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高考語法總結(jié)一備戰(zhàn)

一、冠詞

冠詞分為不定冠詞(a,an),定冠詞(the)?和零冠詞0

1.不定冠詞的用法

1指一類人或事,相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.

2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.有個(gè)男孩在等你。

3表示“每一"相當(dāng)于every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.

4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.

—Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?

用于人名前,表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或一Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn't______Mr.Smithhere.

5

事A.不填B.aC.theD.one

ThalboyisratheraLeiFeng.(活雷鋒)

6用于固定詞組中acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime

7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.

8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.

success(抽象名詞)一asuccess(具體化)成功的人或事

afailure失敗的人或事ashame帶來恥辱的人或事

用于抽象名詞具體化的名詞前

9apity可惜或遺憾的事amust必需必備的事

agoodknowledgeof精通掌握某一方面的知識(shí)

II.定冠詞的用法

InmanyplacesinChina,___bicycleisstill___popularmeansof

1表示某一類人或物transportation.

A.a;theB./;aC.the:aD.the;the

2用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean

3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?

4用于演奏樂器playtheviolin,playtheguitar

5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded

-Couldyoutellmethewayto____Johnsons,please?

6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”(對(duì)比上文的不定冠詞用法5)一Sorry,wcdon'thave____Johnsonhereinthevillage.

A.the;theB.the;aC./;theD.the;/

7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.

8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海,山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench

9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.

10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代inthe1990's(二十世紀(jì)九十年代)

11用于表示度量單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.

12用于方位名詞,身體部位名詞Hepattedmeontheshoulder.

111.不用冠詞(又名零冠詞)的用法

1專有名詞,物質(zhì)名詞,抽象名詞,人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air

2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?

3季節(jié),月份,星期,節(jié)假日,一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring

4表示職位,身份,頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.

5表示球類,棋類等運(yùn)動(dòng)的名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.

Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby______seainsteadofdriving

6與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前across______continent.

A.the;theB.不填;theC.the;不填D.不填:不填

7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight

8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.

二、名詞和主謂一致

1.名詞的種類

專有名詞普通名詞

可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞

國名地名人名,團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱

個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞

特別注意名詞類別的相互轉(zhuǎn)換

個(gè)彳本名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換

例句意義名詞性質(zhì)

①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.花兒個(gè)體名詞

②Thetreesarenowinflower開花抽象名詞

①Youlhisbeautiful.青春抽象名詞

②Heisayouthoftwenty年輕人個(gè)體名詞

?Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.成功抽象名詞

②一HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?

成功的事個(gè)體名詞

—Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.

物質(zhì)名詞與個(gè)體名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換

例句意義名詞性質(zhì)

①Ironisakindofmetal.鐵物質(zhì)名詞

②Pleaselendmeyouriron.熨斗個(gè)體名詞

@Hebrokeapieceofglass.玻璃物質(zhì)名詞

@Hebrokeaglass.玻璃杯個(gè)體名詞

?Iboughtachickenthismorning小雞個(gè)體名詞

②Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken雞肉物質(zhì)名詞

抽象名詞與個(gè)體名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

?—I'dlike________informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.

一Well,youcouldhave_____wordwiththemanager.Hemightbehelpful

A.some.aB.an,someC.some,someD.an.a

②Theysentus__________wordofthelatesthappenings.消息(抽象名詞)

具有動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞加用

A.aB.anC./D.the

與某些動(dòng)詞(如:have等)連

③Couldwehave___________wordbeforeyougotothemeeting?iS(個(gè)體名詞)

用,表示某一次短暫的動(dòng)作

A.aB.anC./D.the

類例:haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alook

takeawalk/abathmakeanadvance(進(jìn)步)/makeanearlyslarl(早點(diǎn)出發(fā))

/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofpain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲)/giveatry

①M(fèi)anypeopleagreethat____knowledgeofEnglishisamustin_______internationaltradetoday.

A.a,/B.the,anC.thc,theD./,the

aknowledgeoftruth(知道實(shí)際情況)

giveafullerknowledgeofChina(提供關(guān)于中國更為翔實(shí)的知識(shí))

表示知識(shí)和時(shí)間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)

haveaknowledgeofshorthand(有速記的知識(shí))

換為普通名詞時(shí)可以用來表示

②Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhave_________atschool.

其中的一部分

A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertime

C.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime

③______________ismoney.

A.ThetimeB.AtimeC.TimeD.Times

?Oh,John.________yougaveme!

A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.Howpleasantsurprise

抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用

C.WhaiapleasantsurpriseD.Whatpleasantsurprise

來表示“一次、一陣、一種”

@Shelookedup________________whenIshouted.

具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)

A.inasurpriseB.inthesurpriseC.insurpriseD.insomesurprise

果。這時(shí)名詞前往往有形容詞

其它例子:Thegiftcameasacompletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise

修飾

@Itis________workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.

A.sounusualB.suchunusualC.suchanunusualD.soanunusual

II.名詞的數(shù)

規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-S或?es(參看有關(guān)語法書)。英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,請(qǐng)

看下表

規(guī)則例詞

1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice

2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species

3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents

4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff

部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,

5

員)population,crew,team,public,enemy,party

customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊(duì)),times(時(shí)代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),

6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義sands(沙灘),papers(文件報(bào)紙),manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦

智力),greens(青菜),ruins(廢墟)

加-SAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans

單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese

7表示“某國人”

以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為

Englishmen,Frenchwomen

-men,-women

將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends

8合成名詞無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches

將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservants

III.主謂一致

規(guī)則情況舉例

Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.

TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.

Readinginthesunisbadfbryoureyes.

以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動(dòng)詞不定式短語,動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.

語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句,后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式,

用狂數(shù)形式。但若表語是亞數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有狂數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)

時(shí),主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.

WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.

LucyandLilyaretwins

Thewriterandartisthascome.

Everystudentandeveryteachisintheclassroom.

由連接詞and或both-and連接起來的主語后面,要用復(fù)數(shù)

Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.

形式的謂語動(dòng)詞。但若所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物

Noboyandnogirllikesit.

時(shí),它后面的謂語就用單數(shù)形式。由and連接的并列單數(shù)

Eachofushasanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?

法主語前如果分別有no,each,every或morethana

Somebodyisspeakinginclass.Everythingaroundusismatter

(an)/one,manya(an)修飾時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。

若noneof后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,它的謂語動(dòng)詞就要用單

either,neither,each,every或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some,anyno,

數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可

every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,都作單數(shù)看待。.

以。

Noneofthesugarwasleft.

Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.

Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.

在定語從句里,關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等作主語時(shí),其

Heisoneofmyfriendswhoarcworkinghard.

致謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。

Heisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.

ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.

在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分一致

Itiswewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.

Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.

Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.

如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體,它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth.(他的一家)

如果它指的集體的成員,其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式HisfamilyarewatchingTV.(他的家人)

Classfourisonthethirdfloor.(四班)

ClassFourareunableioagreeuponamonitor.(四班的學(xué)生)

Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.

Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.

由alotof/lotsof?plentyof?aheapof/heapsof?therestof/the50percentofthestudentsinourclassarcgirls.

majorityof+名詞構(gòu)成的短語以及由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞構(gòu)此外,還有amimberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞有類似的用法(用復(fù)數(shù)),但

成的短語作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依number而定(用單數(shù))。

的數(shù)而定。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpick

apples.

Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.

Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures.

在倒裝句中,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.

Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.

Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?

What,who,which,any,more,all等代詞可以是單數(shù),也可是AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?

發(fā)數(shù),主要靠意思來決定。Allcanbedonehasbeendone.Allisgoingwell.

邏Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.

Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..

表示時(shí)間重量長度價(jià)值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞

輯Twentypoundsistoodear.

通常用單數(shù)形式,這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整

如強(qiáng)調(diào)這類詞的復(fù)數(shù)意義,則謂語動(dòng)詞要用更數(shù)形式

體。

忠-Vz.Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.

若英語是書名名格言劇名報(bào)名國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式,其謂語動(dòng)TheUnitedStalesissmallerthanChina.

義詞通常用單數(shù)形式?!癟heArabianNights“isaninterestingstory-book.

表數(shù)量的短語“oneandahal『后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),

Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.

其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。

一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾,如:mathematics,politics,

致physics以及news,works等。都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。

實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞,Idon,tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.

原它們作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。

trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(剪刀)等詞作主語Myglassesarebroken.

則時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù),但如果這些名詞前有a(the)pairof等量詞Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.

修飾時(shí)(clothes被asuitof修飾)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”,表示某一類人動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);若Theoldaretakengoodcareofthere.

表示某一類東西時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Thebeautifulgivespleasuretoall.

Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.

當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語由eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,whetherNeitherhenortheyarewhollyright.

or連接時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近…致。Neithertheynorheiswhollyright.

就Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?

近therebe句型中be動(dòng)詞的單更數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.

/遠(yuǎn)其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語,則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語保Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom.

持一致,即就近一致。

致Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina.

原主語后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,Awomanwithababywasonthebus.

則nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,besides,alongwith,NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.

including,inadditionto等引起的短語,謂語動(dòng)詞要跟主語She,likeyouandTbm,isverytall.

一致,即就遠(yuǎn)一致。ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese.

Nooneexceptmyteachersknowsanythingaboutit.

三、代詞

1.代詞可以分為以卜八大類

主格1,you,he,she,it,we,you,they

賓格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them

1人稱代詞

形容詞性物主代詞my,your,his,her,its,our,their

名詞性物主代詞mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs

2反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves

3指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some

4疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever

5關(guān)系代詞/連接代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as

one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle

6不定代詞

other/another,all/both,neither/cither

7相互代詞eachother,oneanother

II.不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)

類另4區(qū)另U例句

①We'vebeenlookingatthehousesbuthaven'tfound____welikeyet.

A.oneB.onesC.itD.them

one可以泛指人或者事(東西),其復(fù)

②Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreserious___________than

數(shù)為ones

mobilephonesdo.

A.oneB.onesC.itD.those

some可用于疑問句中,表示盼望得

—Yourcoffeesmellsgreat!—It'sfromMexico.Wouldyoulike____________?

到肯定的答好,或者表示建議,請(qǐng)求

A.itB.someC.thisD.1iltle

?Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.

some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí),(2)—Whichofthethreewaysshall1taketothevillage?

one,some,some表示某個(gè),any表示任何一個(gè)一______wayasyouplease.

any和ilA.EachB.EveryC.AnyD.Either

one指同類中的一個(gè),il指代同一種—Thereisstillacopyofthebookinthelibrary.Willyougoandborrow______?

類的東西。此外it還可以作形式主—No,rdratherbuy______inthebookstore.

語、形式賓語和用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中。A.it;oneB.one;oneC.one;itD.it;it

①There's____________cookingoilinthehouse.Wouldyougotothecomerstoreandget

A.little.someB.little,anyC.alittle,someD.alittle.any

some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑問

②Wehadthreesetsofgardentoolsandweseemedtohavenousefor____________.

句和否定句

A.noneB.eitherC.anyD.each

③Hedoesn'thave______________furnitureinhisroom—justanolddesk.

A.anyB.manyC.someD.much

?Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary.

each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別,代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)

Each(ofus)hasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.

each和every或兩個(gè)以上,而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,所

②Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweak

指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上

points.

no等于notany,作定語。none作主

?Thereisnowaterinthebottle.

語或賓語,代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語用

none和no②Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.

單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆

?Noneofthestudentsarc(is)afraidofdifficulties.

可以

other泛指“另外的,別的”常與其他

詞連用,如:theotherday,everyother@Bothsidesha

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