2025高考英語(yǔ)步步高大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義人教版語(yǔ)法專題專題四　第1講　定語(yǔ)從句含答案

2025高考英語(yǔ)步步高大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義人教版語(yǔ)法專題第1講定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞、代詞或整個(gè)主句的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，定語(yǔ)從句放在先行詞的后面。Arealfriendissomeonewho①walksinwhentherestoftheworldwalkout.Arealfriendissomeonewhose②supportwecancounton.Arealfriendissomeonewho①seesourtrueself，notjustthefacewho/whom/that③weshowtotheworld.Yetthesedays，themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.Wemaybeabletomakemanyfriendsonline，butthesefriendshipscanbequiteshallow.Socialmedialikeblogshascomebetweenusandthefriendswho/whom/that③welove.Textingandmessagingcannottaketheplaceofface-to-facechatting.“Sharing”ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpressthevalueswhich/that④mattermosttous.“Liking”ourfriends’photosonlinedoesnotdeveloptheconnectionwhich/that④weshare.Tomakefriendsarealpartofourlives，weshouldputdownoursmartphonesandmeettheminperson.[規(guī)則感悟]①關(guān)系詞指人作主語(yǔ)，可以用who，that引導(dǎo)。若先行詞為someone，anyone，one等時(shí)，關(guān)系詞只能用who。②關(guān)系詞作定語(yǔ)，用whose引導(dǎo)，既可以指人也可以指物。③關(guān)系詞指人作賓語(yǔ)，可以用who，whom，that引導(dǎo)。④關(guān)系詞指物作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，可以用which，that引導(dǎo)。1．who，whom和whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。(1)who和whom都指人。who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；whom在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略。在口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom。(2)whose指人的或物的，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，指物時(shí)可用ofwhich代替，指人時(shí)可用ofwhom代替。Somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.有些成功的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者，在其他領(lǐng)域常常會(huì)失敗。Ihavemanyfriends(who/whom)I’mgoingtosendpostcardsto.我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片給他們。Myeldestson，whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld，isinNewYorkatthemoment.我的大兒子目前在紐約，他的工作使他在全世界到處跑。2．that和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that代替的先行詞可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行詞只能是物。使用這兩個(gè)關(guān)系詞要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：(1)6種只用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況。①先行詞是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，theone等不定代詞時(shí)。②先行詞被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修飾時(shí)。③先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾或先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)。④先行詞被theonly，thevery(正是，恰是),thelast修飾時(shí)。⑤先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。⑥當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。(2)4種只用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況。①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。②先行詞為物，關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)。③先行詞本身是that時(shí)。④關(guān)系代詞后有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)。3．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句主要用于thesame...as...，such...as...和so...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中。as既可以指人也可以指物，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。Wehavefoundthesamematerialsasareusedintheirfactory.我們已經(jīng)找到了和他們工廠里使用的一樣的材料。Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.這些房子以人們期望的低價(jià)出售了。4．引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)as與which的區(qū)別關(guān)系詞位置不同表意不同as既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中意為“正如……”，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等which通常放在主句之后意為“這一點(diǎn)”或“這件事”等Asanybodycansee，theelephantislikeasnake.正如每個(gè)人所看到的一樣，這頭大象像一條蛇。Thenumberofsmokers，asisreported，hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.正如報(bào)道的那樣，吸煙者的數(shù)量?jī)H在一年內(nèi)就已經(jīng)減少了百分之十七。Shemarriedagain，whichwasunexpected.她再婚了，這是始料未及的。5．定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致(1)關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致；先行詞是句子時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishomemade.給我的那臺(tái)錄音機(jī)是國(guó)產(chǎn)的。(2)“oneof＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”位于關(guān)系代詞前作先行詞，且關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)，但當(dāng)one前有the、theonly、thevery等修飾時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.他是取得很大進(jìn)步的學(xué)生之一。Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasmadegreatprogress.他是這些學(xué)生中唯一一個(gè)取得很大進(jìn)步的學(xué)生。對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)1．BMIisaninternationallyrecognizedmeasurementtoolwhich/thatgivesanindicationofwhethersomeoneisahealthyweight.(2021·浙江1月)2．DrRowan，whosesecretaryresignedtwoweeksago，hashadtodoallhisowntyping.3．Theladywhois(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.4．Asiswidelyaccepted，intheMiddleEastArabsgreeteachotherbytouchingnoses，butthisisnotapolitewayofgreetinginothercultures.5．Whentheymetagain，thetwofriendstalkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.6．ThenMrGreenreadsomereviewsoftheplay，whichsaiditwasaterribleone.Arecentsurveyhasfoundthatmanypeoplesufferfromsleepproblems.Someareunabletofallasleep，somewakeupinthemiddleofthenight，andotherssimplydonotgetenoughsleep.Oneofthereasonswhy①peoplefailtogetagoodnight’ssleepispressurefromschoolorwork.Noisepollutionandlightpollutioninbigcitiesmayalsocontributetosleepproblems.Intheshortterm，peoplewithsleepproblemsoftenfeeltiredandhavetroubleconcentrating.Inthelongterm，theymaybeatincreasedriskofhavingapoormemory，beingoverweightandsufferingaheartattack.Sleepproblemsareespeciallydangerousforteenagers.Theyarestillgrowing，andnightisthetimewhen②theirbodiesgrowfaster.Teenagerswhodonotsleepwellmayexperiencesituationswhere③bodydevelopmentslowsdown，andtheirhealthsuffers.So，ifyouhavetroublegettingagoodnight’ssleep，itmightbetimetomakesomechangesinyourlifestyle.[規(guī)則感悟]①先行詞表示原因，關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞why。②先行詞表示時(shí)間，關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞when。③先行詞表示情況，關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞where。1．關(guān)系副詞指代的先行詞及其作用。先行詞關(guān)系副詞在從句中的作用與“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”的關(guān)系表示時(shí)間的名詞：time，day，year等when作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)＝at/in/on/duringwhich表示場(chǎng)所的名詞：park，place，country，house等where作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)＝in/at/to/onwhich表示原因的名詞：reasonwhy作原因狀語(yǔ)＝forwhichWeliveinanagewhen(inwhich)moreinformationisavailablewithgreateasethaneverbefore.我們生活在一個(gè)比以前任何時(shí)候都容易獲得更多信息的時(shí)代。Theschoolwhere(atwhich)Istudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometresaway.我只在那里上了兩年學(xué)的那所學(xué)校離這里有3000米遠(yuǎn)。Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hedidn’tpassthedrivingtestwasthathelackedpractice.他沒有通過駕照考試的原因是他缺乏練習(xí)。2．有時(shí)先行詞是表示抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，當(dāng)從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatefromeachother.他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。3．先行詞occasion意為“時(shí)機(jī)”時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞when；意為“場(chǎng)合”時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where。Icanrememberveryfewoccasionswhenhehadtocancelameetingbecauseofillhealth.我記得他很少有因?yàn)榻】挡患讯坏貌蝗∠麜?huì)議的情況。Takingherwithmeonofficialoccasionswheremanyimportantfiguresarepresenthasbeenachallenge.在很多大人物到場(chǎng)的正式場(chǎng)合帶上她對(duì)我而言是一種挑戰(zhàn)。4．當(dāng)先行詞way意為“方法、方式”，且在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用that，inwhich或省略關(guān)系詞。It’snotwhatyousay；it’stheway(that/inwhich)yousayit.問題不在于你說什么，而在于你怎么說。5．關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的選擇。選用關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞時(shí)，首先應(yīng)明確關(guān)系副詞不可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。若定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則定語(yǔ)從句需用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)；從句的謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞，而其后無賓語(yǔ)，就必須用關(guān)系代詞替代先行詞充當(dāng)其賓語(yǔ)；若為不及物動(dòng)詞，則從句中不需要賓語(yǔ)，需要用關(guān)系副詞。如：eq\x(典例1)Thefactoryheonceworkedisclosednow.eq\x(分析)work與factory不能直接構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，只有后面加上介詞in才能構(gòu)成正確的表達(dá)形式，workinthefactory。因此可推知work為不及物動(dòng)詞。因此此處應(yīng)使用關(guān)系副詞where作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。eq\x(典例2)Thefactoryhesetuplastyearisoperatingwell.eq\x(分析)該題從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以和先行詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)setupthefactory，所以setup是及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。其后缺賓語(yǔ)，因此此處用關(guān)系代詞that或which。對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)1．Inthespring，aseasonwhenwearelearningnewrhythmsoflife，manyofusfindcomfortinthenaturalworld.(2021·天津6月)2．Theyarenowinasituationwheretheyneedtomakeapracticalplan.3．Thatevening，whichIwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.4．Oneday，mentallyexhausted，Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.Asisuniversallyknown，highschoollifeisanimportantturningpointandhighschoolcampusisanimportantplaceinwhich①studentsstudyandlive.Heretherearemanykindteacherstowhom②wecanturnforhelpwhenweareintrouble.MyclassmatesandIdecidedtodosomethingforthecominggraduation.Havinghadaheateddiscussion，weagreedonmakingavideowithwhich③wecouldrecordourexperiencesatschool.Materialcollectingtookusawholeweek，duringwhich④weinterviewedourteachersandtookpicturesofeveryaspectofschoollife.Somecompromiseswereunavoidable，butthevideoturnedoutperfect.Thatdayonwhich⑤thevideowasplayed，itwaswellreceived.Thestudentsandteacherssharedagreattime，whichsurelygaveusagreatsenseofachievement.[規(guī)則感悟]“介詞＋關(guān)系詞”可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，如果先行詞是物，關(guān)系詞用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行詞是人，關(guān)系詞用whom，如：②。介詞可以根據(jù)與先行詞的關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇，如：①③④⑤，也可以根據(jù)與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配進(jìn)行選擇，如：②。1．若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)常用whom，指物時(shí)常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞＋whose＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。Heisthepersononwhomyoucandepend.他是你可以信賴的人。Hewasthemanfromwhoseroomthethiefhadstolenhisbag.他就是被小偷從房間里偷走包的那個(gè)人。LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstore，threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.上周日我從書店買了一些書，其中三本是英文小說。2．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的確定：(1)依據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定Iboughtagreatmanybooks，onwhichIspentallmymoneythatIhadsaved.我買了很多書，花光了所有的積蓄。(2)依據(jù)先行詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配來確定I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記在鄉(xiāng)下度過的童年時(shí)光。(3)根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思來確定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.沒有它我們就不能生存的無色氣體叫氧氣。3．whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾物時(shí)，“whose＋名詞”可以換為“the＋名詞＋ofwhich”；修飾人時(shí)，可以換為“the＋名詞＋ofwhom”。Thenewlybuiltcafe，thewallsofwhich(＝whosewalls)arepaintedlightgreen，isreallyapeacefulplaceforus，especiallyafterhardwork.這家新建成的咖啡館，它的墻壁被刷成了淺綠色，對(duì)我們來說，這真是一個(gè)安靜的地方，特別是在辛苦工作后。特別提醒定語(yǔ)從句與其他七種易混句型的區(qū)別(一)定語(yǔ)從句與并列句的區(qū)別兩個(gè)句子之間若有and，but，so等并列連詞或分號(hào)則為并列句，此時(shí)不需要再填引導(dǎo)詞。1．Shehaswrittenmanynovels，someofareinteresting.分析which[which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞novels，“someofwhich”在從句中作主語(yǔ)。]2．Shehaswrittenmanynovels，andsomeofareinteresting.分析them[此句為and連接的并列句。](二)定語(yǔ)從句與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以需要引導(dǎo)詞，而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，沒有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以不需要再填引導(dǎo)詞。1．Shehascollectedmanyoldstamps，mostofareworththousandsofdollars.分析which[which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞stamps，“mostofwhich”在從句中作主語(yǔ)，后邊有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are。]2．Shehascollectedmanyoldstamps，mostofworththousandsofdollars.分析them[逗號(hào)后面沒有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，不需要引導(dǎo)詞，故填them。](三)定語(yǔ)從句與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，而地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句則沒有；定語(yǔ)從句修飾的是先行詞，而地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句修飾的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。1．Weyoungpeopleshouldgototheplaceisinneedofhelp.分析which/that[關(guān)系代詞which/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞“theplace”，且在從句中作主語(yǔ)。]2．Weyoungpeopleshouldgowe’remostneeded.分析where[where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞go。](四)定語(yǔ)從句與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句有表示時(shí)間的先行詞，而時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句則沒有；定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞，而時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。1．IwillalwaysrememberthedaysIlivedwithmygrandparentsinthecountryside.分析when[when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞“thedays”，且在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。]2．IalwaysrememberthedaysinthecountrysideIseethephotoofmygrandparents.分析when[when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞remember。](五)定語(yǔ)從句與結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在thesame...as...與such...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中，as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分；such/so...that...引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中，that在從句中不作成分。1．Thisissuchaninterestingworkofartallofuslike.分析as[as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中作like的賓語(yǔ)。]2．Thisissuchaninterestingworkofartallofuslikeit.分析that[such...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。](六)定語(yǔ)從句與主語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性從句，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，在整個(gè)句子中作定語(yǔ)，用來修飾前面的名詞或代詞；而主語(yǔ)從句是名詞性從句，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，在整個(gè)句子中作主語(yǔ)。1．isknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析As[as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾后面整句話的內(nèi)容。]2．isknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析It[it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that引導(dǎo)的從句。]3．isknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析What[what在此引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，而后面的that引導(dǎo)的則是表語(yǔ)從句。](七)定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)為“Itis/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that/who＋其他部分”，Itis/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分，也不起連接作用，去掉后，句子依然完整。但是定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞既起連接作用還在從句中充當(dāng)成分，去掉以后結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整了。1．ItwasonthemorningofMay1stImetLiangWeiattheairport.分析that[將句子改為：ImetLiangWeionthemorningofMay1stattheairport.顯然，這句話是完整的，故為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。]2．ItisthefactoryMrWangworks.分析where[此句是定語(yǔ)從句，用上述方法轉(zhuǎn)換便知thefactory前少介詞in，故填where。]對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)1．WilliamHastieoncesuggestedthathistoryinformsusofpastmistakesfromwhichwecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem.(2021·天津3月)2．HuaMulan，thestoryofwhomhasbeentoldbygenerationsinChina，isafighterfromtheNorthernWeiDynasty(386－534)．3．ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies，allofthemover600yearsold.4．Ihaveanewbook，thecoverofwhichisverynice.1．IdecidedthatifIlearnedofacompanywhich/thatusedalotofplastic，I’dsenditanemailurgingittocutback.(2021·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ)2．AttheChineseartfestival，therearedifferentstandswhereartistsdemonstratetheirskillsandteachthevisitors.(2021·天津3月)3．Manywesternerswho/thatcometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.4．AsoneofthesmartestlibrariesinShanghai，thenewbranchhasthelargestindividuallibrarybuildinginChina，whosesizeis115,000squaremeters.5．AswasreportedintheinternationalsciencejournalNatureMedicinelastweek，theresearchwasconductedbyateamledbyLinHaotian，aprofessorattheZhongshanOphthalmicCenterofSunYat-senUniversity.層級(jí)一基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，whichmadehiseldersondiscouraged.2．IwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillagewhereIspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.3．Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry，whohadalsovolunteeredtohelp.4．Therearemanygoodwebsiteswhereyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.5．HedecidedtogotoStanfordbecausethereweremanyopportunitiesforpeoplewho/thatwantedtoworkinSiliconValley.6．Incense(香)foundwiderpopularityduringtheMingandQingdynastieswhenitwasusedtofendoffdiseases，insects，mosquitoesandpreservepeople’shealth.7．Overtheyears，Ihavemetsomeinterestingpeople.Twoofthemostinterestingpeopleweretwoelderlysisters，JoanandBernice，whosewayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.8．Asanofficialdocumentexplained，teaisafundamentalculturalelementtoChinesepeople’sdailylife.9．Thereasonwhythe12thlunarmonthiscalledlayuehasalottodowiththecustomofsacrifice.10．Zhouisworkingwithagroupofhighlyeducatedandskilledyoungpeople，mostofwhomholddoctoratedegrees.層級(jí)二高考真題練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Butforallitsancientbuildings，Beijingisalsoaplacewhich/thatwelcomesthefast-paceddevelopmentofmodernlife.(2023·全國(guó)乙)2．TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmericawherealllifeseemedtoenjoypeacefulco-existencewithitssurroundings.(2023·全國(guó)甲)3．KimCobb，aprofessorattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyinAtlanta，isoneofasmallbutgrowingminorityofacademicswho/thatarecuttingbackontheirairtravelbecauseofclimatechange.(2022·浙江1月)4．Onthe1,100-kilometerjourney，themanCaoShengkang，wholosthiseyesightattheageofeightinacaraccident，crossed40citiesandcountiesinthreeprovinces.(2022·全國(guó)甲)5．TheGPNPisintendedtoprovidestrongerprotectionforallthespeciesthatlivewithintheGiantPandaRangeandsignificantlyimprovethehealthoftheecosysteminthearea.(2022·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ)6．Whenyousleep，yourbrainsortsthrougheverythingthathappenedduringtheday，tryingtolinknewexperiencestooldmemories.(2021·北京)7．Becausethemoon’sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe，ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotwhereitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.(2020·全國(guó)Ⅰ)8．InancientChinalivedanartistwhosepaintingswerealmostlifelike.(2020·全國(guó)Ⅲ)9．The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane，forexample，formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumwhich/thatopenedin1759.(2020·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ)10．Theirchildisatthestagewhereshecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019·天津6月)層級(jí)三語(yǔ)篇提能練語(yǔ)法填空Therewasatime1.IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2.myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3.Imetmanystrangers，Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately，myguide,4.teacherwasYuMinhong，communicatedwithmefacetoface.He，from5.Igainedsomeusefulinstructions，alsoshowedmeagoodpartner，andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6.wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish，into8.Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BeforeIgotosleep，Irecallthepassages，through9.Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.10.______________ourEnglishteachersays，“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”eq\x(語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章敘述了作者參加英語(yǔ)俱樂部的難忘經(jīng)歷。)1．答案when解析先行詞是time，指時(shí)間，定語(yǔ)從句中不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，故填關(guān)系副詞when。2．答案why解析先行詞是reason，指原因，定語(yǔ)從句中不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，故填關(guān)系副詞why。3．答案where解析先行詞是club，指地點(diǎn)，定語(yǔ)從句不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，故填關(guān)系副詞where。4．答案whose解析先行詞是guide，空格后面的teacher與其構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系，故填whose。5．答案whom解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，結(jié)合句意及空格前的介詞from可知填whom。6．答案that/which解析此處為限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞指代先行詞activities，并在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故用that/which。7．答案who解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞指代先行詞myfatherandtheguide，指人，并在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，故填who。8．答案which解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞指物，并在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故填which。9．答案which解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為前面的句子“Irecallthepassages”，故填which。10．答案As解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞指代后面的句子“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”并位于句首，意為“正如”，故填A(yù)s。1．關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句運(yùn)用于寫作eq\x(典例1)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，Ⅱ)我一手拿著獎(jiǎng)杯，一手拿著獎(jiǎng)狀，望著老師，老師對(duì)我豎起了大拇指，眼里閃爍著喜悅和自豪。Withatrophyinonehandandanawardingpaperintheotherhand，Ilookedatmyteacher，whogavemeathumbs-up，withhiseyestwinklingwithpleasureandpride.eq\x(運(yùn)用1)(2023·全國(guó)甲)孔子，又名孔丘，是生活在春秋時(shí)期的中國(guó)哲學(xué)家和政治家。Confucius，alsoknownasKongQiu，wasaChinesephilosopherandpoliticianwholivedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.eq\x(典例2)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ、Ⅱ)你給我的諸多鼓勵(lì)激發(fā)了我寫作的動(dòng)力。Agreatdealofencouragementwhichyougavemeinspiredmymotivationforwriting.eq\x(運(yùn)用2)(2022·全國(guó)甲)6月8號(hào)的世界海洋日旨在提高人們保護(hù)海洋的意識(shí)。WorldOceanDaywhich/thatfallsonJune8thisaimedatraisingpeople’sawarenessofoceanconservation.2．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句運(yùn)用于寫作eq\x(典例)(2023·全國(guó)甲)孔子的影響在現(xiàn)代中國(guó)社會(huì)仍然可以看到，他的學(xué)說繼續(xù)被研究和應(yīng)用于日常生活中。Confucius’influencecanstillbeseeninmodernChinesesociety，wherehisteachingscontinuetobestudiedandappliedindailylife.eq\x(運(yùn)用)(2021·浙江1月)首先，我們會(huì)帶你們參觀我們的學(xué)校，然后在當(dāng)?shù)氐囊患也宛^吃飯，在那里你們可以嘗嘗地道的中國(guó)菜。First，you’llbeshownaroundourschoolandhavelunchatalocalrestaurant，whereyoucanhaveatasteofauthenticChinesefood.3．“介詞＋關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句運(yùn)用于寫作eq\x(典例)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ、Ⅱ)那么，為什么他突然強(qiáng)迫我做一件我肯定會(huì)失敗的事情呢？So，whydidhesuddenlyforcemetodosomethingatwhichIwassuretofail?eq\x(運(yùn)用)(2022·全國(guó)乙)對(duì)于學(xué)生們來說，使他們學(xué)習(xí)受益最大的就是讀英語(yǔ)書，他們可以從中學(xué)習(xí)在課堂上學(xué)不到的東西。Forstudents，whatismostbeneficialtotheirstudyisreadingEnglishbooks，fromwhichtheycanlearnwhattheycan’tinclass.4．非限制性定語(yǔ)從句運(yùn)用于寫作eq\x(典例)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ、Ⅱ)我解釋了我為什么選擇這個(gè)特殊的主題，甚至在舞臺(tái)上表演了一個(gè)角色，扮演里維爾的馬，這讓觀眾笑了出來。IexplainedwhyIchosethisspecialsubjectandevenactedoutonerole-playasRevere’shorseonthestage，whichmadetheaudiencelaughout.eq\x(運(yùn)用)(2023·北京)首先，我建議組織一次環(huán)城徒步旅行，探索北京的綠色空間，這將使參與者體驗(yàn)到城市公園的美麗。Tobeginwith，IsuggestorganizingawalkingtouraroundthecitytoexplorethegreenspacesinBeijing，whichwillallowparticipantstoexperiencethebeautyoft第2講名詞性從句名詞性從句是在句子中起名詞作用的句子，它的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，因此名詞性從句又可分為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。Manystudentsdon’tknowwhattheyshoulddo①，butwhatXiaoMengwantstodo②isearnmoney.Thereasonisthatshewantstolessenherparents’burden③.Itissaidthatmanysmallcompaniesneedgraduatestodopart-timejobs②.XiaoMenghasappliedfortwojobsbutsheisnotsurewhethershewillbeemployed①.Shealsowonderswhenshewillbeadmittedtoacollege①andwhichcityshewillgo①.Sheisanxiousforthenewsthatsheisadmittedtoagooduniversity④.[規(guī)則感悟]①位于及物動(dòng)詞或形容詞之后的從句是賓語(yǔ)從句。②謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前的從句為主語(yǔ)從句。此外，該從句可以用it作形式主語(yǔ)。③位于be動(dòng)詞之后的從句是表語(yǔ)從句。④位于抽象名詞之后，解釋該名詞內(nèi)容的從句為同位語(yǔ)從句。1．名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞如下表所示引導(dǎo)詞功能從屬連詞that在從句中不作任何成分，也沒有詞匯意義whether，if在從句中不作任何成分，意為“是否”because，asif/though在從句中不作任何成分，分別意為“因?yàn)椤薄昂孟瘛边B接代詞who(ever)，whom(ever)，what(ever)，whose，which-(ever)who(ever)和what(ever)在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；whom(ever)在從句中作賓語(yǔ)；which(ever)在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；whose在從句中作定語(yǔ)連接副詞when(ever)，where，wherever，why，how(ever)在從句中作狀語(yǔ)2.名詞性從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述語(yǔ)序Doyouknowwherewillthepartybeheld？(×)Doyouknowwherethepartywillbeheld？(√)3．名詞性從句的時(shí)態(tài)(1)當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))時(shí)，從句可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài)。Itannoysmethathebrokemyfavouritevase.他打碎了我最喜歡的花瓶，這令我很生氣。Doyouknowwhenandwhereheboughtthebook？你知道他什么時(shí)候在哪里買的這本書嗎？Ihaveheardthatourteacherwillcomebacktomorrow.我聽說我們的老師明天就回來了。(2)當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語(yǔ)從句若不是一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)或真理，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)。Iaskedherifshewouldallowmetointerviewher，andshereadilyagreed.我問她是否允許我采訪她，她欣然同意了。Myteachersaidthatthesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.老師說太陽(yáng)從東方升起西方落下。(客觀真理)4．what與that的用法that是從屬連詞，在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，也沒有任何意義。而what是連接代詞，在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)成分，通常充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。IbelievethatIwillsucceedifIstudyhard.我相信如果我努力學(xué)習(xí)我會(huì)成功的。Ibelievewhathesaidbecauseheisanhonestman.我相信他說的話，因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。5．whether與if的用法(1)用whether或if均可的情況①引導(dǎo)大部分動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，兩者均可使用。②it作形式主語(yǔ)，且主語(yǔ)從句在句末時(shí)，兩者均可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。(2)用whether而不用if的情況①引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句置于句首時(shí)；②引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；③引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；④引導(dǎo)詞與ornot連用時(shí)；⑤引導(dǎo)詞后接todo時(shí)；⑥有些動(dòng)詞如discuss，decide等后的賓語(yǔ)從句。6．what，who，which與whatever，whoever，whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別(1)what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句意為“什么”，帶有疑問意味；意為“……的事情”，表示肯定的意思。who意思是“誰”，帶有疑問意味；which意思是“哪一個(gè)”，帶有疑問意味。Doyouknowwhobrokethewindow?你知道是誰打壞的窗子嗎？(2)whatever，whoever，whichever意思分別為“所……的一切事或東西”“任何……的人”“……的任何一種東西”等，并且充當(dāng)成分，相當(dāng)于anythingthat，anyonewho等。Sheisverydeartome.Wehavebeenpreparedtodowhateverittakestosaveherlife.＝Sheisverydeartome.Wehavebeenpreparedtodoanythingthatittakestosaveherlife.她是我的至親，我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了不惜一切代價(jià)救她的命。7．that不可省略的情況(1)that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句且從句置于句首時(shí)；that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；當(dāng)it作形式賓語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句作真正的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。(2)當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)后接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，第一個(gè)that可省略，其他的that不可省略。Shesaid(that)herambitionwastoenterakeyuniversity，thatshewouldstudyhardtomakeherdreamcometrue，andthatshewouldliveuptoherparents’expectations.她說她的志向是考上一所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)，她會(huì)努力學(xué)習(xí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的夢(mèng)想，不辜負(fù)父母的期望。8．同位語(yǔ)從句位于表示概念或思維的抽象名詞之后，對(duì)該抽象名詞起解釋說明的作用常見的抽象名詞有news，idea，fact，promise，conclusion，theory，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word(消息)，possibility，decision等。Atfirstmanypeoplewereastonishedattheconclusionthattheearthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse.起初很多人對(duì)地球不是宇宙中心這一結(jié)論感到驚訝。9．why與because引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別why與because引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)原因。Ihadacold.ThatwaswhyIdidn’tattendschool.我感冒了，因此我沒去上學(xué)。Ididn’tattendschool.ThatwasbecauseIhadacold.我沒去上學(xué)，那是因?yàn)槲腋忻傲?。注意?1)句子的主語(yǔ)為thereason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)，表示原因，此時(shí)不用because。Thereasonwhyshewasillwasthatshehadeatenbadmeat.她生病的原因是她吃了變質(zhì)的肉。(2)由why引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。Whywedecidedtoputoffthematchwasthattheweatherwastooterrible.我們決定推遲比賽的原因是天氣太糟糕了。10．a(chǎn)sif/though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句asif/though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句通常置于系動(dòng)詞look，seem，sound，be等后面，從句中既可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。Itsoundsasifsomebodyisknockingat/onthedoor.聽起來好像有人在敲門。Shetreatshimasifhewereastranger.她待他如陌生人。11．同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別同位語(yǔ)從句是用于解釋說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，而定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)作先行詞的名詞的限制、描繪或說明。that在同位語(yǔ)從句中只是連接主從句，沒有任何意義，不在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分；that在定語(yǔ)從句中是關(guān)系代詞，不但連接主從句，而且指代被修飾的名詞或代詞(即先行詞)，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。IhadnoideathatBrisbanehassomanypeople!(that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，不能省略)Theidea(that)heputforwardatthemeetingisveryreasonable.(that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)1．PeoplewonderwhyQizaiisbrown，giventhathismotherisblackandwhite.Scientistsguessthatit’sduetosomegeneticmutation(基因突變)．2．AsianelephantsareamongthemosthighlyprotectedanimalsinChinaandwhatdrovetheelephantstomaketheirlongtripisstillunknown.3．TheyinteractedwithstudentsfromfiveclassroomsacrossChinaandshowedviewershowtheyliveandworkinsidethespacestation.4．Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathewascaughtinatrafficjam.5．HeexpressedhishopethathewouldvisitChinaagain.6．IwasinsuchahurrythatIpaidnoattentiontowhetherornotthemilkwashot.1．Whatissobreathtakingabouttheexperienceistheout-of-this-worldscenes.(2021·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ)2．Byboatistheonlywaytogethere，whichishowwearrived.3．Everyyear，whoevermakesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.4．Youhavetoknowwhereyou’regoingifyouaretoplanthebestwayofgettingthere.5．Sheaskedmewhether/ifIhadreturnedthebookstothelibrary，andIadmittedthatIhadn’t.層級(jí)一基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Hewasnotlookingforothers’smiles，orworryingaboutwhethersomeonewaswatchingornot.2．HelenMcCarthy，anauthorandexpertonJapaneseCartoons，explainedwhythecharacterissopopular.“BecauseHelloKittyisallabouthappiness，friendshipandfun.”3．Myfirsttaskwastodecidewheretogoandhowtogetthere.4．Studentscanchoosewhat/whatevertheywanttodoandregisteronline.5．MrWhiteisopposedtorepairingtheoldbuilding，andthat’swhereIdon’tagree.6．Theproblemisthatonelesshourofsleepisnotequaltoanextrahourofachievement.7．Twenty-fiveyearslaterthetravelerreturnedtothesameplace.Whathesawamazedhim.Hecouldnotbelievehisowneyes.8．Itwasnotclearwhenthewaterinthereservoirwouldriseagain，andtheexposedwallsoflargebuildingsintheoldcitywoulddisappear.9．Theoutputsareamazinglyvarieddependingonwhoiswritingtheorders.10．Arealsmileoftencausestheeyestolightuporbecomesmaller.Thisisbecausemoremusclesareusedwhenwearehappy.層級(jí)二高考真題練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．TheyalsoneedtobereadytogiveinterviewsinEnglishwithinternationaljournalists.ThisiswhytheyneedanEnglishtrainer.(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ)2．Cobb，forherpart，startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeakwhether/ifshecoulddosoremotely.(2022·浙江1月)3．“Hesavedmyson’slife，”saidMrsBrown.“Idon’tknowhowtothankhim.”(2022·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ)4．Thepoorwomanwasn’tabletogivehimanyinformationaboutwhereshelived.(2021·北京)5．ItseemedthatIhadbecomewhatmyparentshadwantedmetobe.(2021·天津6月)6．WhatpuzzlesLily’sfriendsiswhy/thatshealwayshassomanycrazyideas.(2021·天津3月)7．Overthousandsofyears，theybegantodependlessonwhatcouldbehuntedorgatheredfromthewild，andmoreonanimalstheyhadraisedandcropstheyhadsown.(2020·浙江7月)8．Itisnotaproblemwhether/ifwecanwinthebattle；it’sjustamatteroftime.(2020·江蘇)9．ThestudentcompletedthisexperimenttomakecometruewhatProfessorJosephhadsaid.(2020·天津7月)10．Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°，thereisevidencethattheyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic，andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.(2019·全國(guó)Ⅰ)層級(jí)三語(yǔ)篇提能練語(yǔ)法填空1．worriesmyclassmateMaryalotthesedaysis2.sheputsontoomuchweightandsheisfrequentlyill.Shehassomedoubts3.sheeatstoomuchfastfoodhighinfatorsugar.Also，withtheCollegeEntranceExaminationapproaching，shebecomesmorestressfulandshecan’tsleepwellthesedays.Maybethisis4.shebecomesfatterthesedays，shethinks.5.shebecomesslimmerandhealthierhasbeenhermaintask.Soshewantstoconsultsomeexpertsandgainsomeinstructions.Butwhereshecangetbettersuggestionsand6.willgiveherbetteradvicealsopuzzleher.Itisherparents’suggestion7.______________sheshouldconsultProfessorWanginZhongshanHospital.ProfessorWangsuggests8.shekeepabalanceddietfirst.Sheshouldeatvegetablesandfruithighinfiber，vitaminandprotein.What’smore，ifshewantstoloseweight，shehadbettertakeregularexercisemorethanhalfanhouraday.MaryaskedProfessorWa