Chapter-3新編語言學(xué)教程-Morphology

Chapter3Morphology

形態(tài)學(xué)Contentsofchapter31.Words&morphology1.1Whatisword?1.2Howtodefineword?1.3Classificationsofwords1.4Definitionofmorphology2.Thesmallestunitofmorphology&theclassificationofmorphemes3.Morphsandallomorphs4.Typesofwordformation1.1Whatis“word”?WordThreesensesofwordA.Wordisaphysicallydefinableunit.詞是自然的有界限的對(duì)立單位。Inphonology：/itis‘w?nd?ful/Inorthography：Itiswonderful.人們可以把詞看作兩個(gè)間歇或空白之間的一套音段成分或是字母組合。連讀？縮寫？還是一個(gè)詞么？B.Wordisbothageneraltermandaspecificterm.詞既是一個(gè)普通術(shù)語又是一個(gè)專門術(shù)語。Thesamewordordifferentwords?Girl&girlsPlay,played,playing,playsC.Wordisagrammaticalunit.詞是一個(gè)語法單位。Wordisoneofthescalesingrammar.SentenceSmallclausePhraseWordmorpheme1.21.2Howtodefineword?IdentificationofwordsA.stability(穩(wěn)定性):Wordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits,inrespectoftheirinternalstructure.B.relativeuninterruptability〔相對(duì)連續(xù)性〕:newelementsarenottobeinsertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaword,andnorisoneallowedtousepausesbetweenthepartsofaword.C.aminimumfreeform〔最小自由形式〕:wordisthesmallestunitthatcanconstitute,byitself,acompleteutterance.1.3ClassificationsofwordsWordscanbeclassifiedaccordingtothreedimensions:A.intermsofvariability可變性

variablewords可變化詞Wordswhichhaveorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordformsandpartofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.

invariablewords非變化詞Wordswhichdonothaveinflectiveendings.B.intermsofmeaning表達(dá)意義

grammaticalwords語法詞

Wordswhichexpressgrammaticalmeanings.Thegrammaticalwordsservetolinkdifferentpartsofalanguagetogether,sotheyarealsocalledfunctionwords.E.g.conj.Prep.Art.pron.lexicalwords詞匯詞

wordswhichhavelexicalmeanings,theyrefertosubstance,actionandquality.E.g.n.v.adj.adv.C.intermsofmembership成員

closed-classwords封閉類詞

wordswhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.E.g.pron.Prep.Conj.Art.

open-classwords開放類詞

wordswhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimitedandcanaddedwiththedevelopmentofthesociety.E.g.n.v.adj.adv.Openclassword&closedclassword

Openclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，時(shí)裝秀…”inChinese.Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.1.4DefinitionofmorphologyP52Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphology,asabranchoflinguistics,isthusthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.TheresearchingfieldofmorphologyA.inflectionalmorphology屈折形態(tài)學(xué)

Inflection:Itreferstothemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdoesnotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.B.derivationalmorphology派生形態(tài)學(xué)

Wordformation:Itreferstotheprocessofwordvariationsignalinglexicalrelationships.Itcanbefurthersub-classifiedintothecompositionaltype(compound)

復(fù)合詞andderivationaltype(derivation)派生詞.2.Thesmallestunitofmorphology&

theclassificationofmorphemes

Morpheme(語素):Amorphemeisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.Itcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Howmanymorphemesinthesewords?

WrittendisorderlyInternationalizationWrite–enDis-order-lyinter-nation-al-lize-(a)tionMorpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning---Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismtheclassificationofmorphemes1A.freemorpheme自由語素

Morphemesmayoccuraloneorconstitutewordsbythemselves.Allmonomorphemeic單語素詞wordsarefreemorphemes.Freemorphemescanbedividedintotwocategories:

Lexicalmorphemes(詞匯語素)：ordinarynouns,verbsandadjectiveswhichcarrythecontentofmessagesweconvey.E.g.book,desk

Functionalmorphemes(功能語素)：conjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.E.g.if,when,because.B.boundmorpheme粘著語素

Morphemeswhichcannotoccuralone.Theymustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.Freemorpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.theclassificationofmorphemes2Root,affix,stemandbase詞根、詞綴、詞干和詞基

Root(詞根):Thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Allwordscontainarootmorpheme,whichmaybeafreemorphemeoraboundmorpheme.Affix(詞綴):Thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorthestem),whichhasthreesubtypes,prefix,suffixandinfix.Allaffixesaretheboundmorphemes.Prefix:joinedtothebeginningoftherootorstem.Itcanchangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.E.g.impossible,dislike,unimportantSuffix:joinedtotheendoftherootorstem.Itcanalsochangethemeaningorfunctionoftheword.E.g.friendly,correctness,action.Infix:morphemesthatareinsertedintoothermorphemes.Theyarerelativelyrareinthelanguageoftheworld.E.g.inTagalog(菲律賓的塔加拉族語)P54AffixPrefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.Stem(詞干):Itreferstoanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.Itcanbeequivalenttoaroot,orarootandaderivationalaffix.Astemofawordmaybe

P53A.Asimplestemconsistingofonlyonemorpheme,inwhichcasetherootandthestemarethesame.

B.ArootplusaderivationalaffixC.Twoormoreroots.BaseAbaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.Thedifferencesamong

root,stem&baseAbasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;Abaseisderivationallyanalyzable(e.g.undesireinundesirable)whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;Root,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desireindesired;Undesirableinundesirablesiseitherastemorabase;Desirableinundesirableisonlyabase.3.MorphsandAllomorph

語素變體P56Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme.thepluralmorphememayberepresentedby:map----maps[s]dog----dogs[z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.Derivationalmorpheme&

inflectionalmorpheme

Derivationalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareaddedtothestemtocreateaword.Theymaychangethemeaningorgrammaticalclassofwords,e.g.modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,etc.Inflectionalmorphemes----themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon，e.g.a)number:tablesapplescars

b)

person,finitenessandaspect:talk/talks/talking/talkedc)case:John/John’s4.TypesofwordformationThecreationofnewwordsiscalledwordformationorwordbuilding.differenttypesofwordformations:

compounding,derivation(maintypes)conversion,backformation,clipping,blending,acronym,initialismCompounding:

Thecombinationoffreemorphemestoformalargerword.Compoundshavestrictpatterns:

Thefirstelementinthecompoundreceivesthemainstress,butitisgenerallythesecondelementthatdeterminesthecompound’snewwordclass.4.1Compounding合成構(gòu)詞法PatternsofcompoundsNouncompoundsdaybreak(N+V)playboy(V+N)haircut(N+V)callgirl(V+N)windmill(N+N)Verbcompoundsbrainwash(N+V)lipread(N+V)babysit(N+V)Adjectivecompoundsmaneating(N+Ving)heartfelt(N+Ved)dutyfree(N+adj.)Prepositioncompoundsinto(P+P)throughout(P+P)4.2Derivation派生構(gòu)詞法p59Derivation:itisdonebyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes