2024年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)第29講閱讀理解議論文（核心考點）

第29講閱讀理解議論文（核心考點精講精練）1.三年真題議論文考點細目表時間卷次主題語境字數(shù)題型分類2023年新高考I卷///新高考=2\*ROMANII卷///全國甲卷///全國乙卷人與社會：物品納入歷史敘事以更好地理解無文字社會的重要性343+1312個推理判斷題1個主旨大意題1個詞義猜測題北京卷///浙江卷///天津卷///2022年新高考I卷///新高考=2\*ROMANII卷///全國甲卷人與社會：悉尼發(fā)展中面臨的問題342+1521個細節(jié)理解題2個推理判斷題1個主旨大意題全國乙卷///北京卷人與社會：量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？400+1091個細節(jié)理解題1個推理判斷題1個主旨大意題1個詞義猜測題浙江卷/+/天津卷人與社會：美好生活的秘訣403+1943個細節(jié)理解題2個推理判斷題2021年新高考I卷///新高考=2\*ROMANII卷///全國甲卷人與社會：“天才”有很多種形式295+1231個細節(jié)理解題2個推理判斷題1個主旨大意題全國乙卷人與社會：固定是非必需品326+1202個推理判斷題1個主旨大意題1個詞義猜測題北京卷人與自然：人們應(yīng)該和大自然和諧相處，保護環(huán)境480+1891個細節(jié)理解題2個推理判斷題1個主旨大意題浙江卷1月卷///浙江卷6月卷///天津卷（第一次）人與自我：我們必須學(xué)會把過去拋在腦后，像蜥蜴一樣，用我們?nèi)崮?、充滿希望的皮膚，作為人生的起點人與社會：要當(dāng)一個多面手，而不是當(dāng)某方面的專家1）408+2142）409+2111)2個細節(jié)理解題2個推理判斷題1個詞義猜測題2)2個細節(jié)理解題2個推理判斷題1個主旨大意題天津卷（第二次）///2.命題規(guī)律及備考策略【命題規(guī)律】議論文涉及的論題具有生活化的特征，與社會生活密切相關(guān)。從命題上看，議論文閱讀理解以考查細節(jié)理解、推理判斷和主旨大意題為主，但不排除對觀點態(tài)度的考查?？忌谄綍r的閱讀訓(xùn)練中要閱讀一定數(shù)量的議論文，以了解和掌握議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)和行文特征?！緜淇疾呗浴吭陂喿x解題時，應(yīng)該從結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容兩方面同時入手，先通讀全文，再區(qū)分事實和觀點。通常來說，議論文會采用三段論式結(jié)構(gòu)。首段會通過一個故事或?qū)δ撤N現(xiàn)象的描述來引入話題，明確論點；接下來是文章的主體部分，會用兩個或兩個以上的段落引用事實和理論論據(jù)進行論證，常用的論證方法有舉例、引用和對比，這一部分要注意作者選用的論據(jù)，它們往往與細節(jié)理解題的考查點相對應(yīng)，同時還要留意論證的方法；文章的最后一段是結(jié)論部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么結(jié)論。在通讀全文并了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容后再閱讀試題，到文章中去找相對應(yīng)的信息，比如事實、觀點、作者真正的意圖和結(jié)論等。議論文結(jié)構(gòu)特點寫法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我認為寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，回答（解決）問題寫法三：論點，理由（證據(jù)），重申論點?！久}預(yù)測】從近三年命題的發(fā)展趨勢來看，預(yù)測2024年高考議論文閱讀理解可能會出現(xiàn)且會繼續(xù)考查考生快速而準(zhǔn)確地獲取和理解文中具體細節(jié)信息的能力，對文章信息的判斷能力以及對文章的整體感知能力。議論文的文體分析議論文說理性強，語言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來一定難度。議論文是運用邏輯推理和證明來闡述某一觀點、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或駁斥別人的錯誤觀點，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點為主要目的。議論文一般有論點、論據(jù)和論證三個要素。論點是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)對象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實例證或統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運用論據(jù)的手法。議論文文章類型演繹論證議論文是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類文體一般先提出一個總論點，然后分別進行論述，分析各個分論點，最后得出結(jié)論。歸納論證議論文是一種由個別到一般的論證方法。它通過許多個別的事例或分論點，然后歸納出它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個一般性的結(jié)論。比較論證議論文是一種由個別到個別的論證方法。通常分為類比法和對比法兩類。類比法是將性質(zhì)或特點在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對比法是通過性質(zhì)或特點在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來證明論點的方法。命題要點由于議論的目的是表明自己對事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時?？疾炱溆^點態(tài)度以及根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時也對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進行考察。解題技巧1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開篇，因為文章的開篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的觀點，從而把握了文章的中心思想。2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因為尾段是對前面所舉事例和分論點的歸納和概括。3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點以及不同點，并由此來把握文章的主旨。做題時可使用以下三個步驟：重首尾，明方式，細推測。議論文長?？碱}型之一主旨大意題[常見設(shè)問形式]1．標(biāo)題類常見的題干：①Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe________.②Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？③Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2．大意類常見的題干：①Thispassagechieflydealswith________.②What'sthetopicofthearticle?③Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?④Whatisthemainideaofthe...paragraph/thepassage?eq\a\vs4\al([正確選項特征])1．涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段。2．確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。3．精確性強，不會改變語言表達的程度及色彩。eq\a\vs4\al([干擾選項特征])1．過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容2．以偏概全，主次不分所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細節(jié)信息或個別詞作為選項的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實或細節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點3．移花接木，偷換概念所給選項被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯答案4．無中生有，生搬硬套所給選項的關(guān)鍵詞雖然在文章中提到了，但經(jīng)過仔細閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系考點一段落大意題【2023年全國乙卷D片段】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented. B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords. D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.[思維可視化]Step1圈定題干關(guān)鍵詞：firstparagraphmainlyaboutStep2定位信息源：根據(jù)文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings”可推知，第一段主要講述的是歷史應(yīng)該如何呈現(xiàn)給我們。Step3得出答案：_______A_________[技巧點撥]方法1：概括段落大意要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對其進行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；如果對比各事物，那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有時，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。（2023·山東·山東省實驗中學(xué)校考二模）DanonePortugalintroducedanewyogurtnamedJuntos.Foreverypackofyogurtthatapersonbought,hewoulddonateyogurttoafamilyinneed.Danonehaddoneitsresearch.Increasingly,peoplesaytheywanttobuyfrombrandsthatgivethemasenseofpurpose.Surelyayogurtthathelpedtheneedywouldbeappealing.ButJuntoswasafailure.Despitesinkingmillionsintoamarketingcampaign,DanonepulledJuntosfromthemarketonlymonthsafteritwaslaunched.Nowthesameproductissimplymarketedasatastyyogurt.Whathappened?TofindthereasonbehindJuntos’failure,LawrenceWilliamsandhiscolleaguesdidanexperimentwheretheyshowedpeoplesomeproductsandaskedthesepeopletopickoneoption.Theyremindedsometofocusonthe“purposefulandvaluable”aspectwhileothersweretoldto“enjoythemselves”andfocuson“delightandpleasure.”Theyfoundthatparticipantswhoprioritizedmeaningpreferredthelessexpensiveproductwhenparedwithpeoplewhoputpleasureinthefirstplace.Sowhyweremeaningseekerscheapingout?LawrenceWilliamsaskedparticipantstoexplaintheirdecisionmakingtofindout.Helearnedthatmeaningorientedpeoplewerenotthinkingabouthowtheproducttheymightbuycouldbringmeaningtotheirlives.Instead,theywereoccupiedwithwhatelsetheycoulddowiththeirmoney.Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproductscancreatemanyproblems.Inexpensiveoptionsoftendonotlastaslongasthehigherendones.Asaresult,weshopmoreoften,whichisultimatelyworseforourwallets.Plus,thatspendingpatterncandoagreaterdamagetotheenvironment.Thanksinparttofastfashion,peoplebuy60percentmoreclothingtodaythantheydid15yearsago.Thefashionindustryaloneemitsmoregreenhousegasesthaninternationalflightsandmaritime(海洋的)shippingbined.Sobeforeyoudiveintoyourwalletforsomedeals,trynottofixonlyonwhatyouarespendingorsaving.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatyouarebuying,too.56．WhatisthemainreasonforthefailureofJuntos?A．Itignoredmarketingstrategies. B．Itpriceditselfrelativelyhigh.C．Itlackedaparticularlygoodtaste. D．Itfocusedondelightandpleasure.57．Whatcanbeinferredaboutmeaningseekers?A．Theyfrequenthighendstores. B．Theythinkproductsextendtheirlives.C．Theyhesitatetomakedecisions. D．Theymakemorepurchaseswithmoney.58．HowisParagraph4mainlydeveloped?A．Bygivingsomeexamples. B．Bylistingnumbersanddata.C．Byexplainingreasons. D．Bymakingsomeparisons.59．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．Innovation:aProduct’sLife B．ToBuyornottoBuyC．MeaningseekersorQualitypursuers D．FastFashion:aHittoYourWallet【答案】56．B57．D58．C59．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章就通過消費來做有意義的事情，到底應(yīng)該買貴的還是廉價的產(chǎn)品進行討論。56．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Increasingly,peoplesaytheywanttobuyfrombrandsthatgivethemasenseofpurpose.Surelyayogurtthathelpedtheneedywouldbeappealing.ButJuntoswasafailure.(越來越多的人表示，他們想從那些給他們目標(biāo)感的品牌那里購買。當(dāng)然，幫助窮人的酸奶會很有吸引力。但Juntos是個失敗者。)”和第二段“Whathappened?TofindthereasonbehindJuntos’failure,LawrenceWilliamsandhiscolleaguesdidanexperimentwheretheyshowedpeoplesomeproductsandaskedthesepeopletopickoneoption.Theyremindedsometofocusonthe“purposefulandvaluable”aspectwhileothersweretoldto“enjoythemselves”andfocuson“delightandpleasure.”Theyfoundthatparticipantswhoprioritizedmeaningpreferredthelessexpensiveproductwhenparedwithpeoplewhoputpleasureinthefirstplace.(發(fā)生了什么事?為了找出Juntos失敗的原因，LawrenceWilliams和他的同事們做了一個實驗，他們向人們展示了一些產(chǎn)品，并讓這些人選擇一種。他們提醒一些人專注于“有目的和有價值”的方面，而另一些人則被告知“享受自己”，專注于“快樂和樂趣”。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，與把快樂放在首位的人相比，把意義放在首位的人更喜歡便宜的產(chǎn)品。)”可知，越來越多的人想從那些給他們目標(biāo)感的品牌那里購買（即購買便宜的產(chǎn)品），Juntos失敗的主要原因是它的定價相對較高，所以買的人少，最后失敗了。故選B。57．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Sowhyweremeaningseekerscheapingout?LawrenceWilliamsaskedparticipantstoexplaintheirdecisionmakingtofindout.Helearnedthatmeaningorientedpeoplewerenotthinkingabouthowtheproducttheymightbuycouldbringmeaningtotheirlives.Instead,theywereoccupiedwithwhatelsetheycoulddowiththeirmoney.(那么，為什么尋求意義的人要買便宜的東西呢?為了找出答案，勞倫斯·威廉姆斯要求參與者解釋他們的決策。他了解到，以意義為導(dǎo)向的人不會考慮他們可能購買的產(chǎn)品如何給他們的生活帶來意義。相反，他們專注于思考自己的錢能帶來什么其他東西。)”可推測意義追求者專注于用錢買更多的東西，故選D。58．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproductscancreatemanyproblems.Inexpensiveoptionsoftendonotlastaslongasthehigherendones.Asaresult,weshopmoreoften,whichisultimatelyworseforourwallets.Plus,thatspendingpatterncandoagreaterdamagetotheenvironment.(我完全支持人們做出明智和戰(zhàn)略性的財務(wù)選擇。但是廉價的產(chǎn)品會產(chǎn)生很多問題。便宜的選擇通常不會像高端的選擇持續(xù)那么久。結(jié)果，我們更頻繁地購物，這最終對我們的錢包更不利。此外，這種消費模式會對環(huán)境造成更大的破壞。)”可推斷作者通過解釋買廉價的產(chǎn)品會產(chǎn)生很多問題的原因來發(fā)展第四段，故選C。59．主旨大意題。通讀全文，根據(jù)第四段“Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproductscancreatemanyproblems.Inexpensiveoptionsoftendonotlastaslongasthehigherendones.Asaresult,weshopmoreoften,whichisultimatelyworseforourwallets.Plus,thatspendingpatterncandoagreaterdamagetotheenvironment.(我完全支持人們做出明智和戰(zhàn)略性的財務(wù)選擇。但是廉價的產(chǎn)品會產(chǎn)生很多問題。便宜的選擇通常不會像高端的選擇持續(xù)那么久。結(jié)果，我們更頻繁地購物，這最終對我們的錢包更不利。此外，這種消費模式會對環(huán)境造成更大的破壞。)”和最后一段“Sobeforeyoudiveintoyourwalletforsomedeals,trynottofixonlyonwhatyouarespendingorsaving.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatyouarebuying,too.(所以，在你為一些交易掏腰包之前，盡量不要只關(guān)注你花了多少錢或存了多少錢。也要仔細考慮你要買的東西。)”可知文章主要是對通過消費來做有意義的事情，到底應(yīng)該買貴的還是廉價的產(chǎn)品進行討論，C選項“意義追求者還是品質(zhì)追求者”符合文章主旨，故選C。考點二文章大意題3個做法4個竅門，快速確定文章大意一、文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心思想的基礎(chǔ)上的。具體做法是：1．找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。2．文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要分步提煉，然后再進一步加工概括。3．觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，區(qū)別文章的“核心”和“支撐性細節(jié)”。核心是概括性的、理論性的；支撐性細節(jié)是碎片化的、事例性的。事例是為理論性的“核心”服務(wù)的，“核心”即是文章的主題。二、用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個小竅門：1．段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however，but，infact，actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3．作者有意識重復(fù)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等。（2023·廣東·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測）Whenweareborn,weareperfect.Aswegrow,wedevelopmanyplexitiesduetomanyinfluencesinourlives.Ourbraincollectsandsavesallkindsofinformationfromthemomentweareborn.Apartfromourbrainhavingmemory,cellsinourbodyhavetheirownmemory,meaningthatourbodystoresmemories,bothphysiologicalandpsychological.Weareplexemotionalbeingsinnatureparedwithanyotherlivingthings.Apparently,physicalandpsychologicalmemoriesstronglyinfluenceouremotions!Interestingly,wecancreate,store,andreleaseemotionslikeenergy.Moreover,ifwedonotprocessournegativeemotionsproperlyandsuppress(壓制)themforalongtime,theycanfindawayoutviolentlyandunexpectedly.Unfortunately,wecarryourguiltthroughoutourlivesputtingtheeverincreasingburdenonourshoulders.Bothguiltandangerareuselessforus.Therefore,onemayask:isthereawaytoputdowntheburdenfromourshoulders?Itispossible,indeed.Importantly,sinceourguiltandangerinsideusareneitherreleasednorgivenattention,theyarestored.Actually,weshouldtakeactiontoaddressournegativeemotionsinordertoremovethemfromoursystem.Wecannotjustwishthemaway.Infact,byacknowledgingtheirpresenceandprovidingachannelforthem,wecandissolveouremotionsgradually.Isthereabetterwaytounloadourburden?Luckily,wehaveanaturalgiftforprocessingourfeelingsandemotionsforgiveness.Indeed,forgivingourselvesisagreatwaytodissolvenegativeemotions.Ofcourse,weshouldalsolearntoreadilyforgiveothers,andwhenwelearntoforgiveourselves,wealsonaturallyforgiveothers.Insummary,itisnogoodcarryingouryearsofemotionalbaggage.Byforgiving,wecanthrowawaytheemotionalbaggagewecarryforyears.Forgiveyourpastmistakes.Themomentyoustartforgiving,youwillfeelrelievedandyearsofheavinesswillliftmagically!32．What’sthemainideaofthispassage?A．LearningtoforgivehelpspeopleunloadtheirpsychologicalburdenB．ForgivingisthebestwayforpeopletodissolvenegativeemotionsC．ForgivingourselvesisthefirststepofforgivingothersD．Beingenergeticandoptimisticleadstoahappierlife【答案】A32．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Insummary,itisnogoodcarryingouryearsofemotionalbaggage.Byforgiving,wecanthrowawaytheemotionalbaggagewecarryforyears.(總之，帶著我們多年的情感包袱是沒有用的。通過寬恕，我們可以扔掉多年來背負的情感包袱。)”可知，本文主要講述了要學(xué)會原諒會幫助我們釋放情緒所帶來的負擔(dān)。故A選項“Learningtoforgivehelpspeopleunloadtheirpsychologicalburden(學(xué)會原諒可以幫助人們卸下心理負擔(dān))”概括文章大意。故選A。（2023·重慶·重慶巴蜀中學(xué)?？寄M預(yù)測）“Iknowwhentogoout,andwhentostayin.”,EnglishrockstarDavidBowieonceconfidentlysanginhishitsingle.Whenitestoconsumingfood,thedecisivenessclaimedbythesingersongwriterishardtoachieve.Idisagreewiththestatementandargueit’sbettertoeatoutthantoorderhomedelivery.Tobeginwith,whensettingfootinarestaurant,we’reimmediatelygreetednotonlybyaserverreadytoseatus,butbyafloodofphysicalfeelings—theeyestakeintheinternaldecorationoftheplace,thenosebreathesinthepleasantsmellofexpertlyplatedfoodandtheearspickuponpetingsoundsofcustomerchatterandattractiveinstoremusic.Toeatoutistoexperienceanatmosphereuniquetoeachrestaurant.Somethingasspecialasthatsimplycan’tbereproducedbyorderinghomedelivery.Eatingoutis,withoutdoubt,themoreexcitingandthusbetterchoice.Eatingoutbeesevenmoreappealingwhenstayinghomeprovestoopainful.Whetheritisbecauseweneedatemporaryfightfromourfamilyorthatwesimplywanttospendsomequalitytimeoutsidewithlovedones,goingoutforamealcanbeabreakfromthehardlabourofdomesticliving.Wecouldtakeitasanopportunityforselfcare—totreatourselvesbydressingup,arrivinginstyleatafancyrestaurantandorderingaslightlymoreluxuriousmealtorefreshourwearysoul.Orderinghomedeliverywouldonlycontributetofeelingsofbeingpennedinwhile;eatingoutisanescapeforthetrappedindividual.Fooddeliveryappusersreasonit’satroubleandlessconvenienttodressupandeatout.However,it’sworthnotingwemaynotalwaysgetourfoodinthemostsatisfactoryconditionwhenoptingforhomedelivery.There’sariskofreceivingfoodorderswithmissingitemsorevenentirelywrongordersthatcan’tbesentback.Whatwesacrificeforconveniencemightjustwindupbeinginconvenient.Consequently,itmakesmoresensetoeatoutratherthanriskdisappointmentbyorderinghomedelivery.52．Whatdoestheauthormainlytalkabout?A．Diningoptions. B．Cuisineculture.C．Consumptionlevel. D．Foodcategories.53．Whatadvantageofeatingoutishighlightedinparagraph2?A．Qualityservice. B．fortandconvenience.C．Sensoryenjoyment. D．Areasonablemixofnutrition.54．Whatdoestheauthorthinkoforderinghomedelivery?A．It’squitepricey. B．Itmayletconsumersdown.C．Itmaycausefoodwaste. D．It’snotenvironmentalfriendly.55．Howisthetextdeveloped?A．Byprovidingexamples. B．Byfollowingspaceorder.C．Bymakingparisons. D．Byanalyzingmentalprocesses.【答案】52．A53．C54．B55．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇議論文。作者將“在外面吃飯”和“點外賣送到家”兩種就餐方式進行了比較，告訴讀者“在外面吃飯”是更好的選擇。52．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段關(guān)鍵句“Idisagreewiththestatementandargueit’sbettertoeatoutthantoorderhomedelivery.”（我不同意這種說法，并認為在外面吃飯比點外賣送到家要好。）和最后一段關(guān)鍵句“Consequently,itmakesmoresensetoeatoutratherthanriskdisappointmentbyorderinghomedelivery.”（因此，在外就餐更有意義，而不是冒著失望的風(fēng)險點外賣送到家。）可知，作者在文章中把“在外面吃飯”和“點外賣送到家”兩種就餐方式進行了比較，認為在外就餐更有意義。由此可知，作者主要談?wù)摿擞貌瓦x擇問題。故選A項。53．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段關(guān)鍵句“Tobeginwith,whensettingfootinarestaurant,we’reimmediatelygreetednotonlybyaserverreadytoseatus,butbyafloodofphysicalfeelings—theeyestakeintheinternaldecorationoftheplace,thenosebreathesinthepleasantsmellofexpertlyplatedfoodandtheearspickuponpetingsoundsofcustomerchatterandattractiveinstoremusic.”（首先，當(dāng)我們走進一家餐廳時，迎接我們的不僅是一位準(zhǔn)備讓我們就座的服務(wù)員，還有一種洪流般的身體感覺——眼睛注視著餐廳的內(nèi)部裝飾，鼻子呼吸著精心烹制的食物的怡人氣味，耳朵聽到顧客相互競爭的聊天聲和吸引人的店內(nèi)音樂。）可知，第二段強調(diào)了外出就餐可以讓眼睛、鼻子和耳朵等感官都獲得享受。由此可知，第二段強調(diào)了外出就餐的好處是可以獲得感官上的享受。故選C項。54．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段關(guān)鍵句“There’sariskofreceivingfoodorderswithmissingitemsorevenentirelywrongordersthatcan’tbesentback.Whatwesacrificeforconveniencemightjustwindupbeinginconvenient.Consequently,itmakesmoresensetoeatoutratherthanriskdisappointmentbyorderinghomedelivery.”（收到的食品訂單有丟失的風(fēng)險，甚至是無法退回的完全錯誤的訂單。我們?yōu)榱朔奖愣鵂奚臇|西最終可能會變得不方便。因此，在外就餐更有意義，而不是冒著失望的風(fēng)險點外賣送到家。）可知，作者認為點外賣面臨著訂單丟失或訂單錯誤的風(fēng)險，這會讓我們感到失望。由此可知，作者認為點外賣送到家可能會讓消費者失望。故選B項。55．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段關(guān)鍵句“Toeatoutistoexperienceanatmosphereuniquetoeachrestaurant.Somethingasspecialasthatsimplycan’tbereproducedbyorderinghomedelivery.”（外出就餐是為了體驗每一家餐廳特有的氛圍。像這樣特別的東西根本無法通過點外賣送到家來復(fù)制。）和第三段關(guān)鍵句“Eatingoutbeesevenmoreappealingwhenstayinghomeprovestoopainful.”（當(dāng)待在家里太痛苦時，外出就餐變得更有吸引力。）可知，作者將“在外面吃飯”和“點外賣送到家”兩種就餐方式進行了比較，告訴讀者“在外面吃飯”的好處。由此可知，文章是通過比較發(fā)展起來的。故選C項?？键c三標(biāo)題歸納題理解標(biāo)題的三大特點，巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題。一個好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點：1．概括——準(zhǔn)確而又簡短；2．針對性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對照，一一排除不符選項；3．研讀備選項本身：研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等?！?022年北京卷】Quantum(量子)putershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantumputingexperts.OneisputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechpanieshaveinvestedinquantumputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumputingresearchers.”Asquantumputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmhecofoundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thepany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelyparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthepetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMorepetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumputersEvereintoBeing?D.WillQuantumputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【答案】34.D34.【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二自然段“Now,bigtechpanieshaveinvestedinquantumputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（現(xiàn)在，大型科技公司和許多小型公司都在量子計算領(lǐng)域進行了投資。據(jù)《商業(yè)周刊》報道，量子機器可以幫助我們“治愈癌癥，甚至采取措施將氣候變化轉(zhuǎn)向相反的方向。這種炒作讓約翰遜感到惱火。”）”以及最后一段“CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthepetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所說的那樣“以巨大的優(yōu)勢”領(lǐng)先所有競爭對手嗎？我不知道。我當(dāng)然不會建議我的朋友或其他人投資量子計算機。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任約翰遜一樣。）”可知，本文主要論述了“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計算機科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”。故選D。（2023·福建泉州·泉州五中?？家荒＃㏕echnologyseemstodiscourageslowreading.Readingonscreenstireseyeseasily.Soonlinewritingismoreskimmablethanprint.TheneuroscientistMaryWaltarguedthis“newnorm”ofskimreadingisproducing“aninvisible,dramatictransformation”inhowreadersprocesswords.Andbrainsnowfavorrapidabsorptionofinformation,ratherthanskillsdevelopedbydeeperreading,likecriticalanalysis.Weshouldn’toverplaythisdanger.Allreadersskim.Skimmingistheskillweacquireaswelearntoreadmoreskillfully.Andfearsaboutdecliningattentionspanshaveprovedtobefalsealarms.“Somecriticsworryaboutattentionspanandseeveryshortstoriesassignsofculturaldecline,”TheAmericanauthorSelvinwrote.“Butnobodyeversaidpoemswereevidenceofshortattentionspans.”YettheInternethascertainlychangedthewayweread.First,itmeansthere’smoretoread,becausemorepeoplethaneverarewriting.Anddigitalwritingmeansrapidreleaseandresponse.Oncepublished,onlinearticlesstartformingamentstringunderneath.Suchmodeofwritingandreadingcanbeinteractiveandfun,butisprobablylackinginprofoundreflection.Perhapsweshouldslowdown.Readingisconstantlypromotedasasourceofpersonalachievement.Butthisadvocacyemphasizes“enthusiastic”or“eager”reading—neithersuggestslowabsorption.Toaslowreader,apieceofwritingcanonlybefullyunderstoodbyimmersingoneselfintheirslowprehensionofwords.Theslowreaderislikeaswimmerwhostopscountingthenumberofpoollapshe’sdoneandjustenjoyshowhisbodyfeelsandmovesinwater.Thehumanneedforthiskindofdeepreadingistoodeterminedforanynewtechnologytodestroy.Weoftenassumetechnologicalchangecan’tbestopped,sooldermediaarekickedoutbynewer,morevirtualforms.Inpractice,oldertechnologiescancoexistwithnewones.TheKindlehasn’tkilledoffprintedbooksanymorethancarskilledoffbicycles.Westillwanttoenjoyslowlyformedideasandcarefullychosenwords.Eveninafastmovingage,thereistimeforslowreading.1．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsSelvin’sopinion?A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Objective.2．Whichstatementwouldtheauthorprobablyagreewith?A．Advocacyofpassionatereadinghelpspromoteslowreading.B．Digitalwritingandreadingtendstoignorecarefulreflection.C．Weshouldbeawareoftheimpactskimminghasonthebrain.D．ThenumberofInternetreadersdeclinesduetotechnology.3．Whyis“swimmer”mentionedinparagraph4?A．Todemonstratehowtoimmerseoneselfinthought.B．Tostressswimmingdiffersfromreading.C．Toshowslowreadingisbetterthanfastreading.D．Toillustratewhatslowreadingislike.4．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．SlowReadingisHeretoStayB．TechnologyPreventsSlowReadingC．ReflectionsonDeepReadingD．TheWonderofDeepReading【答案】1．A2．B3．D4．A【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇議論文。作者從各角度就科技對閱讀的影響闡述了自己的觀點并推崇慢速閱讀。1．推理判斷題。由文章第二段“Weshouldn’toverplaythisdanger.Allreadersskim.Skimmingistheskillweacquireaswelearntoreadmoreskillfully.Andfearsaboutdecliningattentionspanshaveprovedtobefalsealarms.‘Somecriticsworryaboutattentionspanandseeveryshortstoriesassignsofculturaldecline,’TheAmericanauthorSelvinwrote.‘Butnobodyeversaidpoemswereevidenceofshortattentionspans.’(我們不應(yīng)該夸大這種危險。所有讀者都會略讀。略讀是我們在學(xué)習(xí)更熟練地閱讀時獲得的技能。事實證明，對注意力持續(xù)時間下降的擔(dān)憂是虛驚一場。美國作家Selvin寫道，‘一些評論家擔(dān)心注意力持續(xù)時間，認為短篇小說是文化衰落的標(biāo)志，但從來沒有人說詩歌是注意力持續(xù)時間短的證據(jù)’。)”可知，作者是贊成Selvin的觀點，詩歌就是注意力持續(xù)時間短但文化豐富的深度閱讀，所以對閱讀注意力持續(xù)時間下降的擔(dān)憂是沒有必要的。故選A項。2．推理判斷題。由文章第三段“Oncepublished,onlinearticlesstartformingamentstringunderneath.Suchmodeofwritingandreadingcanbeinteractiveandfun,butisprobablylackinginprofoundreflection.(一旦發(fā)表，在線文章就開始在下面形成一個評論字符串。這種寫作和閱讀模式可以是互動和有趣的，但可能缺乏深刻的反思。)”可知，作者認為在線寫作和閱讀往往忽視仔細思考。故選B項。3．推理判斷題。由文章第四段“Toaslowreader,apieceofwritingcanonlybefullyunderstoodbyimmersingoneselfintheirslowprehensionofwords.Theslowreaderislikeaswimmerwhostopscountingthenumberofpoollapshe'sdoneandjustenjoyshowhisbodyfeelsandmovesinwater.(對于一個慢讀者來說，只有沉浸在他們對單詞的緩慢理解中，才能完全理解一篇文章。閱讀速度慢的人就像一個游泳運動員，他不再計算自己在游泳池里跑了多少圈，只是享受自己的身體在水中的感覺和運動。)”可知，一個游泳運動員不再計算自己在游泳池里跑了多少圈，只是享受自己的身體在水中的感覺和運動，作者提到游泳運動員是為了說明慢速閱讀是什么樣的。故選D項。4．主旨大意題。由文章最后一段“Inpractice,oldertechnologiescancoexistwithnewones.TheKindlehasn'tkilledoffprintedbooksanymorethancarskilledoffbicycles.Westillwanttoenjoyslowlyformedideasandcarefullychosenwords.Eveninafastmovingage,thereistimeforslowreading.(在實踐中，舊技術(shù)可以與新技術(shù)共存。Kindle并沒有像汽車殺死自行車一樣殺死印刷書籍。我們?nèi)匀幌胂硎苈纬傻南敕ê途奶暨x的詞語。即使在一個快速發(fā)展的時代，也有時間慢慢閱讀。)”以及上文可知，作者就科技對閱讀的影響闡述自己的觀點并認為在快速發(fā)展的時代中，我們?nèi)匀豢梢韵硎苈匍喿x。所以A項SlowReadingisHeretoStay(慢讀還是存在的)符文文意。故選A項。過關(guān)檢測（2023·湖南郴州·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測）It’sunlikelythatyouehomefromatripandstandontopofyourbedstillwearingyourstreetshoes.Forsometravellers,puttingtheirsuitcaseontheirbedisjustasdisgusting(令人反感的).Thewheelsofourluggagepacedthesamesoiledpathasourshoes,rollingthroughairportbathrooms,sidewalksandpublictransportation.Whileitmightsoundterribletoputaworldlybagonyourbed,isitactuallyharmfultoyourhealth?AccordingtoPhyllisKozarsky,anexperttravelhealthconsultant,mostpublichealthprofessionalsdon’tconsiderluggageamajortransmitter(傳播者)ofdisease.“Wehavenotidentifiedoutbreaksrelatedtodirtyluggage,”Kozarskysays.Travellersmaybenefitfromcleaningtheirluggageiftheysuspectthattheirhotelroomsareoverrunwithbedbugs.“Thentheycertainlywouldbenefitbycleaningitaftertheyreturnedhome,”Kozarskysays.Evenifyourluggagetouchingyourbedwon’thurtyou,youmightstillbedisgusted.Afterall,travelisanexperiencefullofbacteria.“Youhavepeople...carryingalltypesofdifferentbacteria.Someofthemaresick,andyounowhavethempopulatingthesepublictravelplaces,”saysColleenCostello,CEOofVit