子和分枝桿菌)溶液Dilutesolutionsareunstable,preparefrequently稀釋溶液不穩(wěn)定,常配Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial用有機物質(zhì)中和Corrosive具腐蝕性Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202434實驗室生物安全.IodineComponds碘化物Similarinactiontochlorine與氯相似Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteriaandviruses對植物細菌和病毒有效Lesscorrosiveandtoxicthanchlorine比氯的腐蝕性和毒性低Self-indicating自顯示:brown棕->yellow黃->clear無色Maystainsurfaces使表面染色Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial用有機物中和Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.5/8/202435實驗室生物安全.HydrogenPeroxide過氧化氫StrongOxidant強氧化劑6%sol’niseffectiveagainstvegetativ

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