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Whymusic?
音樂(lè)緣何而起?Biologistsareaddressingoneofhumanity’sstrangestattributes,itsall-singing,all-dancingculture
生物學(xué)家正在對(duì)人類(lèi)最怪異的特征——載歌載舞的文化——加以解釋
“IFMUSICbethefoodoflove,playon,givemeexcessofit.”Andifnot?Well,whatexactlyisitfor?Theproductionandconsumptionofmusicisabigpartoftheeconomy.Thefirstusetowhichcommercialrecording,intheformofEdison’sphonographs,wastobringmusictothelivingroomsandpicnictablesofthosewhocouldnotaffordtopaylivemusicians.Today,peoplearesosurroundedbyotherpeople’smusicthattheytakeitforgranted,butaslittleas100yearsagosingsongsathome,thechoirinthechurchandfiddlersinthepubwereallthatmostpeopleheard.
“如果音樂(lè)是愛(ài)的食糧,奏下去,直到漫溢?!比绻皇悄兀烤烤挂魳?lè)是為了什么?音樂(lè)的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)是經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分。以愛(ài)迪生的留聲機(jī)形式首度出現(xiàn)的商業(yè)錄音,就是為了將音樂(lè)帶入那些請(qǐng)不起現(xiàn)場(chǎng)樂(lè)隊(duì)的家庭,引入他們的客廳和野餐桌上。今天,人們已經(jīng)被音樂(lè)層層包圍,覺(jué)得不足為奇,但就在100年前,大部分人們聽(tīng)到的不過(guò)是家中的吟唱,教堂的唱詩(shī)和酒吧中的小提琴手。
Otherappetites,too,havebeensatedeventoexcessbymodernbusiness.Foodfarbeyondthesimpleneedsofstomachs,andsex(oratleastimagesofit)farbeyondtheneedsofreproduction,bombardthemodernmanandwoman,andareeagerlyconsumed.Buttheseexcessesarebuiltonobviousappetites.WhatappetitedrivestheproliferationofmusictothepointwheretheaverageAmericanteenagerspends1?-2?hoursaday—aneighthofhiswakinglife—listeningtoit?
其他欲望也和音樂(lè)一樣,在現(xiàn)代商業(yè)的作用下甚至發(fā)展到閑贅。食物遠(yuǎn)非僅僅填飽肚子,性(至少是與性有關(guān)的畫(huà)面)遠(yuǎn)非僅為繁衍,它們都像炮彈一樣轟炸著現(xiàn)代人的頭腦,還十分暢銷(xiāo)。不過(guò)這些過(guò)度消費(fèi)建立于顯而易見(jiàn)的欲望之上。是什么樣的需求推動(dòng)著音樂(lè)的繁榮,讓美國(guó)青少年每天平均花1?-2?小時(shí)——即清醒時(shí)間的八分之一——洗耳恭聽(tīng)呢?
Well,thatfact—thathe,orshe,isateenager—supportsonehypothesisaboutthefunctionofmusic.Around40%ofthelyricsofpopularsongsspeakofromance,sexualrelationshipsandsexualbehaviour.TheShakespeareantheory,thatmusicisatleastoneofthefoodsoflove,hasastrongclaimtobetrue.Themoremellifluousthesinger,themoredexteroustheharpist,themorematesheattracts.
受眾是青少年這一事實(shí),對(duì)音樂(lè)功能假說(shuō)之一提供了支撐。約40%流行歌曲的作詞都在講述愛(ài)情,兩性關(guān)系和性行為。莎翁曰,音樂(lè)至少為愛(ài)情食糧之一,很大程度上是正確的。歌手聲音愈甜美,豎琴師彈奏越流暢,吸引的異性就越多。
Asecondideathatiswidelytoutedisthatmusicbindsgroupsofpeopletogether.Theresultingsolidarity,itssupporterssuggest,mighthavehelpedbandsofearlyhumanstothriveattheexpenseofthosethatwerelessmusical.
第二種廣泛受到支持的說(shuō)法是,音樂(lè)將人們聯(lián)系到了一起。該理論的支持者認(rèn)為,由此產(chǎn)生的團(tuán)結(jié)可能幫助早期人群變得更加繁榮,音樂(lè)細(xì)胞不發(fā)達(dá)的群體則遭到淘汰。
Bothoftheseideasarguethatmusicalabilityevolvedspecifically—thatitis,ifyoulike,avirtualorganaspreciselycraftedtoitspurposeastheheartorthespleen.Thethirdhypothesis,however,isthatmusicisacrossbetweena