高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計二輪用書英語(新高考)閱讀理解　文體分類練3　說明文之科普知識類

文體分類練(三)說明文之科普知識類(限時:25分鐘)Passage1(2023浙江湖州、衢州、麗水二模)Incountriesaroundtheworld,womendomoreunpaidlabor—housework,childandeldercare,andthementalloadofmanagingafamilythanmen.Newresearchsuggestsittakesahealthtoll(代價)onmanyofthem.Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally,whichispublishedthismonthinTheLancet(柳葉刀)PublicHealth,foundthatthemoreofthislaborwomendo,theworsetheirmentalhealth.Thefindingspointoutwomenaremoreoftendiagnosedwithanxietyanddepressionthanmen.Houseworkandchildcare,theresearchfound,havemuchlessofanimpactonmen’smentalhealth.That’sprobablybecausetheydosomuchlessofit.IntheUnitedStates,womendoanaverage4.5hoursofsuchworkaday,comparedwith2.8hoursformen,accordingtodatafromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.InGreece,womendo4.3hourswhilemendoanhourandahalf.Eveninthemostgender-equalcountries,likeSweden,womendo50minutesmoreadaythanmen.It’salsobecausethetypeofsuchworkmendoisgenerallylesstime-sensitive.Forexample,menaremoreoftenresponsibleforoutdoortasks,likemowingthelawn,thataredonelessoftenandontheirownschedule.Womenaremorelikelytotakeondailytasksthatneedtobedoneatcertaintimes,likepreparingmealsorcleaningup.Socialexpectationsprobablyalsoplayarole.Studieshaveshownthatwomenfeelpressuretokeeptheirhomesclean,forinstance,andfeeljudgediftheydon’t.Men,ontheotherhand,areoftenpraisedfordoingdailytasksliketakingachildtoanappointment.TheLancetresearcherssaidthatdrawingclearconclusionsfromthe19studieswasdifficultandthatmoreresearchwouldbewelcome.1.Howdoestheauthorshowtheresearchfindingsinparagraphs2and3?A.Bygivingexamples. B.Bylistingfigures.C.Bymakinganalysis. D.Bytellingstories.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“time-sensitive”meaninparagraph4?A.Flexible. B.Valuable.C.Demandingintiming. D.Challenginginskills.3.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph5?A.Womenaregenerallyexpectedtodomorehouseholdlabor.B.Womenwillbepunishedbyjudgesiftheydon’tkeeptheirhomesclean.C.Menfeelstressedmoreoftenwhentheycan’ttaketheirchildrentothedentist.D.Menaresupposedtotakeachildtoanappointmentinsteadofdoingotherhousework.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Factsthatmenandwomenareunequal.B.Badeffectsthathouseworkhasonwomen.C.Responsibilitiesthatwomenshareinfamilies.D.Reasonswhyunpaidlaborhurtswomenmorementally.Passage2(2023浙江寧波二模)Humansarenottheanimalkingdom’sonlyfashionistas.Tits(山雀)canbefashionfollowers,too,apparently.Alateststudyshowsthat,giventhechance,theydecoratetheirnestswiththisseason’smust-havecolour.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinwerefollowinguponastudypublishedin1934byHenrySmithWilliams,anAmericannaturalist.Henoticedthatwhenheputvariouscolouredballsofyarn(紗)outinhisgarden,almostalwaysoneandonlyonebecamepopularthatseasonforbeingincludedintolocalbirds’nests.Butwhichparticularcolourwasfavouredvariedfromseasontoseason.Thissuggestedthatthecolourchosenbyoneoftheearlybirdswasspottedandcopiedbyothers.Williams’sworkwas,however,forgottenuntiltheycameacrossitwhilefollowinguponadifferentstudy,publishedbyateamattheUniversityofToulouse,suggestingfashion-following,too.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinthereforesetouttore-runWilliams’sexperiment,butthistimetocollectsomeactualnumbers.Thebirdstheyfollowedwerepartofawell-monitoredpopulationofbluetitsinawoodneartheinstitute.Mostbirdsinthiswoodcarriedtrackingdevicesfittedtothemaftertheircaptureinmistnets.Thatallowedtheinstitute’sresearcherstokeeptrackofavastnumberofindividualsbyrecordingtheirarrivalatfoodcontainersthroughoutthewood.Insteadoffood,thesecontainerswereloadedwithwoolofdifferentcolours.Interestingly,researcherssoonfoundthatmostnestsofbluetitsincludedonlythecolourofthewoolfirstchosenbyanestbuilder.Tits,then,doseemtobe“ontrend”,whenitcomestonest-buildingmaterials.Whythatshouldhappenremainsobscure.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.Williams’soriginalwork,though,suggestssuchinitialchoicesareatrandom—abitlikethoseoftheleadersofhumanfashions.5.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph2?A.Dr.WildandDr.AplincontributedtoWilliam’swork.B.Earlybirds’colourpreferencewascopiedbytheirfellows.C.Theyarnwasthemostpopularmaterialtodecoratelocalbirds’nests.D.Thecolouroftheyarnfavouredbylocalbirdswasfixedthroughouttheyear.6.HowdidDr.WildandDr.AplinimproveWilliams’sexperiment?A.Theyobservedthebluetits.B.Theystudiedthehabitsofbluetits.C.Theyadoptedthedata-collectingmethod.D.Theyfittedtrackingdevicestofoodcontainers.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“obscure”inparagraph5mean?A.Hidden. B.Evident.C.Complicated. D.Shallow.8.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Birdsfavourcertaincoloursindecoration.B.Youngbirdsfollowtheireldersinfashion.C.Youngbirdsarejustasintelligentaspeople.D.Birdsarejustasfashion-consciousaspeople.Passage3(2023福建廈門二模)Inanewstudy,IowaPsychologistEdWassermangavethepigeonscomplexcategorizationteststhathigh-levelthinkingwouldnotaidinsolving.Instead,thepigeons,bytrialanderror,eventuallywereabletomemorizeenoughsituationsinthetest.Thisbasicprocessofmakingassociations—consideredalower-levelthinkingtechnique—isthesamebetweenthetest-takingpigeonsandthelatestAIadvances.Theresearcherssoughttofigureouttwotypesoflearning:onedeclarativelearning,isbasedonexercisingreasonaccordingtoasetofrulesorstrategies—aso-calledhigherleveloflearningownedmostlybypeople.Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns,suchas“sky-blue”and“water-wet”.Wasserman’steamdesignedadifficulttesttofindoutwhetherthepigeonsusedeclarativeorassociativelearning.Eachtestpigeonwasshownastimulus(刺激)andhadtodecide,bypecking(啄)abuttonontherightorontheleft,towhichcategorythatstimulusbelonged.Whatmadethetestsodemandingwasthatnorulesorlogicwouldhelpfinishthetask.Theyhavetomemorizetheindividualstimuliorregionsfromwherethestimulioccur.Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.“ThepigeonsarelikeAImasters,”Wassermansays.“Bothofthememployassociativelearning,andyetthatbase-levelthinkingiswhatallowedthepigeonstoultimatelyscoresuccessfully.”Ifpeopleweretotakethesametest,they’dscorepoorlyandwouldprobablygiveupbecausetheyrelysoheavilyonrulesorstrategies.Thoseruleswouldgetinthewayoflearning.Thepigeondoesn’thavethathigh-levelthinkingprocess.Butitdoesn’tgetinthewayoftheirlearning.Infact,insomewaysitfacilitatesit.“PeoplearestunnedbyAIdoingamazingthingsusingalearningalgorithm(算法)muchlikethepigeon,”Wassermansays,“yetwhenpeopletalkaboutassociativelearninginhumansandanimals,itisdiscountedasinflexibleanduncomplicated.”9.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalexampleofassociativelearning?A.Tomrefusestoputhandsonhotstovesafterburns.B.Dolphinsdetectobstaclesusingsoundwaves.C.Chimpanzeesusephysicalgesturestrategies.D.Emilyfiguresoutmathproblemswithlogic.10.Howdidthepigeonsimprovetheirperformanceinthetest?A.Bypeckingthestimuli.B.Byfindingrulesorlogic.C.Bycompetingwitheachother.D.Bymakingnumerousattempts.11.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.AIandmanusethesamelearningpattern.B.Associativelearningisunderestimated.C.Peoplethinkhighlyofdeclarativelearning.D.PigeonsfinishtaskswithAIalgorithms.12.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleofthetext?A.Pigeon’sPeckCanMirrorHighTechB.AIContributestoaNewLearningPatternC.AICanEnrichHumanLearningExperienceD.Pigeon’sLearningLargelyExtendsHighTech答案：文體分類練(三)說明文之科普知識類Passage1[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了發(fā)表在《柳葉刀公共衛(wèi)生》上的一項對全球70,310人的19項研究的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),女性從事的勞動越多,她們的心理健康狀況就越差。1.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally”以及第三段中“IntheUnitedStates,womendoanaverage4.5hoursofsuchworkaday,comparedwith2.8hoursformen”可知,作者在第二段和第三段是通過列舉數(shù)字展示研究成果的。2.C詞義猜測題。根據(jù)下文“Forexample,menaremoreoftenresponsibleforoutdoortasks,likemowingthelawn,thataredonelessoftenandontheirownschedule.Womenaremorelikelytotakeondailytasksthatneedtobedoneatcertaintimes,likepreparingmealsorcleaningup.”可知,男性負(fù)責(zé)的任務(wù)對時間的要求沒有女性高,可推理出第四段中time-sensitive的含義應(yīng)為對時間要求高的。3.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中“Studieshaveshownthatwomenfeelpressuretokeeptheirhomesclean,forinstance,andfeeljudgediftheydon’t.”可知,婦女被期望從事更多的家務(wù)勞動。4.D主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段以及第三段中“Houseworkandchildcare,theresearchfound,havemuchlessofanimpactonmen’smentalhealth.”以及第五段中“Socialexpectationsprobablyalsoplayarole.”可知,本文第一段提出了無償家務(wù)勞動對婦女心理有健康危害這一研究發(fā)現(xiàn),后續(xù)段落對這一研究發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了原因分析和解釋。Passage2[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。人類并不是動物界唯一的時尚達(dá)人。研究表明,山雀也像人類一樣追隨潮流,用流行色裝點巢穴。5.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Henoticedthatwhenheputvariouscolouredballsofyarnoutinhisgarden...byoneoftheearlybirdswasspottedandcopiedbyothers.”可知,最開始的鳥類的顏色偏好被它們的同伴模仿了。6.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Dr.WildandDr.Aplinthereforesetouttore-runWilliams’sexperiment,butthistimetocollectsomeactualnumbers.”可知,Wild博士和Aplin博士采用了數(shù)據(jù)收集的方法來改進(jìn)Williams的實驗。7.A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第五段中“Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.”中的suspect可推知,為什么會發(fā)生這種情況還不清楚。obscure意為“不清楚的;隱蔽的”。8.D主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段可知,本文主要講的是鳥類像人類一樣追隨潮流。D項“Birdsarejustasfashion-consciousaspeople.”最能概括本文大意。Passage3[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。心理學(xué)家通過實驗證明鴿子和最新的人工智能使用了同樣的學(xué)習(xí)方法:聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)。9.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns,suchas‘sky-blue’and‘water-wet’.”可知,聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)是建立聯(lián)系。在“湯姆燙傷后不愿把手放在熱爐子上”這一現(xiàn)象中,湯姆把燙傷和熱爐子聯(lián)系了起來,這屬于聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)。10.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.”可知,鴿子在測試中通過多次嘗試提高它們的表現(xiàn)。11.B推理