閱讀理解01（人與自然）-梳理五年（2020-2024年）高考《英語》真題分類詳解與考法歸納（解析版）

第第頁閱讀理解01（人與自然）-梳理五年（2020-2024年）高考《英語》真題分類詳解與考法歸納（解析版）考題解讀考題解讀閱讀理解話題日常生活類是高考英語?？家彩潜乜碱}，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在高考題閱讀理解A篇、B、和C篇和D篇中，本篇文章將具體梳理近五年新高考以“人與自然為”主題的文章。解題技巧 解題技巧●快速瀏覽文章●關(guān)注“生態(tài)保護”、“環(huán)境污染”、“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”、“生物多樣性”等關(guān)鍵詞●理解文章主旨，把握文章的核心思想和作者的觀點●細讀問題和選項，注意問題中的限定詞和細節(jié)，理解每個選項的含義●定位信息，根據(jù)問題中的關(guān)鍵詞，在文章中找到與問題相關(guān)的信息?！衽懦蓴_選項，排除明顯錯誤或與文章內(nèi)容不符的選項，集中比較剩余選項的細微差別●理解作者態(tài)度，注意文章中的形容詞、副詞和語氣詞，理解作者對自然環(huán)境和相關(guān)問題的態(tài)度●注意因果關(guān)系，關(guān)注文章中的因果關(guān)系詞，如“because”、“therefore”、“asaresult”等，理解事件的前因后果●總結(jié)歸納，在閱讀完文章和回答問題后，嘗試總結(jié)文章的主要內(nèi)容和觀點，以鞏固理解真題再現(xiàn)真題再現(xiàn) Passage1（2024·新課標Ⅰ卷D篇）【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了斯坦福大學的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，數(shù)字生物多樣性記錄存在偏見，建議應用程序引導公民科學家獲取更好的數(shù)據(jù)。IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(標本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A．Theyarebecomingoutdated. B．Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C．Theyarelimitedinnumber. D．Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A．Threatenedspecies. B．Physicalspecimens.C．Observationaldata. D．Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A．Mistakesindataanalysis. B．Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C．Improperwayofsampling. D．Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A．Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B．Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C．Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D．Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D【解析】【32題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.(今天,大多數(shù)生物多樣性的記錄通常以照片、視頻和其他數(shù)字記錄的形式出現(xiàn)。)"可知,現(xiàn)在收集的物種記錄大多是以電子形式存在的。故選B?！?3題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(標本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?(這些觀察結(jié)果現(xiàn)在超過了來自物理標本的原始數(shù)據(jù),而且由于我們越來越多地使用觀察數(shù)據(jù)來研究物種如何應對全球變化,我想知道:它們有用嗎?)"和第四段.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,"saidDaru.(Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面,比如公民科學家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片,而不是它旁邊的草?！?可知,Daru的研究聚焦于觀察數(shù)據(jù),即人們通過移動應用記錄的物種觀察數(shù)據(jù)。故選C。【34題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段.Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,"saidDaru.(Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面,比如公民科學家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片,而不是它旁邊的草?！?"以及第五段“Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.(這是有道理的,因為在移動設備上獲得觀察生物多樣性數(shù)據(jù)的人通常是公民科學家,他們記錄了他們在附近地區(qū)與物種的接觸。)”可知,導致數(shù)據(jù)偏差的原因是采樣方式的不當。故選C?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces一andevenspecies一thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.(生物多樣性應用程序可以使用我們的研究結(jié)果來告知用戶樣本過多的地嫗,并將他們引導到樣本不足的地方,甚至是物種。為了提高觀測數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量,生物多樣性應用程序還可以鼓勵用戶讓專家確認他們上傳的圖像的身份。)”可知,Daru建議生物多樣性應用應該給公民科學家提供指導。故選D。Passage2（2024·新課標Ⅱ卷C篇）【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A．Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B．Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C．Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D．Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A．Real-timeweatherchanges. B．Currentconditionoftheplants.C．Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D．Availabilityofpre-seededpods.10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A．Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B．Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C．Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.D．Theyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．BMF’smajorstrengths. B．BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C．BMF’sglobalinfluence. D．BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.A【解析】【8題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇,但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場(BMF)甚至縮短了旅程)”可知,巴比倫微型農(nóng)場(BMF)進一步縮短了從農(nóng)場到餐桌的距離。故選C?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外,還有一個便捷的應用程序,可以實時提供增長數(shù)據(jù))”可知,這個便捷的應用程序提供了植物生長的實時數(shù)據(jù)。故選B。【10題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,"saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里,他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費。BMF的一名員工表示:“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學品?！?"可知,BMF員工具有強烈的環(huán)保意識。故選D?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“"Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇,但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場(BMF)甚至縮短了旅程)”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通過云連接,對BMF進行遠程監(jiān)控。此外,還有一個方便的應用程序可以實時提供不斷增長的數(shù)據(jù)。由于該系統(tǒng)是自動化的,因此大大減少了種植植物所需的水量。該系統(tǒng)不是給一排排土壤澆水,而是為每株植物提供合適的水量”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic."Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,"saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里,他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費。BMF的一名員工表示:我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學品。”"可知,文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場(BMF)的一些主要優(yōu)勢,包括減少食物運輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。故選A。Passage3（2023·新課標Ⅰ卷B篇）【導語】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了JohnTodd從小就很愛思考且好學，他建造了一個生態(tài)機器，利用自然可以自我修復的原理來凈化污水。WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse—likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Hewasfondoftraveling. B．Heenjoyedbeingalone.C．Hehadaninquiringmind. D．Helongedtobeadoctor.25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A．Tofeedtheanimals. B．Tobuildanecosystem.C．Toprotecttheplants. D．Totesttheeco-machine.26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A．ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans. B．ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C．TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs. D．ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?A．Naturecanrepairitself. B．Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C．LifeonEarthisdiverse. D．Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.【答案】24.C25.D26.B27.A【24題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.(當約翰·托德還是個孩子的時候,他喜歡探索房子周圍的樹林,觀察大自然是如何解決問題的。例如,一條骯臟的小溪流經(jīng)植物和微小生物居住的巖石后,往往會變得清澈。長大后,約翰開始思考這個過程是否可以用來清理人們制造的混亂)"以及第二段“Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals(在大學學習了農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學和漁業(yè)之后,約翰又回到了觀察自然和提出問題的生活中。為什么某些植物能捕獲有害細菌?哪些魚類會食用致癌化學物質(zhì))"可知,約翰聰穎好學、好奇心很強。故選C?！?5題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.(幾個星期后,約翰把污泥加了進去)”以及倒數(shù)第三段“Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.(他對結(jié)果感到驚訝。生態(tài)機器里的動植物把污泥當成了食物,開始吃了起來!幾周之內(nèi),它就被消化了,只剩下純凈水"可知,約翰把污泥放進罐子里是為了測試生態(tài)機器。故選D?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.(這些年來,約翰承擔了許多重大工作。他開發(fā)了一個類似溫室的設施,可以處理來自南伯靈頓1600戶家庭的污水。他還設計了一種生態(tài)機器來清潔中國東南部城市福州的運河水)可推知,作者提到福州的目的是展示約翰想法的應用。故選B。【27題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat'shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.(你把生物體放在新的關(guān)系中,觀察會發(fā)生什么。然后讓這些新系統(tǒng)自行發(fā)展自我修復的方式)”可知,約翰工作的基礎是自然可以自我修復。故選A。Passage4（2023·新課標全國Ⅱ卷D篇）【導語】本文是一篇說明文。城市化讓人們越來越難以接觸到自然，但一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)城市中的野生自然對人類健康和幸福感具有重要影響。研究團隊對一座大型城市公園的游客進行調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)與野生自然的互動可以創(chuàng)造出一種可用的語言，幫助人們認識和參與最令人滿意和有意義的活動。該研究呼吁保護城市中的野生自然。Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(編碼)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“l(fā)isteningtowaves.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.32.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A．Pocketparksarenowpopular. B．Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C．Manycitiesareoverpopulated. D．Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.33.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A．Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers. B．Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C．Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark. D．Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.34.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A．Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B．Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C．Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D．Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.35.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A．Languagestudy. B．Environmentalconservation.C．Publiceducation. D．Interculturalcommunication.【答案】32.B33.D34.C35.B【32題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容“Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou'relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit'sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.(隨著城市的飛速發(fā)展,生活在城市地區(qū)的人們越來越難以接近大自然。如果你幸運的話,你住的地方附近可能會有一個袖珍公園,但在城市里找到相對天然的地方是罕見的”可知,文章開頭作者講述了一種現(xiàn)象,在城市里,人們很難找到野生的自然。故選B?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(編碼)experiencesintodifferentcategories.(他們調(diào)查了數(shù)百名公園游客,要求他們在網(wǎng)上提交一份書面總結(jié),描述他們在公園里與大自然有意義的互動。然后,研究人員檢查了這些提交的信息,將體驗分為不同的類別)”可知,研究人員按照公園游客提交的在公園里與大自然互動的活動把游客分類,再根據(jù)第四段“Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla"naturelanguage"begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.(在這320份提交的作品中,一種被研究人員稱為“自然語言”的分類模式開始出現(xiàn)。在對所有提交的內(nèi)容進行編碼后,有六個類別被認為對游客最重要)可知,研究人員對參與者提交的內(nèi)容進行了分類,以便在游客的總結(jié)中找到模式,并確定對游客最重要的自然體驗。通過這樣做,他們能夠創(chuàng)造一種“自然語言”,幫助人們認識并參與對他們來說最滿意和最有意義的活動。選項D準確地反映了這一目的。故選D?！?4題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容“Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.(命名每一種自然體驗創(chuàng)造了一種可用的語言,這有助于人們認識并參與到對他們來說最滿意和最有意義的活動中。例如,沿著水邊散步的經(jīng)歷可能會讓一個年輕的專業(yè)人士在周末去公園徒步旅行時感到滿意。在工作日回到市中心,他們可以在午休時沿著噴泉散步,享受一種更居家的互動方式”可知,本段講述了自然體驗創(chuàng)造一種可用的語言,有助于人們識別并參與對自己來說最滿意最有意義的活動,接下來以一個年輕的專業(yè)人士參與自然的方式舉例說明,去公園時沿著水邊散步讓他感到滿意,回到市中心工作時他可以通過沿著噴泉散步獲得滿足。因此推知,從第五段的例子中我們可以知道一樣的自然體驗可以呈現(xiàn)不同的形式。故選C?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“We'retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,"saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.(“我們正試圖創(chuàng)造一種語言,幫助將類與自然的互動帶回我們的日常生活中。要做到這一點,我們還需要保護自然,這樣我們才能與它互動,”該研究的資深作者彼得·卡恩說。)"可推斷,彼得·卡恩認為在我們與大自然互動之前我們應該先要保護自然。故選B。Passage5（2021·新課標全國I卷C篇）【導語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了由于棲息地減少，美國水禽驟減，因此聯(lián)邦發(fā)行鴨票，狩獵者只有購買鴨票才能狩獵，而鴨票的部分收入進入用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護水禽。WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A．Lossofwetlands. B．Popularityofwatersports.C．Pollutionofrivers. D．Arrivalofotherwildanimals.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Acquire. B．Export.C．Destroy. D．Distribute.3.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A．Thestamppricehasgonedown. B．Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C．Thehuntershavestoppedhunting. D．Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStory B．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl D．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.A【1題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Millionsofwaterfowlwerekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitious19-2023)sportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.(數(shù)百萬只水禽被市場獵人和一些野心勃勃的運動員殺死。數(shù)百萬英畝的濕地被抽干,以養(yǎng)活和安置不斷增加的人口,大大減少了水禽的棲息地)”可知,數(shù)百萬英畝的濕地被抽干用作農(nóng)地或者修建住房,導致水禽的棲息地減少,水禽數(shù)量下降。故選A?！?題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittook專題07名詞性從句和定語從句-五theexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.(美洲原住民明智地保護了這些年寶貴的自然資源。不幸的是,僅僅幾十年的探險家和定居者就decimate這些資源的大部分)”可知,前后句形成轉(zhuǎn)折,前一句陳述美洲原住民保護這些寶貴的自然資源,所以后句表示探險家和定居者破壞了這些自然資源,推測劃線單詞表示“破壞”,與destroy同義。故選C?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat(自1934年以來,已有超過5億美元投入該基金,用于購買500多萬英畝的棲息地”可知,自1934年通過法案,政府獲得超過5億美元,已經(jīng)籌集了很多資金,以購買水禽棲息地。故選D?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.(根據(jù)該法案,所有16歲及以上的水禽獵人必須每年購買并攜帶聯(lián)邦鴨章)"以及第三段“LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.(難怪聯(lián)邦鴨票計劃被稱為有史以來最成功的保護計劃之一可知,本文主要講述了聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事,所以“聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事”可以作為文章標題。故選A。Passage6（2020·新課標全國I卷D篇）【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處,因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程,以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢,指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈,達到節(jié)約能源的作用。Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture，theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B．Abigfallincrimerates.C．Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D．Benefitsfromgreenplants.2.WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?A．Todetectplants’lackofwaterB．TochangecompositionsofplantsC．Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D．Totestchemicalsinplants.3.Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?A．Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B．Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.C．Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.D．Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B．Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C．Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D．Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?【答案】1.D2.A3.C4.C【1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如,在俄亥俄州揚斯敦進行的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項研究中,當員工的工作場所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時,他們的工作效率會提高15%。由此可知,第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處。故選D。【2題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.可知這就包括葉子上印有