2015年考研英語一真題及答案解析

2015年考研英語一真題及答案解析

（1~20/共20題）完形填空

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%

ofgenes.Thatis_1_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityin

theProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has_2_.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_3_1,932uniquesubjectswhich

_4_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedin

both_5_.

While1%mayseem_6_Jtisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler;professorofmedical

geneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_7_theirfourthcousinsbut

somehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_8_ourkin.”

Thestudy_9_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnot

genesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,for

now,_10_,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_11_it.

Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_12_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilar

friends_13_〃functionalKinship"ofbeingfriendswith_14_!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobe

evolution_15_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_16_whyhumanevolutionpicked

paceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_17_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's_18_tobefriendthoseof

similar_19_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfroma

populationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_20_thatallsubjects,friendsand

strangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

第1題

A.when

B.why

C.how

D.what

第2題

A.defended

B.concluded

C.withdrawn

D.advised

第3題

A.for

B.with

C.on

D上y

第4題

A.compared

B.sought

C.separated

0.connected

第5題

A.tests

B.objects

C.samples

□.examples

第6題

A.insignificant

B.unexpected

C.unbelievable

□.incredible

第7題

A.visit

B.miss

C.seek

D.know

第8題

A.resemble

B.influence

C.favor

0.surpass

第9題

A.again

B.also

C.instead

D.thus

第10題

A.Meanwhile

B.Furthermore

C.Likewise

D.Perhaps

第11題

A.about

B.to

C.from

D.like

第12題

A.drive

B.observe

C.confuse

D.limit

第13題

A.accordingto

B.ratherthan

C.regardlessof

D.alongwith

第14題

A.chances

B.responses

C.missions

□.benefits

第15題

A.later

B.slower

C.faster

D.earlier

第16題

A.forecast

B.remember

C.understand

0.express

第17題

A.unpredictable

B.contributory

C.controllable

□.disruptive

第18題

A.endeavor

B.decision

C.arrangement

□.tendency

第19題

A.political

B.religious

C.ethnic

□.economic

第20題

A.see

B.show

C.prove

D.tell

下一題

(21~25/共20題)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep/'But

embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave

forcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyis

seeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheir

magnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionis

particularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove

"mere"politicsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs'continuingpopularity

polarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregioninthe

world,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutist

counterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvotersto

avoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityasthey

claimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdated

andindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandother

economistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itis

bizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocratic

states.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princes

andprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,theseare

wealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesit

increasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,

itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherratherordinary

(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetaste

oflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthat

monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialand

non-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,not

republicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.

第21題

AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

A.usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

B.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

C.casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

D.endedhisreigninembarrassment

第22題

MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

B.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

C.togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

D.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

第23題

Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

A-Aristocrats'excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

B.Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

D.Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges

第24題

TheBritishroyals"havemosttofear“becauseCharles

A.takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

B.failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

C.takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

D.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

第25題

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

B.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

C.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

0.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

上一題下一題

(26~30/共20題)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnow

considerwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthe

phoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularlyonethat

upsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthe

timeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewand

rapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughofthe

implicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdated

guidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa

smartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,riflingthrougha

suspect'spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhenthey

siftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmart

phoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreading

history,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.

Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing/meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchthe

easier.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitive

informationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearight

toexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibitionon

unreasonablesearches.

Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.In

manycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthrough

phonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,

urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataare

noterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfor

policetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnology

sometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alaw

professor;comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywith

theestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadto

specifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortout

howtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

第26題

TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether;duringanarrest,itislegitimateto

A.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

B.searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

C.checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

□.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

第27題

Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof

A.disapproval.

B.indifference.

C.tolerance.

0.cautiousness.

第28題

Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto

A.gettingintoone'sresidence.

B.handlingone'shistoricalrecords.

C.scanningone'scorrespondences.

D.goingthroughone'swallet.

第29題

InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

A.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

B.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

Cxitizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.

D.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

第30題

OrinKerr/scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

A.theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

B.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

C.California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

0.principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered

上一題下一題

（31~35/共20題）SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,

editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromother

journals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothe

irreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal/writesMcNutt

inaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointed

sevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupfor

additionalscrutinybythejournal'sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditors

orbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthese

manuscripts.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreationof

the"statisticsboard'wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsand

dataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibility

intheresearchwepublish//

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberof

theSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole."Heagreedto

joinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,unique

andlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsin

Scienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodel

theirapproachafterScience//

Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amost

welcomestepforward"and"longoverdue/'"Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthis

damagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapers

nowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview/hesays.Buthenotedthat

biomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedical

AssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsare

alarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchers

shouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,

""engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess".Vaux

saysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessis

thatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify'thepapersthatneedscrutiny'inthe

firstplace”.

第31題

ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that

A.Scienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewprocess.

B.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

C.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

D.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

第32題

Thephrase"flaggedup,z(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

A.found.

B.marked.

C.revised.

0.stored.

第33題

GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

A.poseathreattoallitspeers.

B.meetwithstrongopposition.

C.increaseScience'scirculation.

D.setanexampleforotherjournals.

第34題

DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

A.addstoresearchers'workload.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture

第35題

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers.

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors'Desks

0.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

上一題下一題

(36~40/共20題)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe''unsettlingdearthof

integrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutionswIntegrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa

collectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism〃insocietyshouldbeprofitandthe

market.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit〃.

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceof

purpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthe

mostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismandfreedom?'Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewas

woundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternationalzshieldthoughtzmakingitmorelikelythatit

wouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,Andy

Coulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentof

thesamecharge-thewinderissueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,Journalistsareknownto

havehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswas

acknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethe

pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespread

phonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishingrevelations

washowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshethoughtto

askandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessful

defencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday'sworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshouldnotbeso

surprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismof

societyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholder

value,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Words

degradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingto

befairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequest

forcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowher

journalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceived

traceable,recordedanswers.

第36題

Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

A.theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

B.companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices.

C.governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

D.thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

第37題

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

A.GIemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

B.morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

C.AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

D.phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

第38題

TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdeference

A.revealedacunningpersonality

B.centeredontrivialissues

C.washardlyconvincing

D.waspartofaconspiracy

第39題

Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

A.generallydistortedvalues

B.unfairwealthdistribution

C.amarginalizedlifestyle

D.arigidmoralcote

第40題

Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

A.Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

B.Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.

C.Moralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.

□Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

上一題下一題

(41~45/共5題)PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethe

mostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextra

choices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifying

meaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyour

explicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,for

instance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whoismakingthe

utterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.Butthey

showcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementinference

andproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspby

presentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.

Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanberead

offandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44)Thisdoesn't,however;

makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferent

historicalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsof

thesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhuman

concerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.

(45)suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalso

do-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn't

thennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhile

thananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreference

pointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together;theymakeupthereadingcomponent

ofyouroverallliteracyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofa

givencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingona

trainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,age

andsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutatthesametimeobscureor

evencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingclues

presentedinthecontest.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater;youmakea

mentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]lneffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,

imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetestmaybesignificanttoyou,or

aboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwill

inevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]lnplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor;

notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemight

calltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveina

text'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,

socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.

第41題

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(46~50/共5題)PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atide

ofemigration—oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46)

Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawilderness

and,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.

47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropean

peopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanew

countrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.

AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,

Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionsto

thenewworld.

48)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevaried

nationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,

newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.

Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmany

ways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.

49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStates

crossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and16th-centuryexplorationsof

NorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,the

WestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifully

overcrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysubsistedonbarelyenough

foodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipwerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,

andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,

andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.

“TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief//

saidonerecorderofevents,/zTheairattwelveleagues'distancesmeltassweetasanew-blown

garden/Thecolonists'firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.50)Thevirgin

forestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasaveritablerealtreasure-housewhichextended

fromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastheraw

materialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.

第46題

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(l/l)SectionIIIWriting

PartA

Directions:Writeacomposition/letterofnolessthan100wordsonthefollowinginformation.

(10

points)

第51題

Directions:

Youaregoingtohostaclubreadingsession.Writeanemailofabout100words

recommendingabooktotheclubmembers.

Youshouldstatereasonsforyourrecommendation.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.