高考英語一輪復習語法專題第三部分句法篇專題 定語從句素材外研

專題1定語從句1．功能：相當于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語。2．位置：定語從句置于被修飾詞之后。Thosewhoarefortheplanraiseyourhands，please.3．先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如：some-，any-，every-，no-與-body，-thing的合成詞；或all，none，any，some，that，those等代詞。數(shù)詞和人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。4．關系詞：連接先行詞與從句的詞叫關系詞。關系代詞：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。關系副詞：when，where，why等。5．確定關系詞的步驟：(1)先找先行詞，看先行詞指的是什么。(2)看關系詞在從句中所充當?shù)某煞?。注意：先行詞與關系詞是等量關系。(1)先行詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的數(shù)由先行詞而定。Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.(2)關系詞在從句句子中充當了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復其意。Therearemanyplaceswecanvisit(them)inChina.6．在定語從句中，當先行詞指物時，下列情況的關系詞宜用that而不用which：(1)當先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。(2)先行詞被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，theonly，thevery，few等修飾時。(3)先行詞為all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代詞時。(4)先行詞中既有人又有物時。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.(5)先行詞在主句中作表語時。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.(6)當主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?7．宜用which而不用that的情況：(1)在非限制性定語從句中。(2)在關系詞前有介詞時。(3)當先行詞本身是that時。(4)關系詞后有插入語時。8．關系詞who與that指人時，根據(jù)不同情況分別用不同的關系詞。(1)當主句是therebe句型時，關系詞用who。(2)先行詞是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等詞時，關系詞用who。(3)當主句是who作疑問詞時，關系詞用that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow?(4)whom在從句中只作賓語，可被who取代。9．whose作關系詞既指人又指物，在從句中作定語。DoyouknowMr.Smithwhosestoryisverymoving?Thereisaroom，whosewindowfacestheriver.10．關系代詞as在從句中作主語、賓語和表語。(1)先行詞被such和thesame修飾，或句型asmany(much)中，從句都用as引導。Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseful.Theschoolisjustthesameasitwas10yearsago.注意：①such...that...引導結果狀語從句。如：Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch。②thesame...that...引導定語從句。如：Iwanttousethesametoolthatyouusedjustnow.(2)先行詞為句子的定語從句用as和which引導。區(qū)別：①意義上：as含有“這點正如……一樣”。②位置上：as從句可置句首，也可在另處。which引導的非限制定語從句只能放在主句之后。Hedidn’tpasstheexam，aswehadexpected.Thereislotsofairinloosesnow，whichcankeepthecoldout.Asisknown，theearthisround.11．關系副詞when與where，why，thatwhen指時間＝in/at/on/duringwhichwhere指地點＝in/at/fromwhichwhy指原因＝forwhichthat可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞之后，取代when，where，why和“介詞＋which”引導的定語從句，修飾的先行詞常為theway，thetime，theday，theplace等，在口語中that常被省略。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalks.ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.12．必須注意的問題：(1)關系詞作主語時，從句中謂語的數(shù)。(2)注意區(qū)別定語從句與強調句。①定語從句中關系詞作從句成分，復合句。②強調句中it無意義，that/who不是引導詞。③去掉itis/was和that/who后，如果句子意思講得通則是強調句，講不通則不是。Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定語從句)Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(強調句)(3)定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。①定語從句的引導詞被稱為關系詞，that充當主語、賓語、表語，有時可省略。②同位語從句的引導詞被叫做連接詞，that不充當任何成分，不可省。Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位語從句)Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定語從句)(4)關系詞在從句中省略的情況。①關系詞作賓語，前無介詞時。②關系詞作表語。(5)關系詞前有介詞或復雜介詞，關系詞只能是which和whom。(6)幾個特殊的定語從句句型：①Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarksinthematch.(句中one為先行詞)Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(句中students為先行詞)②Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?③Hestoodatthewindow，fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.④Itmayrain，inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.◆定語從句與語法填空定語從句中的關系代詞或關系副詞以及介詞的選用是語法填空題中的考查點。首先判斷是否是定語從句是做題的關鍵，其次判斷關系詞充當何種成分，確定答案。有些特殊的定語從句，如分割式定語從句和插入式定語從句，一定要先確定先行詞，然后再判斷作何成分，最后確定用何關系詞。典題試做1在空白處填入適當?shù)年P系代詞或關系副詞1．Whenharvestcamearound，hewasalreadysellingherbs，vegetablesandcottoninthemarketpeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.(2015·廣東)答案where解析根據(jù)句子結構可以判斷，在這里應填關系詞來引導一個定語從句，修飾表地點的先行詞themarket，故填where。2．Maybeyouarefacinganimpossiblesituation.Maybeyouhaveahabitisdrivingyourfamilycrazy.(2014·新課標全國Ⅰ)答案that/which解析考查定語從句的引導詞。定語從句的先行詞為前面的habit，而該定語從句缺少主語，因此要用that或which引導。3．Peopleshouldnotdothingswilldisturbtheirneighborsunnecessarily.(2014·湖南)答案which/that解析本句中含有定語從句，先行詞是things，關系詞在定語從句中作主語，可以使用which或that引導定語從句。4．Nick’sguests，hadheardtheirconversation，askedwhytheyshouldnotbuysaltmorecheaplyiftheycould.(2013·廣東)答案who解析該空需填一個定語從句的引導詞，先行詞為Nick’sguests，指人，故引導詞用who。5．Ofcoursewhenevertheyturnedtolookathim，theyhadtolookatMary，madeherfeellikeastar.(2012·廣東)答案which解析由逗號可知此處是一個非限制性定語從句，修飾前面整個句子所表述的內容，故用which引導。6．Behindhimwereotherpeopletohewastryingtotalk，butaftersomeminutestheywalkedawayandsatnearme，lookingannoyed.(2011·廣東)答案whom解析此處是一個定語從句，缺少關系代詞，因為先行詞為otherpeople，指的是人，而且與介詞to連用，所以填whom。應對策略1一旦判斷是定語從句，就根據(jù)定語從句的先行詞和代表先行詞的關系詞在從句中作什么成分，來確定關系詞。若在從句中作主語和賓語，就用關系代詞；若作狀語，就用關系副詞。◆定語從句與短文改錯短文改錯中對于定語從句的考查主要涉及限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句中關系代詞或關系副詞的錯用。典題試做2單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)1．Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，thatmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(2013·新課標全國Ⅱ)答案that→which2．Third，weshouldfindwaystoreusethewaterusedinwashing，especiallybathwaterforwhichisquitealot，andthatwillsavemuchwater.(2012·大綱全國Ⅱ)答案去掉for解析此處考查which引導的定語從句，which在從句中作主語，從句是主系表結構，句子成分齊全，for在此處多余，故去掉。3．There，Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends，oneofwhohasbeentoChinaseveraltimes.Ijustcan’twait.(2011·重慶)答案who→whom解析非限制性定語從句中“介詞of＋whom”，不能用who。4．Itturnedouttobeherowncup，thatshe’dleftontheshelfbymistake.(2010·陜西)答案that→which解析逗號后為非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞herowncup，故應用which引導，不能用that。5．OnedayIsawasecond-handbicycle，thatwasonlyonehundredyuan.(2009·遼寧)答案that→which解析逗號后為非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞asecond-handbicycle，故應用which引導。應對策略2確定定語從句中關系詞的步驟：1．找出先行詞；2．看先行詞被代入從句后在句子中的成分(作主語、賓語還是狀語)；3．選擇合適的關系詞。◆書面表達中定語從句易錯點聚焦(一)定語從句意識缺失1．關系代詞被普通代詞取代(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，someofthemaremyfavorite.(正)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，someofwhicharemyfavorite.2．關系代詞遺漏(誤)Thelastoneleavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.(正)Thelastonewholeavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.第一句從漢語意思角度是對的，但是漢語的干擾破壞了英語句式結構。(二)假冒偽劣的定語從句1．有從無主式(誤)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJaneisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates，hasavarietyofhobbies.第一句虎頭蛇尾，屬于有從無主式的句子，即有從句但沒有主句。2．從句成分殘缺式(誤)Thosewhoagainstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.(正)Thosewhoareagainstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.第一句定語從句的謂語不完整。介詞against不能單獨作謂語。3．畫蛇添足式(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，thatasadboystandsbetweenhisangryparents.(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，amanwhoistalkinghappily.(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，andsomeofwhicharemyfavorite.第一句中關系代詞as代替逗號后面的整個主句，因此主句是不需要連接詞來引導的。所以，應去掉that。第二句中同樣as代替逗號后面的整個主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要滿足定語從句的話，顯然并列連詞and是多余的。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．AccordingtoDr.LanceWorkman，thesepeoplemaydevelopatemporarymoralcodeintheirmindsjustifiestheiractions：therearerichpeoplewhohavethingsIdon’thavesoit’srightthatItakeit.答案which/that解析which/that引導定語從句并在從句中作主語。2．Thisistheveryfactorytheyvisitedlastsummerholiday.答案that解析先行詞為factory，其前有very修飾，定語從句只能用that引導。3．Whenfacinghardships，onlythoseareconfidentwillachievesuccess.答案who解析關系代詞who引導定語從句，修飾前面的those(那些人)。4．Thatevening，Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.答案which解析本題考查定語從句。先行詞為thatevening，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：Iwilltellyoumoreaboutthateveninglater，由此可見先行詞在定語從句中作about的賓語，且表示“物”，故用which引導。5．IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withouthelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.答案whose解析分析句子結構可知，空格處為定語從句的引導詞，先行詞為ProfessorSmith，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：WithoutProfessorSmith’shelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar，由此可見先行詞在定語從句中作help的定語，故答案為whose。6．Aftertheflooding，peopleweresufferinginthatarea，urgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive.答案who解析本題考查非限制性定語從句。將先行詞people代入定語從句后為：peopleurgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive，可知先行詞在從句中作主語，所以用who。7．Weliveinanagemoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.答案when解析本題考查定語從句。先行詞是age，因為關系詞在定語從句中作時間狀語，故用when引導。8．Thenextday，mybrotherandIwenttothebeachwewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.答案where解析考查定語從句的引導詞。分析結構可知，關系副詞where引導定語從句，并在從句中作地點狀語。9．Hewrotemanychildren’sbooks，nearlyhalfofwerepublishedinthe1990s.答案which解析根據(jù)句子結構可知此處考查非限制性定語從句，從句中缺少主語，代指前面的先行詞books，故應填which。10．We’llreachthesalestargetsinamonthwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.答案which/that解析考查分割式定語從句，先行詞thesalestargets與關系代詞which/that被inamonth隔開，先行詞在定語從句中充當動詞set的賓語，故填which/that。Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)1．I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthingswhichyoutalkedaboutjustnow.答案which→that2．Thisistheonlyquestionwhichhasbeenanswered.答案which→that3．ThisisthemuseumwherewevisitedlastSunday.答案where→which/that或去掉where4．Wehavemadethesamemistakewhichyoumadelasttime.答案which→as5．IshallneverforgettheyearsIspentinthecountrywiththefarmers，thathasagreateffectonmylife.答案that→which6．Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend，whohewantedtoimpress.答案who→whom7．Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningswhenwespenttogether.答案when→which/that或去掉when8．Thevisitorssawrowsofhouses，theroofsofwhosearered.答案whose→which9．Pleasetellmethewaywhichyoudidthejob.答案which→that或去掉which或which前加in10．Littlehasbeendonewhatishelpfultoourwork.答案what→thatⅢ.語法填空A(定語從句專練)Yangshuo，ChinaItwasraininglightlywhenIarrivedinYangshuojustbeforedawn.ButIdidn’tcare.Afewhoursbefore，I’dbeenathomeinHongKong,1.whereIbreathedwithitschokingsmog.Here，theairwascleanandfresh，evenwiththerain.I’dskippednearbyGuilin,2.whichisadreamplacefortourists3.who/thatseekthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver4.that/whicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.Instead，I’dheadedstraightforYangshuo.Forthose5.whoflytoGuilin，it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.Yangshuoisreallybeautiful.Astudyoftravelers6.that/whichwasconductedbythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinations7.that/whicharefamousintheworld.Andthetownisfastbecomingapopularweekenddestinationforpeopleandtheirfamilies8.thatareinAsia.Abercrombie&Kent,9.whichisatravelcompanyinHongKong，saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople10.who/thatlivein